Human Health and Diseases Questions and Answers

The release of newly synthesized nonenveloped viruses usually occurs by Olysis budding exocytosis both lysis and budding

Compared to the earlier COVID 19 variants Omicron appears to have a a higher chance of causing long term negative effects sequelae in the host b a lower Ro c greater virulence O d a higher Ro

Bacteria grown in thioglycollate broth or agar deep turns the entire tube media cloudy the cloudiness is denser cloudier at the top of the tube and less dense less cloudy at the bottom of the tube media This bacteria should be aerotolerant anaerobe obligate anaerobe facultative anaerobe O obligate aerobe

This genetic disorder due to a defective chloride channel results in excessive mucus in the lungs Down syndrome spina bifida cerebral palsy cystic fibrosis G

6 points Select the types of compounds from living things that can be used as medications Select all that may apply D D 0 Fungal compounds that kill bacteria Fermented fruits from trees Plant toxins to discourage animals from eating them Toxins produced by animals such as snake venom

Main effector molecule of the Wnt B Catenin pathway

Up until the late 20th century ulcers were thought to be caused by excess stomach acid a hypothesis that was supported by the observation that histamine receptor antagonists such as Tagamet which reduce stomach acid reduce or eliminate ul er symptoms Dr Robin Warren a pathologist at the Royal Perth Hospital in Australia wanted to test the hypothesis that Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause ulcers so he drank a flask of the bacteria waited 10 days and then gave himself a stomach biopsy The stomach biopsy was positive for gastric ulcer What could he conclude from this result O Helicobacter pylori could have caused Dr Warren to get an ulcer Helicobacter pylori causes ulcers Excess stomach acid does not cause ulcers Helicobacter pylori infection is correlated with ulcers

62 Which technique is commonly used to determine the three dimensional conformation of a protein A the Edman degradation B SDS PAGE C X ray crystallography D isoelectric focusing 63 Nearly all peptide bonds are in the trans configuration because A trans peptide bonds are stronger B trans peptide bonds minimize steric hindrance of R groups C cis peptide bonds prevent R groups from interacting D cis peptide bonds are weaker 62 63

Bob gives up a chance to marry and have a family to go to work Had he married he would have had two surviving offspring He sends money to his sister who as a result produces five surviving offspring instead of the two she would have had without Bob s assistance 8 What was Bob s benefit to himself in units of inclusive fitness e g children A 0 5 B 0 75 C 1 5 D 3 9 Bob s decision was A adaptive B maladaptive C adaptable D adaptationist

Colon cancer screening tests include all of the following EXCEPT the O fecal occult blood test O colon specific antigen test flexible sigmoidoscopy colonosco

Which cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in men and the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men excluding skin cancer O lung cancer O prostate cancer O colon cancer

One of the main screening tests available for prostate cancer is the test O PSA

Which of the following statements regarding tobacco use and cancer is FALSE O Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of cancer in the U S O Chemicals from tobacco use that are absorbed into the bloodstream increase the risk for bladder pancreas stomach liver kidney and bone marrow cancer O Tobacco use is responsible for 32 percent of all cancer deaths Spalio libent to die frono una

The most common form of cancer is a large category of cancers that origina from epithelial tissue O carcinoma

In India the cattle disease rinderpest caused only mild illness but in Africa the same disease killed over 80 of the cattle across the continent What is the best explanation for the difference 1 Better veterinary care in India O2 Genetic resistance in the Indian cattle due to prior exposure 3 Faster spread of the disease in Africa due to wildebeests and buffalo 4 Different temperatures in Africa and India

Match the following characteristic below to the correct class of immunoglobulins Rarely found in body fluids but mostly found as a receptor on the surface of B cells IgG IgD IgA IgM IgE

Select the correct answer Nina wants to learn about the toxic effects of chemicals on humans Which discipline should Nina study OA B C O D ecology human health sciences soil science social sciences

What do you think may happen if a person looses the microbiota of the digestive system O person may not grow normally person may get sick more easily O person may have problem digesting the food all answers are correct person may suffer from vitamin deficiency

Which condition chromosome involving 15 is characterized by a perpetual smile and mental retardation A Prader Willi Syndrome C Klinefelter s Syndrome B Angelman s Syndrome D Down s Syndrome

Soru 17 Which cells make antibodies Killer T cells O Helper T cells Macrophages Plasma Cells nceki

Which of the following are examples of nonliving reservoirs Mark all that apply Water Food inside dented cans Black rats Anopheles mosquito Cooling system vents Question 7 Ebola may fall under the form of transmission called direct droplet transmission True

Neonatal herpes simplex is an example of Horizontal direct contact transmission O Vertical direct contact transmission Indirect contact transmission Direct droplet transmission Question 8 Ebola may fall under the form of transmission called direct droplet transmission True False

Connect the two columns about the process of tracking infectious diseases Analytical epidemiology Retrospective studies Cohort method Descriptive epidemiology Choose Choose Uses groups of particular common characteristics to evaluate the associations to a disease A group of individuals are selected to evaluate the hypothesis on a disease causative agent Use data from the past to evaluate present day cases Monitors the disease of individuals during the course of the study Collects information about a disease outbreak affected individuals and how that disease has spread over time in an exploratory study Choose Choose 4

What organiz World Health Organization Centers for Disease Control Health Security Committee Question 10 Which nations maintain the Health Security Committee O European Nations United Nations in the United States of public health emergencies of pandemics Mark all that apply

According to the graph below HIV incidence has a steady decrease from 1995 to 2010 in the U S Cases 1 200 000 1 000 000 True 800 000 False 600 000 400 000 Source OpenStax Microbiology 200 000 1980 HIV Prevalence and Incidence in the U S 1980 2010 1985 1990 1995 Year Active HIV AIDS Infections 2000 2005 2010 New HIV infections

The following is a picture of a black legged tick The bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi can be transmitted to humans through the arachnid s bite and cause Lyme disease What type of disease transmission is caused by this arthropod Source Arrowpestcontrol O Mechanical vector Biological vector O Vehicle transmission

Which of the following terms Epidemic disease Pandemic disease Endemic disease Notifiable disease Question 3 Experimental studies on humans are conducted as double blind studies What does this mean O The subject and scientist are unaware of who receives the placebo O The subject and scientist are aware of what the experiment is about of who receives the placebo

Modes of action of antibacterial drugs 1 Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Examples penicillin bacitracin cephalosporin vancomycin 4 Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis Examples rifamycin transcription quinolones DNA replication metronidazole 5 Action as antimetabolites Examples sulfonilamide trimethoprim Figure 13 2 Microbiology 6 e 2005 John Wiley Sons Bacterial cell wall DNA replication 2000 DNA ooooo PABA 2 Disruption of cell membrane function Example polymyxin Transcription Translation mRNA Bacterial cell membrane 3 Inhibition of protein synthesis Examples tetracycline erythromycin streptomycin chloramphenicol In general which of these modes of action would yield drugs with the highest therapeutic indices Which of these modes of action does not depend on active microbial growth

O Macmillan Learning Membrane lipids in tissue samples obtained from different parts of a reindeer s leg have different fatty acid compositions Membrane lipids from tissue near the hooves contain a larger proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than those from tissue in the upper leg What is the significance of this observation O Unsaturated lipids have lower melting temperatures so they remain fluid at the lower temperatures found in the distal portions of the leg Cholesterol interacts with the unsaturated sphingolipids and phospholipids to make them less fluid Unsaturated lipids have higher melting temperatures so they help form the solid components of the hoof At physiological temperatures there are more unsaturated liquid ordered L lipids in the lower leg and more liquid disordered La lipids in the upper leg

Analyze the figure based on the information in the figure Percent Incidence 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1980 Resistant Strains Spread Rapidly 1985 1990 in Year 1995 2000 Source Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Key MRSA Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus VRE Vancomycin resistant enterococci FQRP Fluoroquinolone Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Between 1990 and 2000 all three bacterial strains have increased in incidences Between 1990 and 1995 MRSA s incidences nearly doubled OVRE is the most infectious of the bacterial strains MRSA infections have only been an issue since the year 2000

venew Online bioinformatics tools make hydropathy analysis easy if you know the amino acid sequence of a protein At the Protein Data Bank the Protein Feature View displays additional information about a protein gleaned from other databases such as UniProt and SCOP2 A simple graphical view of a hydropathy plot created using a window of 15 residues shows hydrophobic regions in red and hydrophilic regions in blue Now refine your information using the ProtScale tools at the ExPASy bioinformatics resource portal Each of the PDB Protein Feature Views was created with a UniProt Knowledgebase ID For glycophorin A the UniProtKB ID is P02724 For myoglobin the UniProtKB ID is P02185 For aquaporin the UniProtKB ID is Q6J819 Go to the ExPASy portal http web expasy org protscale and select the Kyte Doolittle hydropathy analysis option with a window of 7 amino acids Enter the UniProtKB ID for aquaporin Q6J819 which you can also get from the PDB s Protein Feature View page then select the option to analyze the complete chain residues 1 to 263 Use the default values for the other options and click Submit to get a hydropathy plot Save a GIF image of this plot Now repeat the analysis using a window of 15 amino acids Compare the results for the 7 residue and 15 residue window analyses Which window size gives you a better signal to noise ratio 15 residue window 7 residue window 15 residue window Under what circumstances would it be important to use a narrower window Smaller window ranges identify hydrophilic regions of the protein that are likely surface exposed Narrow windows permit identification of membrane spanning regions at either end of the protein Smaller range windows alter the sensitivity of the analysis increasing the signal to noise ratio

Please place the steps in the correct order to assess your knowledge of cholera s effect on th It becomes a signal in a system that converts inactive adenyl cyclase into an active state The result is that the membrane begins to actively pump chloride and bicarbonate ions into the intestinal lumen The active portion of the toxin is released is transported through the membrane and enters the cytoplasm Positive ions Na and K follow the anions and are also lost into the intestinal fluid along with large amounts of water causing secretory diarrhea and dehydration The toxin has an affinity for specialized receptors on the glycocalyx and binds there The Vibrio cholerae cell comes to rest in the protective mucous coating near the cell surface and secretes its toxin which is a complex protein This enzyme converts ATP into a molecule called cyclic AMP CAMP The CAMP is needed by the cell to control a major membrane pump for negative ions Recet N 32 Cholera toxin molecules HCO3 CI Na K 2 H O Vibrio cholerae Memb pump HC0 7 CT Na K H O

Blindness to reduce bias def when the subject the evaluator or both double blind do not know which treatment is being administered This is done so neither the subject nor the researcher can bias the study for or against the new drug Bias is often not intentional We humans cannot help it Question 1 You are testing a new pain reliever for use after wisdom teeth are pulled How could blinding be used

21 22 2 points Both Jewish and Muslim patients will likely have dietary Mal de ojo hajib silence 2 points Asian cultural groups will often use silence hajib dietary O restrictions a to show that someone has app

Welcome to the Allied Health industry As a Medical Biller Coder you have chosen a respectable career with plenty of opportunities In this weeks Discussion Forum write about why you chose this career path What attracted you Where do you want to focus your career Biller or Coder The opportunities are endless Write about it and be prepared to share in this weeks Discussion Forum

5 points Marcus is an orthopedic surgeon who performs knee replacement surgeries He would like to use an algorithm to help him decide which patients would be the most appropriate candidates for this surgery Which of the following examples best describes an algorithm that could be used to address this problem a Building an individualized theory around each patient about their likelihood of success following surgery b Evaluating each patient against the prototypical good surgery candidate Oc Following a step by step guide that systematically evaluates each factor known to be associated with surgery outcomes for each patient d Following a rule of thumb about general characteristics that should be observed in patients considering surgery S

5 points Save The textbook discusses brain imaging studies in which people with ASPD and healthy controls listened to unpleasant words such as torture or cancer In terms of brain activity the result was that people with ASPD a showed less activity in brain regions linked to logical thought and planning b showed more activity in brain regions linked to emotional processing c showed less activity in brain regions linked to emotional processing d showed more activity in brain regions linked to logical thought and planning

If you repeated the Hershey Chase experiment but using radioactive 150 to label viruses as shown what would be the result Virus labeled with radioactive 50 Bacteria radioactivity in both pellet and supernatant radioactivity only in the pellet O radioactivity in neither pellet nor supernatant dioactivity only in supernatant brief infection blend to shear centrifuge supernatant pellet

3 Two twins have a precipitin ring test performed on them to compare their antibody levels to Covid A precipitin ring first formed at the 1 64 dilution for twin A and a precipitin ring first formed at the 1 16 dilution for twin B Which twin has the stronger antibody response to Covid wwww

of protein to its example Structural Regulatory Contractile Transport Catalytic Immunologic Hemoglobin Found in muscle cells Collagen in bone and tendons Enzymes Antibodies Hormones

How are viral diseases categorized according to patient conditions for treatment Mark all that apply By using the International Classification of Diseases Current Procedural Terminology O Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System Undated by the CDC and WHO

OPSTV O TPMVd O ASBVD O PLMVd O SCMV O Non self replicating ssRNAS Question 11 Plant virusoids code for proteins O True

Connect the prion disease to the mammal affected Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Choose Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease Kuru Gerstmann Straussler Scheinker Disease Scrapie Choose Choose Choose Choose

True O False Question 8 Cytopathic Effects cell membrane Viruses can be detected after infection by observing unique cell abnormalities known as Choose the best answer Cancerous cells 0 5 pts

18 answer the next 2 questions Advertisements for a new energy drink claim that it helps people concentrate and you are designing an experiment to test the hypothesis that the energy drink improves concentration A large group of study participants are going to come to your lab and take a concentration test Now you must choose independent and dependent variables for your experiment Q3 8 What would be an appropriate independent treatment variable for your experiment How much caffeine from all sources participants have consumed the day of the test How much of the energy drink participants report drinking in the last month How well the participants can concentrate during the test How much of the energy drink participants are instructed to drink right before the test Submit Q3 9 Of the following possible dependent response variables which is the most appropriate for your experiment Participants self reported ability to concentrate on the concentration test Participants score on the concentration test Participants heart rate during the concentration test Participants ability to stay awake during the concentration test

Which of the following statements regarding hepatitis B and hepatitis C is FALSE O Hepatitis B and C cause inflammation of the liver O A vaccine is currently available to prevent hepatitis C O Transmission of hepatitis C requires introduction directly into the bloodstream

Which of the following is true regarding perinatal transmission of HIV O Women in the United States are not routinely offered HIV testing during pregnancy but they should request it if they feel they are at risk Breastfeeding is not a risk for HIV transmission and women with HIV infection in the United States are encouraged to breastfeed O The risk of transmission from mother to child can be significantly reduced by the use of antiretroviral medication during pregnancy and delivery F I LITY CL

The most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States is O hepatitis C O chlamydia the human papillomavirus HPV

What is the most common infectious disease worldwide O HIV O hepatitis C O tuberculosis

In the acquired immune system helper T cells do all of the following EXCEPT O first detect an infection O alert B cells that an infection has occurred O enhance the innate immune system