Molecular Basis of Inheritance Questions and Answers

What microbes have coupled transcription and translation? O a. Prokaryotes O b. All microbes Oc. Eukaryotes O d. Halophiles

What allows Bacterial ribosomes to use the correct start codon? O a. Introns O b. Shine-Delgarno sequence O c. ORFs O d. Codon Bias

Name two of the four mechanisms of resistance that antibiotic resistant bacteria can develop to fight antibiotics. Briefly describe how they work. According to Michael Schmidt's TED talk, of the 35 million people that will be admitted to a U.S. hospital each year, how many will contract a hospital acquired infection? Of those people that will acquire an infection, how many will die? What treatment did they apply to hospital rooms to deal with this problem? Was it effective?

A. Which two of the three modes of RNA processing are necessary to increase mRNA stability? B. Compare and contrast the ways in which each type of RNA processing you listed in part A increase mRNA stability. Be specific.

Which of the following best describes a prion? O a type of protein that can misfold, and once misfolded can cause identical proteins to also misfold to generate long protein fibrils that ultimately kill cells O prions are like viruses that lack nucleic acid, they enter host cells and make more copies of themselves. They are spread through coughing and sneezing or can contaminate food or water. O a prion is a type of protein that can cause any other type of protein to misfold, which kills the cell O a prion is any toxic protein that lacks RNA or DNA

Which set of jobs would be found in the field of disease evolution? A. genetic engineering, microbiologist, and biomanufacturer B. infectious disease specialist and virologist C. zoologist, marine biologist, and animal biologist D. biochemist and epidemiologist

Cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive. This means that O carrier mothers pass the mutation to some of their sons, but not to their daughters. O both sexes are affected because new mutations occur frequently. O both sexes can be affected and can "skip" generations through carriers. O each affected individual has at least one affected parent.

Which of the following reasons below are disadvantages of sexual reproduction? Recombination & independent assortment produce gametes with unique sets of alleles. There is an increase in genetic diversity among the populations. There is a decrease in genetic diversity among the populations. Both Recombination & independent assortment and the increase in genetic diversity are disadvantages of sexual reproduction. Both Recombination & independent assortment and the decrease in genetic diversity are disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

One way that single-gene diseases differ from other diseases is that they affect consecutive generations. they occur at the same frequency in every population. they are not treatable. it is possible to predict occurrence in specific relatives.

When Mendel crossed pure breeding peas having yellow seed color (YY) with pure breeding peas having green seed color (yy), all of the offspring had yellow seed color. These results mean that yellow seed color is the O mode of inheritance. O recessive phenotype. O dominant phenotype. O genotype.

A male mouse with genotype a/a; B/b: C/c: D/d; E/e was crossed to a female mouse with genotype A/a; B/B; C/c: D/d; e/e. What proportion of the progeny will be genotypically identical to their father at all of these loci? 9/64 1/16 3/32 1/32

Positive transcription factor (PTR) is important because it turns genes on to prepare them to be read. What is more important (i.e., which has a greater impact if it is changed): concentration or affinity? If PTR concentration is low but affinity is high, then what will happen to protein levels versus if PTR affinity is high but concentration is low? Argue your point in three to five sentences. Use the simulation if necessary.

The reasons that genetic diseases resulted from mitochondrial DNA mutation are only inherited from mother are: 1.Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mother alone 2. Mitochondrial DNA from father remains the same over generations 3. All of the answers are correct 4. Recombination occurs very often in mitochondrial DNA from father

A group of mutations, known as MT-ND1, have been identified in mitochondrial DNA. These mutations are associated with a number of debilitating diseases stemming from the production of nonfunctional proteins in the mitochondria. Which of the following cellular deficiencies would most likely be related to these MT-ND1 mutations? A The cell is unable to synthesize most proteins required for normal cell functions. B The cell is unable to break down toxic materials and would accumulate large volumes of these materials. C The cell is able to synthesize proteins, but the proteins would not fold properly and would not contain the correct molecular tags for export from the cell. D The cell is unable to complete reactions related to electron transport and ATP production.

A forensic scientist is trying to find out the number of adenine bases in the DNA sample that he obtained from a crime scene. What can he assume about the number of adenine? The number of adenine bases will be equal to the number of guanine bases. The number of adenine bases will be equal to the total of all the other bases. The number of adenine bases will be equal to the number of thymine bases. The number of adenine bases will be half of the number of cytosine bases.

The base composition of DNA varies from one species to another. Which of the following ratios would you expect to remain constant in the DNA? (A) Cytosine: Adenine (B) Pyrimidine: Purine (C) Adenine: Guanine (D) Guanine: Deoxyribose (E) Thymine: Guanine

If 2N = 40 in a diploid cell, then that cell would contain: 10 identical types of chromosomes 10 different types of chromosomes 5 different types of chromosomes 20 different types of chromosomes 20 identical types of chromosomes

If a cell is 2N = 20, then what is the TOTAL number of chromosomes in this cell (at G1)? 10 total chromosomes 20 total chromosomes 15 total chromosomes 40 total chromosomes 5 total chromosomes

The type of chromosome abnormality that yields a long chromosome consisting of most of two acrocentric chromosomes is a(n) Robertsonian translocation. pericentric inversion. paracentric inversion. reciprocal translocation.

When DNA is extracted from E. coli cells and analyzed for base composition, it is found that 42% of the bases are cytosine. That means that there is also 42% of which base? guanine thymine uracil adenine

If the SI gene has a mutation that changes its DNA's base pairs; how might this affect the individual? Why might research on genetic diseases focus on locating the genes that code for specific proteins?

The deficits in memory performance of persons with Alzheimer's disease affect all memory systems equally are particularly severe with respect to learning new skills fluctuate, suggesting attention may play a role O are more likely to affect old memories than newer memories

In 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty performed transformation experiments using live, harmless bacteria and extracts from virulent bacteria treated with various enzymes. Which of the following enzymes were used and why? (A) Proteases and RNases to rule out protein and RNA as the transforming factors (B) Lipase (an enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of lipids) to rule out lipoproteins as the transforming factor (C) Kinase (an enzyme that facilitates transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate molecule) to show that transformation is phosphorylation dependent (D) ATPase to show that transformation is not dependent on ATP

The DNA molecule has a ladder-type structural organization. Each rung of this ladder represents (1) alternating phosphate and glucose molecules (2) a pair of nitrogenous bases (3) ribose molecules (4) a random organization of proteins and lipids

The two scientists that are credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA are named: Watson and Crick Watson and Pauling Crick and Franklin Crick and Wilkens

Miescher was one of the first scientists to notice that genetic material consisted of a basic protein portion. We now know that this class of proteins is responsible for packaging DNA. What are these proteins called? mRNA Nuclein Nucleic acids Histones

What effect would the addition of lactose have on a repressed lac operon? a. It would reinforce the repression of that gene b. It would have no effect whatsoever. c. The operator site on the operon would move. d. The operon would be transcribed.

Which of the following nucleotide triplets best represents a codon? a triplet separated spatially from other triplets a triplet in the same reading frame as an upstream AUG a triplet that has no corresponding amino acid a triplet at the opposite end of tRNA from the attachment site of the amino acid a sequence in tRNA at the 3' end

which of the following best describes the structure of the ribosome: prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes are made of different sets of proteins eukaryotic ribosomes are smaller than porkaryotic ones made of protein only contains DNA made of identical RNA molecules in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

What is the active site of an enzyme? What is a substrate? Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by (choose one answer below): A. decreasing the activation energy needed to start the reaction B. providing the activation energy to the reaction

Capillaries are ideal for separating DNA molecules due to a variety of reasons. Mark ALL that apply: Enhanced resolution due to sample stacking. Automatibility "Greenness" - Components are made from recycled plastic. Faster runs due to the high surface area which effectively dissipates heat. Preferential injection of competing ions

Q5. Humans carry a variety of non-functional genetic sequences, called processed pseudogenes, in their DNA. We can estimate how long ago these sequences first appeared in the genomes of our ancestors. In humans, processed pseudogenes include the three options below. Which of these would be least widespread among other primate species? alpha-enolase psi1 (11 million years old) AS psi7 (16 million years old) CALM II psi3 (36 million years old)

As a ribosome synthesizes a protein (moving left to right across an mRNA transcript), the _____ is oriented to the left of the ribosome. Hint: Which end of an amino acid is synthesized first? Do not include the hyphen in your answer.

Trisomy 21, or Down syndrome, occurs when there is a normal diploid chromosomal complement but one extra chromosome 21. While there is reduced fertility in both sexes (considering individuals with Down syndrome), females have higher fertility than males. [Van Dyke et al. (1995. Down Syndrome Research and Practice3(2):65-69) summarized data involving children born of Down syndrome individuals.] When a zygote inherits four of the #21 chromosomes (48 chromosomes total) it will not survive early development in utero. Considering this fact, what proportion of surviving offspring would be expected to have Down syndrome when both parents have Down syndrome? (HINT: Consider events during prophase I, metaphase I, and anaphase I. It may help to use a Punnett square to track the #21 chromosomes during the formation of gametes in a person with Down syndrome, and possible fertilization events that follow.) One-third of the surviving offspring would be expected to have Down syndrome. Two-thirds of the surviving offspring would be expected to have Down syndrome. One-half of the surviving offspring would be expected to have Down syndrome. None of the surviving offspring would be expected to have Down syndrome. All the children would be expected to have Down syndrome.

Which ONE is the description of a nucleotide? A. A subunit bead within the beads on a string chromatin B. A spherical organelle containing all of a cell's DNA C. A particle composed of four histones: H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 D.70nm of DNA wrapped around an octameric complex of histones E. A DNA building block composed of a phosphate, a deoxyribose and a nitrogenous base

could you give a detailed explanation on how you got your answer. Thank you I will like right after. A mutagen changes a C-G basepair in the genome to an A-T basepair. This is an example of a (transition/inversion/transversion/epigenetic) mutation.

A short segment of DNA from a prokaryotic genome is shown below. Assume this is part of a much longer sequence. TTAAACGCTG CCCGGCGAATT AATTTGCGAC A GGCCGCTTAA Pick the correct statement from below. Mismatch repair enzymes will remove part of the strand containing the C from the TOP strand assuming the LOWER strand is more methylated. Mismatch repair enzymes will remove part of the strand containing the C from the TOP strand assuming the TOP strand is more methylated. Repair is not possible for a mutation like the one shown in the middle of this double-stranded molecule.

1-12 Two-year-old Janice Tumminello survived an episode of Haemophilus influenzae septicemia at 4 months by intravenous antibiotic therapy. Her immunizations are up to date. Three days ago her adoptive parents became concerned when she became lethargic, had several bouts of vomiting, and developed a fever, and they took her to the emergency room. She had a rapid pulse and low blood pressure, her peripheral areas were cold, and pur- pura began to develop on her fingers and toes. Blood cultures tested positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Aggressive antibi- otic treatment and fluid-replacement therapy were successful in preventing further dissemination of the bacteremia. However, amputation of three digits on the left hand and debridement of her toes on both feet was required. A diagnosis of overwhelming severe pneumococcal sepsis was made. DNA analysis showed that Janice had a deleterious mutation in a gene encoding. which is associated with congenital asplenia. a. an immunoglobulin b. a defensin c. a ribosomal protein d. a complement protein e. a T-cell receptor.

A section of the template strand of the functional CCR5 gene has the sequence below. Determine the amino acid sequence that would be produced from this section of the gene. CCG TGG TAA TTT

David Pribnow studied the base sequences of promoters in bacteria and bacterial viruses. He found two conserved regions in these promoters (the -10 box and the -35 box). These two regions of the promoter . signal the initiation site bind the sigma subunit that is associated with RNA polymerase attach the correct nucleotide triphosphate to the template DNA strand separate the two DNA strands

Imagine that you are a genetic counselor, and a couple planning to start a family comes to you for information. Jerome was married before, and he and his first wife have a daughter with sickle cell disease. The brother of his current wife, Michaela, died of complications from sickle cell disease, but neither of her parents has the disease. a. Draw a pedigree representing this family. Be sure to clearly label Jerome and Michaela. b. What is the probability that Jerome and Michaela will have a baby with sickle cell disease? Note that neither Jerome nor Michaela has sickle cell disease. (Show your work.)

The sugar-phosphate backbone of the RNA has a 5' end with a free _____ and a 3' end with a free _____. phosphate group... hydroxyl group amino group... carboxyl group carbonyl group... methyl group hydroxyl group phosphate group

Q4.8. DNA replication involves a series of steps, including initiation, making primers, extension, and connecting DNA fragments. The cell uses different enzymes in a particular order to accomplish these steps. Which of the following represents the correct general order of enzyme use? (Hint: You may want to use the glossary to review forms.) DNA polymerases, helicase, primase, ligase Helicase, ligase, primase, DNA polymerases Helicase, primase, DNA polymerases, ligase Primase, helicase, DNA polymerases, ligase

The sequencing of the human genome has been instrumental toward Choose one: A. the field of individualized/personalized drug development. B. our understanding of the genetic basis of disease. C. better genetic counseling to prospective parents. D. a more complete understanding of Homo sapiens' molecular inheritance. E. All of these areas were enhanced by the sequencing of the human genome.

At the very beginning of translation, the first tRNA molecule attaches directly to the DNA codon binds to the mRNA's start codon connects an amino acid to its anticodon binds to the mRNA's anticodon

In 1951, four scientists were working on solving the structural puzzle of the DNA molecule. Two of those scientists had worked for many years to try to solve the puzzle, and even though their work became the foundation for the actual discovery of the structure of DNA, they are not often remembered. Who were these two scientists? A Watson and Crick B Chargaff and Pauling C Wilkins and Franklin D Mendel and Darwin

In normal, healthy operation of the trp operon, what happens if tryptophan concentrations are high? The repressor binds to the operator Alternative RNA splicing is activated Post-translational modification occurs Tryptophan binds to RNA polymerase RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter

A) Using Lambda phage as an example, what is the difference between a lytic cycle and a lysogenic cycle in bacteriophage biology? B) Under what circumstances might this phage switch from lysogenic to lytic?

In Eukaryotic gene regulation, which of the following can increase gene expression? enzymes removing the 5' cap on mRNA blocking ribosomes from attaching to mRNA repressors binding to the control elements enzymes tagging proteins with ubiquitin recruiting histone acetylation proteins

In C3 photosynthesis, the first step of the Calvin cycle occurs when CO₂ combines with in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Rubisco. 1.3 bisphosphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 2-phosphoenobbyruvate Ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate 3-phosphoglycerate