Anatomy and Physiology Questions

True or False Even when clear cut criteria are used disease definitions often change over time as more is learned about a disease and its various manifestations True False

Which of the following takes into account the specific amount of time that the members of a population are followed until they develop the disease O Incidence Prevalence Morbidity Mortality

Which of the following refers to the proportion of the population that is diseased during a specified duration of time such as the year 2017 Incidence rate Cumulative incidence Point prevalence Period prevalence

Which of the following is useful for estimating the needs of medical facilities and allocating resources for treating people who already have a disease Incidence Prevalence Morbidity Mortality

The attributable proportion among the exposed a measure of comparison that expresses the public health impact of an exposure as a proportion is also referred to as which of the following Incident fraction Prevented fraction Etiologic fraction O Epidemiologic fraction

Which of the following measures reflects both the number of individuals who died of a particular cause and the age at which the death occurred Crude mortality rate Cause specific mortality rate Age specific mortality rate O Year of potential life lost

Which of the following is a general word that can apply to a disease condition or event Incidence Prevalence O Morbidity Mortality

A relative measure of comparison is based on the ratio of two measures of which of the following Disease control Disease frequency Disease distribution Disease determinants

Histogram Pie chart Scatterplot OTwo by two table Question 12 A relative measure of comparison is based on the ratio of two measures of which of the following Disease control Disease frequency 1 pts O Disease distribution

To compare disease frequencies epidemiologists first organize the data into which format Histogram Pie chart Scatterplot Two by two table

Risk difference or rate difference is a general term for which of the following Direct standardization Absolute comparison Relative comparison Standard comparison

O Direct standardization Absolute comparison Relative comparison O Standard comparison Question 14 The attributable proportion among the exposed a measure of comparison that expresses the public health impact of an exposure as a proportion is also referred to as which of the following Incident fraction 0 5 pts Prevented fraction

True or False The incidence rate is based upon the assumption that everyone in the candidate population have been following for the same specified period of time True False

True or False Disease frequencies can be compared between different populations or between subgroups within a population True False

True or False It is difficult to interpret absolute and relative measures based on summary rates when the compared groups differ on a characteristic that affects the rate of disease O True False

True or False The attributable proportion is used when an exposure is considered to be a cause of the disease True False

Which of the following gives information about the strength of the relationship between the exposure and disease and is most useful for etiologic research research to examine cause and effect Direct standardization Absolute comparison 0 5 p Relative comparison

Which of the following is NOT true about muscles O There are 630 active muscles in our body O Muscles can contract and relax O Muscles can pull and also push O Muscles help our body move

You will learn about the three domains of development physical cognitive and psychosocial and how they change across the lifespan It is important to keep in mind that these domains are multidimensional That is each of these areas overlaps and interacts Take a physical milestone of infancy for example crawling Compared to a less mobile baby a crawling baby is able to explore her environment actively seeking out and investigating toys and objects which contribute to gains in cognitive development At the same time parent child interactions change which have important consequences for psychosocial development Adults often celebrate these milestones with reinforcement hugs clapping exclamations Good job etc while also setting limits in order to protect the curious inexperienced baby Parents are frequently observed redirecting their babies physically moving them from potential hazards and using verbal prompts such as No no Select an important developmental milestone You may choose any age range and the milestone can be physical cognitive or psychosocial Examples could include learning to talk read run memorize add subtract etc Milestone What type of milestone is this Physical Cognitive Psychosocial Summarize the importance of this milestone in the person s development Explain how meeting this milestone contributes to changes in the other two domains of development

d What type of gradient causes the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences Multiple Choice Osmotic gradient Concentration gradient Thermal gradient

QUESTION 2 Underinflated tires are wom Select the correct option and click NEXT At the center of the tread At both edges of the tire Diagonally across the tread surface In a saw tooth pattern

55 The part of the heart that is a point pointing towards the left hip is the O Fundus O Apex O Mediastinum O Cone 56 A person whom has Rh antigens present in their blood is said to be what O Rh positive O Rh negative O Rh neutral O Antibody resistant 57 Which of the following is an agranulocyte O A basophil O An eosinophil O A neutrophil O A monocyte 58 The femoral vein branches from the Small Saphenous

44 The fibers that connect the AV node to the ventricle walls are referred to as the SA Node AV Node O Juctional Fibers O Purkinje Fibers 45 Which vein does lymph fluid empty into O Axillary O Popliteal O Brachial O Subclavian O Vena Cava 46 Interstitial fluid is continually exchanging materials with both blood and other surrounding cells O True False 47 The posterior and anterior cerebral veins surround the corpus collosum True

O Small Saphenous O External Iliac O Common Iliac O Internal Iliac O Vena Cava 59 A build of fluid in the tissues is called O Fever O Swelling O Edema O Perfusion O tone 60 The production of the collectins protein to fight off yeast is known as a O Chemical Barrier O Mechanical Barrier OActive Immunity O Species Resistance

Renal O Inferior Mesenteric O Common Iliac O Superior Mesenteric Celiac 66 Which of the following arrive first at an infection O Erythrocytes O Neutrophils Basophils O Eosinophils 67 Patients who undergo tissue transplantation must take immunosuppressant drugs even if they are 100 match O True O False 68 A blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel is a n aneurysm

1 Which of the following adaptive immunity techniques are used with those who are immune deficient O Natural Active Immunity O Natural Passive Immunity O Natural Acquired Immunity Artificial Passive Immunity O Artificial Active Immunity 2 Which of the following white blood cells fight parasitic worms Olymphocytes basophils O neutrophils eosinophils 3 Which of the following red blood cell counts are within normal range for any gender or age O 4 900 000 4 500 O 350 000 O 6 500 000

OS Wave OTWave 62 Which type of immune defenses are considered general defenses O Innate O Adaptive O Passive Immunity O Active Immunity OT and B cell Activation 63 Lymph nodes absorb and deliver fats to the bloodstream O True O False 64 Exposure to poison ivy would result in a type 4 allergic reaction O True

52 There are 10 clotting factors in the body O True O False 53 B and T cells circulate in the blood and are activated by encounters with O Antibodies O Antigens O Pathogens O Lymphocytes O Hormones 54 The wave on an EKG that indicates the relaxation of the atria and the point right before ventricular contraction is the O Q Wave OR Wave OS Wave OT Wave

49 The thymus can be found in what body cavity O Mediastinum O Cranial O Abdominal O Pelvic O Hypogastric 50 Which of the following is also known as a Leukocyte O Red Blood Cell O Platelet O White Blood Cell O Clotting Factor O Thrombocyte 51 Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the lymphatic system O Transport excess fluid away from interstitial spaces O Transport fats to and from the bloodstream O Transport white blood cells to and from bone marrow O Transport carbohydrates to cell membranes

31 The structure in the heart in the septum that coordinates activities of the ventricles is the O SA Node OAV Node Juctional Fibers O Purkinje Fibers 32 Which of the following is NOT a branch of the abdominal aorta O Renal O Gonadal O Carotid O Celiac O Superior Mesenteric 33 Which of the following disorders is known as the boy in the bubble disease O Severe combined immunodeficiency O Diabetes O Multiple Sclerosis O Lupus Laukomin

01 02 03 04 38 Lymph nodes in the axillary region would be found in the armpit O True O False 39 The axillary artery branches from the subclavian artery O True O False 40 The systemic circuit does all of the following except O Carries blood to the abdomen O Carries blood to the limbs O Carries blood to the lungs O Carries blood to the brain

22 Smooth muscle surrounding the vessels contract during vasospasm True O False 23 The heart sits centrally in what body cavity Mediastinum O Thoracic O Abdominal O Pelvic 24 What is the average time frame for antibody production in a new pathogen exposure O 3 5 days O 7 10 days O 1 2 days O 10 14 days 120 days

41 Leakage into interstitial spaces causes loss of O Nutrients O White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells O Neurons O Lymph 42 A primary function of lymphocytes is to O phagocytize damaged cells O produce enzymes that dissolve blood clots O release substances that initiate blood clots O act against foreign substances 43 On a white blood cell differential high neutrophils would indicate O viral infection O parasitic infection O bacterial infection O leukemia AA The fibere that connect the AV node to the ventriolo wall

34 Generally speaking when the ventricles contract the atria is O Relaxed O Contracting O Pulsing O Flutterring 35 When a chamber is contracting it is said to be in O Systole O Diastole O Relaxation O Open 36 What is determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs O Blood type O Rhesus factor O Punnett O Agglutination ABO

28 The medical term for a heart attack is a O Bradycardia O Tachycardia O Heart Murmur O Myocardial Infarction 29 Exposed collagen at wound sites attract platelets O True O False 30 Blood leaves the spleen through what vein O Subclavia O Vena Cava O Common Iliac O Splenic Aorta 31 The structure in the

25 An irregular heart sound from the valves not closing properly is a O Myocardial infarction O Myocarditis O Pericardial Effusion O Heart Murmur 26 The lymph nodes activate immune response when foreign particles are detected O True O False 27 Which of the following methods is considered natural passive immunity O Mother giving immunity to a fetus in the womb O Body producing antibodies to natural exposure O Person receiving vaccines O Person receiving antibody serum O Person injecting themselves with antigens 28 The medical term for a heart attack is a O Bradycardia V

18 Mechanical barriers are an adaptive defense O True O False 19 The valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk is the O Pulmonary Semilunar O Mitral Valve O Tricuspid Valve O Aortic Semilunar 20 Which chromosome is responsible for determining a person s immune system response O Chromosome 4 O Chromosome 5 O Chromosome 6 O Chromosome 8 O Chromosome 3 21 What portion of the spleen is responsible for filtration O Pulp O Medulla

14 Lymph nodes are found along groups called clusters True O False 15 Antibodies produced by B cells bind to pathogen antigens to deactivate the pathogen O True O False 16 The major artery that carries newly oxygenated blood away from the heart is the O Vena Cava O Coronary Artery O Pulmonary Artery O Aorta 17 Which of the following cells have a multi lobed nucleus O red blood cells O basophils O neutrophils eosinophils

7 Which type of allergic reaction is the most common reaction O Type 1 O Type 2 O Type 3 O Type 4 O Type 5 8 Which of the following arteries does NOT branch off of the aorta O Brachiocephalic O Left Subclavian O Left Common Carotid O External Carotid 9 Which of the following serve as sites of exchange between blood and cells O Veins O Arteries O Venules O Capillaries

4 Fibrinogen works with platelets in clotting O True False 5 Which lymph organ is responsible for T cell production until puberty O Spleen O Thymus O Pancreas O Liver O Stomach 6 The presence of skin on the body to block pathogens is what type of defense O Chemical Barrier O Mechanical Barrier O Active Immunity O Species Resistance O Adaptive Defense 7 Which type of allergic reaction is the most common reaction Juno 1

10 The valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle is the O Pulmonary Semilunar O Mitral Valve O Tricuspid Valve O Aortic Semilunar 11 An allergic reaction is an immune response to a pathogen O True O False 12 Arterioles connect arteries to capillaries O True O False 13 What is the name of the assessment done to test tissue compatibility for transplantation O MHC CHP

IMPORTANT Describe any experiences you ve had interacting with people in a different age group excluding your parents For example did you help care for a great grandparent Have you coached preschoolers in sports or summer recreation That kind of thing B

1 at birth This pedigree illustrates the occurrence of neurofibromatosis in a small human family filled symbols represent people with neurofibromatosis Match individual II 2 in this pedigree to their most likely genotype at birth in adult tumor cells and adult somatic cells that are not part of any tumor Genotypes may be chosen more than once and not all genotypes need to be chosen NF1 denotes a wild type allele i e NF1 NF1 is homozygous wild type NF1 denotes a loss of function mutant allele NF1 denotes a gain of function mutant allele 2 3 adult tumor cells adult somatic cells not in a tumor Choose NF1 NF1 NF1 NF1 NF1 NF1 NF1 NF1 NF1 NF1 Choose

100 75 50 25 O 12 Control Diet BPA Diet H 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 CG site number CG site number p 0 05 p 0 01 ne viable yellow allele has provided a valuable tool for investigating the impact of diet on epigenetic gulation of obesity since the Agouti gene also has a poorly understood role in body weight egulation A study published in 2007 Dolinoy et al Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 104 13056 13061 vestigated effects of BPA bisphenol A a chemical used in the manufacturing of plastics which is ssociated with elevated body weight and other adverse health outcomes in humans on methylation the IAP insertion in the viable yellow allele The figure above shows that mice with the viable ellow allele whose mothers were fed a BPA containing diet during pregnancy had significantly lower evels of methylation at multiple CG dinucleotides within IAP compared to mice whose mothers were ed a control diet What difference in fur color would you expect to see between mice in the two groups above mice whose mothers were fed control diet vs BPA diet Provide one sentence of rationale for your nswer based on what you know about the impact of CG methylation on gene expression including clear prediction regarding the expression level of the Agouti gene in the two groups

Use the drop down menus provided to select terms that correctly describe the L452R mutation in the SARS CoV 2 delta variant frameshift and loss of function

Respiratory System Select a region of the model or an answer below Right Superior Lobe Trachea Laryngopharynx Epiglottis Left Main Bronchus Left Inferior Lobe Right Middle Lobe Oropharynx Cricoid Cartilage

AVY Site Specific Methylation 100 75 50 25 0 Control Diet BITT 1 2 3 CG site number I BPA Diet TITT CG site number p 0 05 p 0 01 The viable yellow allele has provided a valuable tool for investigating the impact of diet on epigenetic regulation of obesity since the Agouti gene also has a poorly understood role in body weight regulation A study published in 2007 Dolinoy et al Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 104 13056 13061 investigated effects of BPA bisphenol A a chemical used in the manufacturing of plastics which is associated with elevated body weight and other adverse health outcomes in humans on methylation of the IAP insertion in the viable yellow allele The figure above shows that mice with the viable yellow allele whose mothers were fed a BPA containing diet during pregnancy had significantly lower levels of methylation at multiple CG dinucleotides within IAP compared to mice whose mothers were fed a control diet What difference in fur color would you expect to see between mice in the two groups above mice whose mothers were fed control diet vs BPA diet Provide one sentence of rationale for your answer based on what you know about the impact of CG methylation on gene expression including a clear prediction regarding the expression level of the Agouti gene in the two groups

12 Which of the following is NOT a structure of the mouth Salivary Glands O Teeth O Uvula O Rugae

Digestive System Select a region of the model or an answer below Esophagus Oral Mucosa Stomach Jejunum Cecum Rectum Descending Colon lleum Duodenum Sigmoid Colon Transverse Colon Digestive System Appendix

pathogenicity and transmissibility and will continue to do so A point mutation first identified in the delta variant changed a leucine L or Leu at position 452 in the spike protein to an arginine R or Arg hence the name L452R This mutation increases the affinity of the spike protein for the viral receptor on human cells ACE2 allowing it to infect host cells more efficiently and making the virus more transmissible This is background information for questions 12 and 13 Use a codon table such as the one shown in Video 2 3 to deduce the nucleotide change that must have occurred in the spike protein coding sequence to change an Leu codon to a Arg codon bearing in mind this was a point mutation so only one nucleotide changed For example the answer choice below described as C A means a C nucleotide in the original viral sequence changed to an A in the delta variant OG C OC A OT G OT C Question 14 5 pts