Ecology - Ecosystems Questions and Answers

A freshwater biome is defined by the lack of A dissolved oxygen C biodiversity B turbulence D dissolved ions

When considering the energy dynamics of an ecosytem NPP GPP dessication B respiration C photo synthesis

The tertiary consumers in a four level food chain are typically A detritivores C detritovores B carnivores D ominvores

Which theory approaches the natural environment as the meanings assigned to the natural environment will determine how society sees and uses it Symbolic interactionism O Structural Functionalist O Conflict Theory O None of the Above

point ad the statement Decide whether it is describing a density dependent or density independent limiting factor Flood causes a landslide and all the oak trees are destroyed as it is washed away O Density independent Density dependent

Which of the following processes does not contribute to carbon cycling O A condensation B photosynthesis O C combustion O D respiration

5 The hydrologic cycle would be affected by a warming climate because A increased numbers of cloud would reduce sunlight B evaporation of water from the ocean would decrease Csnow melt will occur earlier in the year D evaporation would result in less water in the hydrologic cycle

A hypothetical protist Protista biologica can become inhabited by a bacterium This bacterium receives nutrition from the protist host and but produces a dangerous toxin to the host Which choice given below best describes this relationship 1 mutualism 2 parasitism 3 symbiosis 4 Number 1 and 3 can describe this relationship 5 Number 2 and 3 can describe this relationship 6 Number 2 and 4 can describe this relationship 6

There were a few examples of humans being dead end hosts for parasites in this unit What does a dead end host mean for a parasite

Select one a Dg Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems Question 1 Which statement correctly describes energy transfer in ecological pyramids D8 Ten percent of energy available will go on to the next level O Fifty percent of energy available will go on to the next level O A hundred percent of energy available will go on to the next level Ninety percent of energy available will go on to the next level

refers to species interaction that impacts the fitness of each organism involved A Commensalism C Symbiosis B Parasitism D Mutualism

is a symbiotic relationship characterized by the plus system as A Cohabitism C Commensalism B Parasitism D Mutualism

In a biological hierarchy if you study a community and then begin to measure abiotic factors you are studying a n A population C organism B biosphere Decrystem

4 Listen From the list choose any that is are potential energy Check Select 3 correct answer s 0 heat concentration gradients water behind a dam chemical bonds light

decreases at each trophic level as you move up the energy pyramid A Gross secondary productivity C Net primary productivity B Gross primary productivity D Net primary consumption

In there is movement of energy and nutrients from one trophic level to another A a producer community C a consumer community B a food chain D an organism

Which of the following is NOT a BIOTIC factor considered when studying an ecosystem A soil pH C dead leaves B pathogen density D microbe density

Use the following figure to answer the following question The figure shows a map of some small islands off the coast of Japan Biologists measured the frequencies of two alleles named Aap 2a and Aap 2b in 9 different populations of the plant Suzukia luchuensis on various islands Each circle is a pie chart reflecting the frequency of the two alleles on that island An entirely dark circle would indicate that the population has a frequency of the Aap 2a allele 1 0 while an entire light circle would indicate an allele frequency of Aap 2b 1 0 A circle with frequencies of both alleles 0 5 would be half black etc For the questions that follow the islands are placed in three groups A five black circles B two white circles and C two black circles Assume for the sake of these questions that all three genotypes have equal fitness on all of the islands and that the population sizes on each island are large Group A 24 Group B Aap 2b Aap 2a Group C Additional sampling indicates that allele frequencies for thirteen other genes are identical among populations on all of the islands in Group A Which of the following statements is likely to be true based on the evidence Natural selection is stronger on some of these islands than others O There is migration occurring between the islands of Group A Genetic drift has independently resulted in fixation of Aap 2a on each island The water gap is preventing migration between islands

Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 Gene 4 Gene 5 Gene 6 Gene 7 1 0 0 538 What is the average heterozygosity for Population 2 0 321 Population 1 Heterozygosity 0 127 0 14 0 09 0 11 0 21 0 00 0 34 0 00 No of alleles 4 2 3 3 1 5 1 Population 2 Heterozygosity 0 32 0 37 0 24 0 33 0 36 0 32 0 31 No of alleles 6 12 7 9 7 6 8

Consider a gene with two alleles C and M The table below describes fitness for different genotypes in two populations Population 1 Population 2 Fitness CC 1 0 0 9 CM 1 0 0 9 Assume that both populations begin with frequencies of 0 5 for each allele population size is infinite and there is no migration between populations O Frequency of M will increase Frequency of M will decrease Frequency of M will stay the same Frequency of M will change randomly MM 0 6 1 0 Based on the table how would you expect the frequency of M to change over time in population 1 k

ch of the following is considered evidence for the idea of evolution by natural election Select all that apply 1 all known organisms the same proteins for the same functions all type of owls order Strigiformes have the same foot structure both birds and mammals have evolved powered flight in some members of their group the genetic code is the same for all organisms early in the development the embryos of humans and chickens look very similar

ale red winged blackbirds compete with other males for access to the best breeding territories Females then decide which territory that want to breed in What type of selection is occurring here Odivergent selection intersexual selection dimorphic selection intrasexual selection there is no selection because the females pick a territory to breed in not a specific male

Question 21 di Listen What should happen if double recessives are continuously removed population in each generation O the population will keep getting smaller the population will stop producing offspring Op and q will start to equalize q will decline and may eventually reach 0

13 If the needle valves on an oxyacetylene torch become too loose you should O A destroy the torch because using it would be hazardous OB adjust the safety locknuts with an appropriate wrench C switch the connector fittings OD reseat the torch tip by rapping it with a piece of brass or wood

Which of the following is considered to be a requirement for speciation to occur populations must be isolated geographically or in some other manner from one another isolated populations must become genetically distinct from one another exchanges of genetic information must be restricted between populations all of these must occur none of these must occur

Select one a F Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems Question 4 How do primary consumers get energy De O Primary consumers eat secondary consumers O Primary consumers eat producers O Primary consumers produce their own energy from the sun O Primary consumers eat other primary consumers

Select one a a Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems Question 2 In a food chain a carnivore is most likely 81 O A tertiary consumer A producer O A herbivore A primary consumer

Look at the picture of the sharp object below It is part of an animal What function does this structure have OA To protect the organism OB To see predators OC To hear the outside world D To help the organism reproduce

2 pairs a food molecule with its building block Row 1 2 3 4 Food Molecule starch sugar protein amino acid Building Block amino acid starch amino acid sugar 3 The flow of energy in an ecosystem is best described as energy moving in one direction from the Sun to the producers and then to the consumers one direction from a consumer to a producer and then to the Sun as heat and light 3 two directions between the producers that are present 4 two directions back and forth between the producers and the consumorn cell structure is labe Structure A is most 1 mitochondrion d cell 2 nucleus that is th 3 mitochondrion Sun nucleus that is m information 7 A land dwelling om single celled org below

7 Heights reported in centimeters of students in one class were obtained for a study The last digits of those heights are listed Construct a histogram with 10 classes What can you conclude from the distribution of the digits 000000000 23334555 5555668889 1 point O The digits of 0 and 5 occur disproportionately more often than the others the heights could have been reported not measured OThe choice of 10 classes was a poor choice nothing can be concluded from this histogram This is a small sample a histogram is not an appropriate way to display the data O The histogram shows a normal distribution and can be used to predict heights of other classes

3 33 points What type of interspecific interraction is present when you drive your car over an ant pile killing thousands of ants Hint this may not be a true Inter O commensalism Oamensalism O neutralism competition Question 14

King Snake non poisonous displays a very similar color banding pattern to that of the coral snake quite poisonous The King snake benefits from the fa ing to avoid the coral snake stay away from the King snake What type of mimicry is this 1 Mullerian 2 Batesian 3 Obstructionist 4 Constructionist 3 33

Which adaptation is beneficial to both desert plants and tundra plants Shallow wide spreading root systems Thin light green leaves A lack of leaves Deep taproot systems 4 of 4 QUEST

When did the igneous intrusion with x s occur Explain by telling what happened before and after and how you know Please use complete and correct sentences

Solve the relative dating problem in block 3 Write the letters in relative order with the oldest being listed first and the youngest list last Include all events folding faulting etc in their proper sequence Add words for erosion events folding events intrusions faults tilting etc If a fault or other event is labeled with a letter refer to it as Fault A If there are several faults and they are not labeled you may say the fault on the left or the fault on the right List the events in the space below starting with the oldest and ending with the youngest Separate each event with a comma Block 3 www O S z Erosion U Folding B

One reason the extreme dimorphism of Birds of Paradise was able to evolve was because Othere were few natural predators in their environment Ohabitat loss forced males to compete more for females all males have equal reproductive success food was scarce which forced extreme competition among the males

Listen Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology Dogs and wolves are both members of the order Carnivora Dogs and wolves shared a common ancestor very recently Dogs and wolves belong to the same order Dogs and wolves have very similar morphologies

Which statements below are true regarding evidence of evolution such as analogous and homologous structures 1 Structures found in different species with similar functions resulting from a common an cestor are known as analogous structures II Structures found in different species with similar functions resulting from natural selec tion are known as analogous structures III Structures found in different species with similar anatomical forms resulting from natu ral selection are known as homologous structures IV Structures found in different species with similar anatomical forms resulting from a common ancestor are known as homologous structures A B C IV only II and IV Ill only

A group of researchers studies fish populations in two adjacent small mountain lakes Seasonal flooding will typically temporarily join the two lakes Interbreeding and isolation between the lakes fish populations can occur when the lakes are joined The climate of the area has become drier so seasonal flooding no longer occurs Which of the following best predicts how the lack of seasonal flooding will affect the fish populations in the lakes over time A B C D The fish population in each lake will become reproductively isolated resulting in al lopatric speciation Genetic drift will increase the genetic diversity within the two lakes fish populations re sulting in sympatric speciation The fish population in each lake will adapt to different resources resulting in sympatric speciation Gene flow between the two lakes fish populations will increase resulting in allopatric

Evolutionary biologists maintain that glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that evolved prior to the divergence of life on Earth into different domains Which of the following best supports this hypothesis of evolutionary biologists A Glycolysis is used by all prokaryotes across taxonomical domains and kingdoms B C D Glycolysis is used by all cells on Earth with a few modifications regardless of taxonomi cal domain Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of cells rather than within a membrane bound or ganelle so all life forms can metabolize through it Glycolysis is the shortest metabolic pathway and requires no oxygen to be completed lllife forms can accomplish this

Pentadactyl limbs are seen across several different species A bat s wing a primate s arm and the front leg of a dog all have similar bone structures based off of pentadactyl limbs Based on this information which of the following conclusions can be drawn A B C D Bats primates and dogs all must experience similar environmental conditions Bats primates and dogs have a common ancestor with pentadactyl limbs Bats primates and dogs all evolved in the same geological time period Bats primates and dogs convergently evolved to the same adaptation

A scientist is studying an African savanna ecosystem located in Serengeti National Park An image of an ecosystem can be seen below An ecosystem that contains various living and nonliving parts The scientist is recording observations about the different parts of the ecosystem Which of the observations correctly identifies a community found within the ecosystem shown in the image above A MARCA B C five zebras one impala two giraffes five zebras three impalas eleven oxpecker birds the rocks the grass the trees the sun and the water

Phosphorus is found in nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA and is thus an essential nutri ent for living organisms Which of the following correctly identifies a reservoir of phospho rus found in ecosystems A atmosphere B C D rocks trees ocean water

A golf course in Massachusetts uses a large amount of fertilizer that contains nitrogen Members of the city are concerned about the nitrogen from the fertilizer ending up in local waterways and causing excess algae growth Which of the following processes has the potential to move the nitrogen in the fertilizer into a local waterway A B C nitrogen fixation ammonification runoff

Organisms in an ecosystem can use various methods to obtain energy for survival A porcini mushroom can be found growing near wood from dead trees The mushrooms break down the nonliving organic matter to use as a source of energy Which of the following correctly identifies the type of organism that mushrooms are based on how they obtain energy A B C saprotroph parasite detritivore

Which of the following is an example of an anthropogenic ecosystem disruption A A forest is cleared to become a field where corn will be grown and harvested B A volcano erupts and covers a nearby forest with a thick layer of lava C A hurricane causes flooding which causes various native plants to die D A wildfire burns acres of land and returns nutrients to the soil

The Great Barrier Reef is the world s largest coral reef system composed of over 2 900 in dividual reefs and 900 islands stretching over 2 300 km In just five years marine heat waves have triggered three mass coral bleaching events reducing shallow water coral reefs by as much as 50 percent Because of the bleaching events the coral reefs have experi enced a loss of species biodiversity How will a loss in species biodiversity affect an ecosystem A B C D The health and stability of an ecosystem are determined only by genetic diversity not by species diversity Although a loss of species diversity is not good for an ecosystem it typically does not af fect the stability of the ecosystem A loss of species diversity reduces the stability of the ecosystem and lowers the health of the ecosystem Only simple ecosystem structures with low species diversity are affected by a loss in species diversity

The kelp forests are often referred to as the lungs of the ocean since they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through photosynthesis More than 95 percent of California s coastal kelp are gone after being devoured by a population explosion of purple sea urchins in the past eight years Sea otters are foragers that eat mostly hard shelled invertebrates such as sea urchins Although sea otters are not abundant in number they play a vital role in controlling the sea urchin population Based on the information above sea otters are an example of which of the following concepts A B C commensalism resource partitioning keystone species

An image of the species of trees and the percentage of trees found in two different com munities can be seen in the image below A 25 B C 25 Community 1 The percentage of each tree species found in two communities 25 25 evenness 6 12 Which of the following accurately compares the species richness and species evenness in the two communities Community 2 70 Community 2 has a higher species richness but the same species evenness as Community 2 The two communities have the same species richness but they have different species 12 Community 1 and Community 2 have the same species richness and species evenness

Penguins are typically found living in colonies known as rookeries containing up to a mil lion nesting pairs Penguins often nest swim and feed in groups Which of the following best describes the population density and level of the sociality of a typical penguin population A B C D low population density low sociality high population density high sociality high population density low sociality low population density high sociality