Conditional probability deals with the questions/paradigms in which we have to find how the occurrence of an event affects another event. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, and many statistically related computer science, have conditional probability as their roots.
Conditional probability
The conditional probability of E given that F has occurred, denoted by P(E|F), can be calculated as P(E ∩ F) / P(F). 
A necessary condition is P(F) ≠ 0 i.e., F ≠ Φ.
Properties of conditional probability
Let E and F are two events of a sample space S of an experiment,
Property 1:
P(S|F) = P(F|F) = 1, which can be easily derived using the relation S ∩ F = F and F ∩ F = F.
Property 2:
If A and B are two events of a sample space S and F is an event of S such that P(F) ≠ 0, then
P((A ∩ B)|F) = P(A|F) + P(B|F) – P((A ∩ B)|F).
Property 3:
P(E’|F) = 1 – P(E|F)
Solved Problems
For Example 1
A family has two children. What is the probability that both the children are girls given that at least one of them is a girl?
Solution:
Let us define two events E and F,
E : ‘both the children are girls’
F : ‘at least one of the child is a girl’
E = {GG}, F = {GB, BG, GG}
P(E|F) = P(E ∩ F)/ P(F) = n(E ∩ F)/ n(F) = 1/3,
Note: we could have calculated P(E ∩ F) and P(F) using S = {BB, GB, BG, GG}
then P(E ∩ F) = n(E ∩ F)/n(S) = 1/4 and P(F) = n(F)/n(S) = 3/4
P(E|F) = P(E ∩ F)/ P(F) = (1/4)/(3/4) = 1/3.
For Example 2:
Given that E and F are events such that P(E) = 0.5, P(F) = 0.4 and P(E ∩ F) = 0.2, find P(E|F) and P(F|E)?
Solution:
We know that P(E|F) = P(E ∩ F)/ P(F), P(E|F) = 0.2/0.4 = 1/2 = 0.5
and changing the variables in the above formula, we get
P(F|E) = P(F ∩ E)/ P(E) = 0.2/ 0.5 = 2/5 = 0.4
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