Biology Questions

Below is a pedigree of a family with a history of the autosomal recessive disorder Tay Sachs Use T to represent the dominant allele and t to represent the recessive allele of the gene that when mutant causes Tay Sachs Part 1 Indicate the genotype for each individual in the first two generations of the pedigree 1 1 TT Tt 2 3 1 4 O 1 6 1 2 1 2 tt 11 2 37773 X linked recessive Autosomal dominant Part 2 What is the probability that the unborn child in the third generation marked with a question mark will have Tay Sachs disease 1 3 ZZZZA A7700 TT tt Tt TT or Tt V 11 3 V 1 4 Part 3 Imagine you do not know the mode of inheritance of this disease Are the first two generations of this pedigree consistent with each of the following modes of inheritance 11 4

Wilson s disease is an inherited disorder in which there is too much copper in the body s tissue It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner Below are pedigrees from two families where some members of a family have Wilson s disease Neither Hillary nor Justin have Wilson s disease If they have a child what is the chance this child will have Wilson s disease I 11 III O 1 9 O 1 2 O 1 6 1 4 O 1 3 1 1 2 3 2 Hillary 3 5 Justin 6 7

One type of cancer is caused by a dominant mutation that causes the protein Raf kinase to always be active Part 1 How would you classify the normal non mutant version of the Raf kinase gene O Tumor suppressor O Proto oncogene O Oncogene O Tumor suppressor proto oncogene or oncogene Part 2 Sort each scenario based on whether it is more likely to be cancer causing or non cancer causing Methylation of the Raf kinase promoter A mutation in an intron of the Raf kinase gene that results in retention of the intron upon transcriptional splicing A duplication of a gene that encodes a repressor protein which acts on the Raf kinase promoter A mutation in a regulatory region of the Raf kinase gene that allows a transcriptional activator to bind more frequently Deletion of one of the two copies of the Raf kinase gene Translocation of the Raf kinase gene to another chromosome that puts it under control of a promoter for a gene with high expression levels Acetylation of histones in the region of DNA containing the Raf kinase gene Cancer causing Non cancer causing

Assign a type of mutation to each of the sequences by comparing them to the original sequence 5 ATG GAA CCA CAG TGA 3 5 ATG TAA CCG CAG TGA 3 5 ATG GAA ACC G TCA GTG A 3 5 ATG GAT CCG CAG TGA 31 Part 2 Which of the following sequence changes are likely or unlikely to interfere with the normal function of the protein 5 ATG GAA CCA CAA TGA 3 5 ATG TAA CCG CAG TGA 31 5 ATG GAA ACC G CAG TGA 3 Silent Nonsense Missense Frameshift

The HPC1 gene has been implicated in early onset prostate cancer Displayed below is a pedigree of a family showing the incidence of prostate cancer with a particular HPC1 allele HPC1 HPC1 males have a high chance of developing early onset prostate cancer 1 II 1 1 2 OY linked O X linked dominant OX linked recessive O Autosomal dominant O Autosomal recessive 2 OHPC1 or HPC1 OHPC1 HRC10 3 Part 1 Females do not get prostate cancer but can be carriers of the HPC1 allele Female 1 4 is HPC1 HPC1 No individuals in the pedigree have a starting genotype of HPC1 HPC1 At the organismal level which mode of inheritance is most consistent with the given information 3 5 4 6 Part 2 You take a sample of cancerous tissue from Individual II 6 What will the genotype of the cancerous cells be with respect to HPC1

Match the following descriptions with gene structures DNA sequences that are 5 upstream and 3 downstream to the coding sequence are transcribed but not translated The location on the gene sequence where the transcript begins to be made usually between the promoter and 5 UTR DNA sequence upstream of coding sequence considered a regulatory region where RNA polymerase binds Sequence found in DNA sequence and transcript RNA sequence triggers the end of translation Sequence found in DNA but not mRNA does not code for gene product is spliced out Sequence found in DNA sequence and transcript RNA sequence where translation begins DNA sequence 3 downstream to the coding sequence and the 3 UTR signaling the end of transcription Sequence found in DNA and mRNA codes for gene product DNA sequence that can activate or enhance transcription sequence is bound by proteins sometimes called activators or transcription factors

Daisy inherits a mutation from her mother that results in the phenotype of red hair Evgeny acquires a mutation in a cell in his pancreas as a result of exposure to high levels of radiation What is the difference between these two mutations Which of these two individuals could pass their mutation to offspring O Evgeny s mutation is in somatic cells while Daisy s is in somatic and germline cells Only Evgeny can pass the mutation to his children O Because Daisy s and Evgeny s mutations are both found in somatic cells neither Daisy nor Evgeny can pass their mutation to their children O While these two mutations originate from different sources both Daisy and Evgeny can pass their mutations to their children O Daisy s mutation is in both somatic and germline cells while Evgeny s is only in a small number of somatic cells Only Daisy could pass on her mutation

Your friend has just been diagnosed with melanoma and is seeking your help She has been told that one of her genes has a point mutation where an A base replaces a T base resulting in a mutant protein in which a glutamic acid has replaced a valine The mutant protein BR has much greater activity than the wild type protein and this increased activity causes increased cell division Based on this case history the gene coding for the normal BR protein is likely to be O a proto oncogene O a tumor suppressor Oeither a tumor suppressor or a proto oncogene O neither a tumor suppressor nor a proto oncogene Incorrect The question describes the mutation as activating the protein rather than inactivating it Tumor suppressor mutations act recessively they must be present in two copies in order for the cells to lose control over division X X

Below is a diagram of a gene Blue boxes represent exons Transcription starts at the arrow labeled TSS transcription stops at the line labeled TT OA Promoter TSS OC OD Of ATG Start codon ABC In which region would a deletion of two bases be a frameshift mutation TAA Stop codon DE

An inherited mutation in one allele of the APC gene predisposes a person to colorectal cancer but the cancerous cells have both copies of the APC mutation The APC gene is likely O a proto oncogene Oan oncogene Oa tumor suppressor O found only in cells that make up a cancerous tumor

11 Part 1 What is Individual 1 1 s genotype Oxtxt 0x9r 0x90 Part 2 Individual 6 2 marries a man who is not affected by G6PD She is pregnant with their first child Genetic tests inform her that the child is a boy What is the probability that this male child will have G6PD 00 0 0 25 2 0 05 0 035 01

XX XX Part 1 Select all the possible gametes if this cell suffered from nondisjunction of the smaller chromosome in meiosis I meiosis i normal Assume no crossing over AB abb 8 Ab AB CA ABb ab a88 Abb Part 2 Select all the possible gametes if this cell suffered from nondisjunction of the smaller chromosome in ONE not both of the cells undergoing melosis II meiosis I normal taking into account each of the possible nondisjunctions that could occu Assume no crossing over Oa8 Ab ab ABb Abb AB

Flower color purple or white is represented by alleles P p p white is recessive Stamen color red or orange is represented by alleles R r r orange is recessive You cross a plant with purple flowers and orange stamen with a plant with white flowers and orange stamen 50 of the offspring have purple flowers and orange stamen 50 have white flowers and orange stamen Which of the following represent the gametes that the parent purple flowered plant with orange stamen can make O PPrr PPRR O P p R r O Pr pr P r O PR PR Pr pr

alculations Round your answers to the nearest tenth Use the following formulas to calculate the values belov 1 Birth Rate 2 Death Rate Births Total population x 1000 Deaths Total population x 1000 3 Emigration rate Emigrants Total pop x 1000 4 Immigration rate Immigrants Total pop x 1000 5 Natural Rate ofIncrease Births Deaths Total pop 1000ORBirthRate Death Rate 6 Net Migration Rate Immigrants Emigrants Total pop 1000ORImmigration Rate Emigration Rate 7 Population Growth Rate Natural Rate of Increase Net Mi Rate 1000 x 100 Practice Statistics mlto ammal Population Babies born will have ale People died People emigrated bill teve People immigrated og or Calculate the following Values A Birth Rate B DeathRate C Emigration Rate D Immigration Rate 6 Natural increaseRate 31 850 000 1038 000 in 594 000 86 000 53 000

Provider Order Digoxin 12 mcg kg day PO in equally divided doses every 12 hours Drug Available Digoxin elixir 0 5mg mL The patient weighs 106 lbs How many mlis of digoxin per dose should be given mLis Round your answer to the hundredth place if applicable

Provider Order A continuous infusion of furosemide 10mg hr The pharmacy provides furosemide 100mg in 100ml of 0 9 normal saline How would the nurse program the IV pump mi hr Round your answer to the whole number

A disease is caused by having no functional protein produced from the Kip gene An individual is found to have the disease but does not have a mutation in the Kip gene You look at other gene candidates whose alteration could result in no functional kip protein A gene called D5 codes for a methyltransferase that methylates the Kip promoter region A gene called T3 codes for an acetylase that acetylates the histones in the region of the Kip gene Remember the consequences of acetylation and methylation and fill in the following blanks To generate a scenario in which no Kip protein is made it is likely that the D5 gene has a mutation that results in of the D5 protein or that the T3 gene has a mutation that results in of the T3 protein hyper activation

Rafael was diagnosed with malignant melanoma Sequencing of his tumor genome after biopsy revealed the presence of an activated oncogene targeted by an anti breast cancer drug Although this treatment suppressed tumor growth for a while eventually the tumor stopped responding to the drug and Rafael died The reason for his death most likely was that O Treating one tumor type with a drug developed for another tumor type has a low chance of success O Oncogenes do not stimulate tumor growth tumor suppressors do that O Another mutation probably occurred in the already activated oncogene that made it resistant to the drug O The drug harmed non tumor cells that were suppressing growth of his tumor Malignant cancer cells have multiple mutations driving tumor growth additional driver mutations probably O occurred in his tumor cells that caused resumption of uncontrolled cell proliferation in spite of the action of the drug

p53 is a tumor suppressor gene mutations in p53 are seen in more than 50 of all cancers Which of the following mutations in p53 would likely increase cell division rate predisposing an individual to cancer Sort each mutation into the correct bin to identify it as more likely to be cancer causing or more likely to be non cancer causing A translocation that puts the p53 gene near an active repressor region of DNA such that p53 is not transcribed Duplication of the p53 gene Deletion of one copy of the p53 gene Methylation of CpG islands near the p53 promoter region A nonsense mutation close to the start codon of p53 such that no functional p53 protein is made A missense mutation in the p53 gene that increases the activity of the p53 protein Cancer causing Non cancer causing

If the promoter region of a gene is more methylated under environmental condition A and less methylated under condition B in which condition will MORE mRNA be transcribed from this gene O The two conditions will have the same result O Condition A O Condition B

Answer the following questions about mutations that lead to cancer Part 1 An individual inherits a cancer predisposing mutation and in adulthood is diagnosed with cancer Consider the individual s inherited genotype If the mutation is in a tumor suppressor gene is the individual likely to be heterozygous or homozygous for the inherited mutation O Heterozygous O Homozygous O Either is equally likely Part 2 An individual has a cancer where one of the key drivers is an oncogene At the genotypic level which is most likely O The individual inherited one copy of the oncogene O The individual inherited two copes of the oncogene O In the tissue where the cancer started a gain of function mutation occurred in a proto oncogene to create this oncogene In the tissue where the cancer started a loss of function mutation occurred in a proto oncogene to create this oncogene

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that influence our experience of stress When the promoter of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is methylated in mice they experience higher stress levels and do not nurture their offspring When mice born to high stressed mothers were raised by nurturing mothers rather than their genetic mothers the offspring produced more glucocorticoid receptor protein than mice raised by high stressed mothers The increase in the amount of glucocorticoid receptor protein produced in the mouse offspring is likely because the nurturing expression of the gene methylation of the gene s promoter region which led to behavior cause increased decreased

Which of the following statements is are consistent with scientists observations about epigenetics O Individuals can pass on a methylation state only if it has an evolutionary advantage O Environmental conditions can result in methylation of promoter regions of particular genes The methylation state of a gene is copied every time DNA is replicated Many promoter sequences are susceptible to methylation which decreases transcription of those genes

Inheritance of which of the following mutated genes would lead to a viable offspring no embryonic death with a predisposition to cancer OTwo copies homozygous of an activated tumor suppressor O One copy heterozygous of an inactivated tumor suppressor OTwo copies homozygous of an inactivated tumor suppressor O One copy heterozygous of an activated proto oncogene O One copy heterozygous of an activated tumor suppressor OTwo copies homozygous of an activated proto oncogene

A reciprocal translocation between Chromosome 9 and Chromosome 22 produces the so called Philadelphia chromosome which causes chronic myelogenous leukemia CML a cancer of white blood cells The translocation results in production of a protein that is no longer regulated but rather always active This leads to uncontrolled cell division in white blood cells Although this cancer always involves translocations between chromosomes 9 and 22 the BCR ABL protein that is the result of this translocation can vary in size contains 185 220 amino acids because the exact DNA bases where the chromosome breaks can vary Part 1 In any ONE patient will the BCR ABL fusion proteins isolated from a single tumor be the same size or varying sizes O Same size O Both same and varying sizes are possible O Varying sizes Part 2 If samples are taken from 100 patients will the BCR ABL protein in the cancerous white blood cells be the same size or of varying sizes Pick the most likely answer O All patients will have an BCR ABL protein of the same size O All patients will have BCR ABL proteins of varying sizes O Some patients may have the same size others will have varying sizes of the BCR ABL protein

Anders and Ben are brothers Ben has cystic fibrosis and Anders does not The gene that when mutated causes cystic fibrosis is called CTFR The beginning of the CFTR DNA coding sequence is shown for each brother The reading frame begins with the start codon Met What type of mutation causes Ben s cystic fibrosis Consult a codon table Anders 5 TCGATGAACGGTCTA Ben 5 TCGATGAACGATCTA O Missense O Frameshift O Silent 3 3

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease that is typically caused by inherited one mutant allele of the CFTR gene from each parent A person with cystic fibrosis has the mutant CFTR allele in O neither their somatic nor germline cells Otheir somatic cells O both their somatic and germline cells O their germline cells

Mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli APC gene increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer The partial DNA sequences shown are on the coding strand of the APC gene from Jamal who does not have cancer and Jana who was diagnosed with colorectal cancer The sequences are in frame with the start codon not shown What type of mutation does Jana likely have Consult a codon table to answer this question Jamal 5 GAG GCG GGT TCA CGA GAG 3 Jana 5 GAG GCG GGT TGA CGA GAG O Frameshift O Missense Silent Nonsense 3

Ater splicing all four exons blue boxes illustrated in the gene below are present in the mature mRNA Transcription starts at the arrow labeled TSS transcription start site and stops at the line labeled TT transcription terminator Consider a single base deletion in the regions labeled A E In which of these regions would a single base deletion mutation NOT lead to a frameshift Select all that apply Assume that splicing is not affected by any of the mutations Promoter J A OB OC C TSS ATG Start codon A B C TAA Stop codon DE TT

One form of cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the middle of the DNA sequence of the CFTR gene If you look at the protein produced from this mutated sequence and the protein is the normal length what type s of mutation is most likely O Nonsense Missense O Frameshift

Two individuals have a mutation on chromosome 18 This mutation when present in one copy results in thick fingernails and toenails Jeff has this mutation in all of his cells Tom also has the mutation but only in the cells of his liver Which individual has a chance of passing this trait to his children O Jeff O Tom O Both O Neither

Select all that apply A missense point mutation can Oshorten protein length Odisrupt protein function Odisrupt protein folding O have no effect on protein folding or function Ocause a disease phenotype

Why did you choose Spanish as the language you wanted to learn What is your favorite South or Central American country Why

Which situation is most likely a result of disruptive selection in a population O A Most limpet shells are dark or light in color and not an intermediate shade B Most birds lay fewer eggs after an environmental change OC Most kittens are born at an intermediate weight D Most golden retrievers are of an average height

experience you had with health equity

what did you connect when learning about health equity

why is it important to learn about health equity a

Question 42 Points 3 How does a person s sense of political efficacy affect his or her voting behavior O One might vote because he she believes the vote will make an impact OA person may not vote because he she feels an individual vote doesn t matter One might vote because he she believes the vote will make an impact Also a person may not vote because he she feels an individual vote doesn t matter O None of the choices Questic 1 5 9 13 17 21

Who became the president of the United States after Nixon resigned his president post Spiro Agnew O Leon Jaworski Gerald Ford O General Robert Bork Question 1 5 9 13 17 21

Choose the correct answer President Nixon pushed a more conservative agenda and was able to get a new method of revenue sharing with state and local governments under a plan called O New Federalism O the Trickle Down Plan O the Great Society program d tente Complete Later Complete 2 25

Which of the following individuals was NOT a choice for the Republican nomination during the 1980 presidential election George W Bush Gerald Ford O Ronald Reagan O Bob Dole

Elliot Richardson Archibald Cox Based on your own knowledge which of these choices is the best link between these four names O The Saturday Night Massacre O Nixon Administration O DNC break in Committee to Re Elect the President Complete Later Complete 13 5 9 17 21 25 29 33

Question 43 Points 1 What did the Declaration of Indian Purpose stress Native Americans demanded more freedoms Native Americans demanded to have their own country O Native Americans demanded the United States to allow them to leave O Native Americans demanded the United States to leave

Look at the diagram Based on your own knowledge which is the best response to fill in the empty square Increase conventional forces Create special forces Flexible Response Reduce nuclear capabilities O Triple nuclear capabilities O Create space program Previous Negotiate nuclear treaty 00 00 00 00 25 29 33 21 37 41 5 9 13 17

Which of the following publications did NOT circulate the letter from Birmingham Jail 1 Christian Century II Ebony magazine III New York Post IV TIME magazine O lalone OIV alone O II III and IV OI III and IV Complete Later Complete Ques 21 13 25 5 17 1 9 2

Strictly voting for candidates of only one political party is known as O ballot fatigue O straight ticket voting O split ticket voting O party affiliation

ho was Edmond Pettus O A former Alabama Senator and KKK leader O The person who drafted the Civil Rights Act O A civil rights leader O The Governor of Alabama at the time of the Selma march

What happened on Bloody Sunday on Edmund Peters Pettus Bridge O Union forces overrun the Confederates The bridge collapsed killing several people O Police attacked peaceful protesters O The Soviets attacked

Question 36 Points 2 What previous presidential program does President Johnson s Great Society most resemble New Frontier New Deal O Monroe Doctrine Marshall Plan Question 21 1 5 9 13 1 17 18 22

Question 31 Points 2 Which of the following statements is true regarding World War I and World War II Americans who served in World War II are equal to Americans who served in World War I Americans who served in World War II are almost the same to Americans who served in World War I Americans who served in World War II are fewer than Americans who served in World War I O Americans who served in World War II are more than Americans who served in World War I Ques 1 5 9 13 17