Human Physiology - Chemical Coordination Questions and Answers

enza viruses can attach to proteins on the surface of healthy human cells as shown in the model below What term describes the attachment sites on the surface of the cells A B C D receptor molecules genetic codes molecular bases inorganic catalysts Poooo

The n terminus of cGAS prevents it from accessing the mitochondria DNA and initiating an immune response against it O True O False

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer NK cells View Available Hint s ONK cells attack infected or cancerous cells NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane NK cells attack transplanted organs NK cells induce the target cell to undergo apoptosis cell suicide

Biology Which enzyme is the central regulator of blood glucose levels and how is the activity of this enzyme regulated

20 Acidic pH is an important antimicrobial defense in which of the following body sites A Blood B Colon C Skin D Teeth E Urine 21 Typhoid Mary was a famous example of a an A Carrier B Epidemic C Fomite D Vector E Vehicle naro nesiga

8 Mutation in the calcium receptor of parathyroid results to what medical condition a MEN Type 1 b Familial Hyperparathyroidism c MEN Type 2A d Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia 9 Match the following statements a There is elevated bicarbonate b The distal convoluted tubule hyperparathyroidism In hypoparathyroidism In

D 38 C 4 D 76 selat ei insmeinte si i T bus suid ai tromsiste silti T sihW 321AVUR E 15 TRUE FALSE Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false to gange srisidmomsini od on the ori mori anore to wohl sit alquaib atidirini no it 02 58 The tyrosine kinase receptor is capable of autophosphorylating substrates in signal transduction 58 of two TA 57 110 Oriosis MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question 2 tails ono odi 92059 59 Inside an active mitochondrion most electrons follow which pathway A citric acid cycle FADH2 electron transport chain B pyruvate citric acid cycle ATP NADH oxygen borq lliw allso sitosolus ni 229001q ribir S2 ATP C citric acid cycle NADH D glycolysis NADH oxidative phosphorylation ATP electron transport chain E electron transport chain citric acid cycle ATP oxygen alaylooyls A abys bios silber 3 oxygen nonslytoriqeoria svitabixo VI 60 Glucagon is secreted when blood glucose high low blood glucose is A high low B high high botim srit of HCAM mon anotha oxygen hoqanent morbols C high low while insulin is secreted when sb 60 grab C low low ovib Jan D low high

space How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of onefo 62 molecule of pyruvate A 6 B 8 C 10 D 4 E 2 TRUE FALSE Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false virpoede will gnitud gyly nwob sisend sbaum Intolais 0 63 The enzyme phosphodiesterase is less active that adenylate cyclase when the cyclase is active 63 MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question 64 Under starvation conditions about how long does it take in humans for the body to deplete the intalumot of ebion vial glycogen store in the liver A 4 hours B 1 week 65 The ATP made during glycolunini quoxe tale aveug fuc vil ach C 24 hours or gnitub D 10 minutes 64 writ lo llA

46 Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed in part by the removal of a carbon CO2 from one molecule of pyruvate A acetyl CoA B citrate C lactate D oxaloacetate E glyceraldehydes 3 phosphate extin 47 The molecule that functions as the reducing agent electron donor in a redox or a oxidation reduction reaction A loses electrons and gains energy B gains electrons and gains energy C neither gains nor loses electrons but gains or loses energy D loses electrons and loses energy E gains electrons and loses on Busby C 46 IH 47 500 bs booubor ego 8 be at OgH ting busibbo el so p

Use the words provided to fill in the blanks Pollution Earth systems QUESTION 1 Ecosystem degradation QUESTION 2 Combustion engine The increased brain capacity of human beings has led to many important developments and new have given us the ability to traverse vast distances very quickly I life through inventions such as the computer and the internet Items such as Technologies Plastics Electronics has played havoc on many Specifically Unfortunately with advancement comes consequences areas that are no longer habitable by humans In the process humanity has lost access to many natural resources that were once plentiful Human societies that are the backbone of Advancements such as the have increased the amount of productivity a single person can have at a job or in other aspe allow products to be made cheaply quickly and in high numbers has led to the extinction of species or the creation

Parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback to their children use the O disoriented O authoritative O permissive indulgent authoritarian style of parenting

Use Cavalieri s principle to compare the volume of the triangular prism and rectangular prism A D B C rectangular prism has twice the volume triangular prism has one half the volume triangular and rectangular prisms have equal volume rectangular prism has a larger volume h

62 The initial velocity of an enzyme reaction vo describes A the concentration of both at the start of the reaction B the rate of the reaction at when the substrate and enzyme are first mixed C the concentration of substrate at maximal velocity D the concentration of the enzyme at maximal velocity 62

Alfa Systems Dash Page 1 1 Applying Developmental Principles Chapters Time Limit 1 30 00 Marquis Artis Attempt 1 Page 2 Omegha Dashboa ConvergePoint Poli 2 Time Left 1 11 50 Admin User Login Next Page Welcome Question 7 1 33 points As an exercise in comparing and contrastin theories in human development relates BE forces

1 What is the process of breaking down glucose called if oxygen is present 2 What is the process of breaking down glucose if oxygen is not present 3 Will carbonic acid H CO3 lower or increase the pH of the phenol red solution 4 The yeast produces both fermentation and as a result of OBJECTIVES Describe cell respiration and identify substrate and products Explain how cell respiration can be measured Analyze factors that can affect the rate of aerobic respiration and alcoholic fermentation INTRODUCTION Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert the chemical energy in food into chemical energy in the form of ATP Glucose is a molecule that cells commonly use to make ATP However most cells can use other carbohydrates lipids and proteins as energy sources to make ATP If glucose is the energy source used for cellular respiration the overall equation is represented as follows C6H12O6 602 6CO2 6H O ATP The above equation makes it seem as if cellular respiration takes place in one quick reaction The process takes place very slowly in a series of metabolic pathways and chemical reactions As the glucose is slowly broken down some of its energy is harnessed by the cell and used to make ATP The above reaction requires oxygen Whether oxygen is present or not the first step in cellular respiration is the splitting of glucose in the process called glycolysis When glucose is split two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced NADH is

characteristic s of preoperational thought include centration in thinking egocentrism static reasoning focus on appearance irreversibility and or lack of conservation These

Identify the state of the organ shown here Normal nerve cell Normal pancreas Diseased brain cells Diabetic pancreas

POSSIBLE POINTS structures such as the common limb structure in vertebrates provide evidence for evolution because their common structure has an embryonic origin and supports a common ancestry between organisms

Researchers investigating the effects of traumatic experiences experienced by groups of people such as the Holocaust have identified PTSD as a potential although not guaranteed outcome of this trauma in survivors and their children Which statement below best characterizes the relationship between PTSD and the physiology of stress O Individuals with PTSD tend to have higher cortisol levels than those without PTSD O The daily rhythm of cortisol is more exaggerated i e has greater highs and lower lows in individuals with PTSD than in those without PTSD O The HPA axis of individuals with PTSD does not function any differently than in those without PTSD O Morning cortisol levels are generally speaking lower in individuals with PTSD than in those without PTSD

All of the following factors affect nucleic acid denaturation and renaturation Which one is not an important factor O temperature Osalt concentration charge associated with the backbone the length of the nucleic acid molecules the amount of nucleic acid present in solution

6 Calculate the total dilution factor TDF for the 3 tubes below TDF DF VT TV DF 0 00 10 foo 1 100 10 DO Original Sample 0 1ml Diluent Volume Single Dilution Factor Total Dilution Factor 10 Tube 1 0 1ml 9 9ml 1102 102 Tube 2 9 9ml 1ml Tube 3 9ml 1ml Tube 4 9ml 00

1 ml of a 104 diluted culture 9 ml water dilution

Which of the following can be considered both an advantage and a disadvantage of juxtacrine signaling It is slow It affects only one or a very small number of cells It doesn t produce a second messenger All of the above

14 Phosphoric acid has a pKa of 7 2 What will be the pH of a solution that has a concentration of 4 99x10 3 M HPO2 and 5 01x10 3 M H PO4 Answer below and on answer sheet show all work UP

The molecule NADPH has been Odehydrogenated hydrolyzed reduced oxidized

es A B C In the germinating seedling above the letter A represents the

Sweat glands contain O beta receptors None of the answers are correct O All of the answers are correct Ocholinergic receptors O alpha receptors

the body mone action and post often Exp 4 Co in

A 61 year old male banker Tom Jones was in good health until he lost control of his car hit a light pole and suffered head trauma While hospitalized in the intensive care unit ICU during recovery he developed hospital acquired pneumonia During his long hospitalization Tom began to show signs of depression and was treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor His depression was not lessened in 2 weeks and the dosage of the antidepressant was increased Six days after his dosage increase his nurse noted the patient exhibited confusion and lethargy Tom s blood pressure was slightly elevated His chemistries showed the following BUN 9 mg dL Nat 121 mEq L Cl mEq L Serum uric acid 2 2 mg dL decreased The remaining electrolytes and chemistry panel tests were within normal limits Thyroid tests and cortisol test Normal Tom s physician then ordered a serum and a urine osmolarity and urine sodium level He was started on a water restriction regimen and was given a saline IV and saline PEG tube flushes were begun The serum osmolarity was low while the urine osmolarity and urine sodium were elevated Questions 1 What condition has hypotonic plasma with lower serum osmolarity and higher urine osmolarity and an elevated urine sodium and the plasma sodium observed above 2pts 2 What OTHER disorder is associated with ADH 1pt 3 What is the serum sodium reference range Include units 1pt 4 How does ADH affect the body 1pt

The COSMED metabolic cart uses a two point calibration process to calibrate the O and CO analyzer a What are the two points for O and for CO 16 0 CO 5 and 20 93 and 0 04 b What does each reference point represent

The regulation of the blood glucose level represents an important feedback loop in the hu man body After a meal the blood glucose level becomes elevated stimulating beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin into the blood Excess glucose is then converted to glycogen in the liver reducing blood glucose levels Which of the following represents the stimulus in this feedback loop A B C D conversion of glucose into glycogen release of insulin by the pancreas elevation of the blood glucose level decrease in the blood glucose level

Hormones are chemical signaling molecules produced by specialized cells and transmitted via the circulatory system to all other cells in the body Which of the following describes a condition that needs to be met for a target cell to re ceive the signaling molecules A B D The size and shape of the target cell needs to be similar to that of the cell that secreted the hormone The target cell needs to have sufficient ATP to transport the hormone into the cell The location of the target cell needs to be within the local region of the cell that secreted the hormone The cytosol of the target cell has to have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone

A certain peptide hormone is produced in the anterior pituitary gland located at the base of the mammalian brain The hormone targets specific cells in many parts of the body Which of the following best explains a possible mechanism that would allow the hormone to reach all of the target cells in the body A B C D The hormone is released into the bloodstream where it is transported to all cells with the correct receptors The hormone interacts with neurons at the base of the brain and directs signals to the target cells through the neuronal network The hormone moves through plasmodesmata between cells until it has reached all cells with the correct intracellular binding sites The hormone diffuses into target cells adjacent to the anterior pituitary gland and dif fuses through their cell membrane

15 Which ion channels are open during depolarization phase Voltage gated K channels Ligand gated Na channels

A gust of wind blows a leaf into the water Which spheres are interacting 1 Point geosphere atmosphere and biosphere

2 Adrenaline stimulates glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle cells by ultimately activating glycogen phosphorylase the enzyme that breaks down glycogen to release glucose as depicted in the figure below A Provide a step by step explanation of the signaling pathway that communicates the extracellular signal into the cell and eventually triggers glycogen adrenergic receptor breakdown activated GPCR You do not need to write complete sentences Bullet points are encouraged B Identify all the steps in this pathway where the signal is amplified C Based on the signaling pathway shown on the previous page indicate whether the following statements are true or false Explain why the false statements are incorrect adrenaline Wil 1 A mutant form of the G protein a subunit that cannot bind GTP will increase the activation of PKA inactive phosphorylase kinase 2 A mutant form of GPCR that is always active in skeletal muscle cells would increase the amount of phosphorylated glycogen phosphorylase activated adenylyl cyclase inactive PKA ATP CAMP 10 ADP activated a subunit of stimulatory G protein G active PKA inactive glycogen phosphorylase GTP P ATP cyclic AMP ATP ADP active CYTOSOL phosphorylase kinase active glycogen phosphorylase GLYCOGEN BREAKDOWN 3 A mutant form of PKA that is always active in skeletal muscle cells would lead to a decrease in the amount of glucose available 4 A Compound B is a molecule with a very high affinity for cyclic AMP it binds tightly to any cyclic AMP available in the cell preventing it from interacting with other substrates Addition of Compound B to skeletal muscle cells leads to an excess in the amount of glycogen available

Choose the sentence that has no problem in agreement. The new regulations implemented at the university was confusing. There are numerous ways in which Washington is different from New York. Tennis is a game which require good eye-hand coordination and stamina.

While innate immunity ______ , adaptive immunity ________ is adapted to handle a specific antigen; is present at birth attacks a broad range of microbes; attacks specific microbes is slower to respond; is faster to respond includes the 3rd line of defense; includes the 1st and 2nd lines of defense is inducible; is always present

A ligand: binds selectively to specific target receptors binds to the intracellular side of the receptor protein has the same effect at each type of receptor it binds to is part of the last step involved in signal transduction

Thermoregulation in the human may be carried out by the action of certain hormones (ie epinephrine) which affect metabolic rates. muscular activity. vasodilation and vasoconstriction of surface blood vessels. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following is not considered to be a component of the endocrine system? pituitary gland adrenal gland gastric gland thyroid gland

Which of the following statements regarding chemical signals is FALSE? a) Hormones are the only types of signal molecules found in the human body. b) Ligands act as chemical signals by binding to receptors on target cells. c) Chemical signals travel to target cells to coordinate physiological responses. d) Signal molecules transmit information from one cell to another.

Which of the following are possible long term effects of diabetes? Select all that apply. A blindness B heart disease C kidney failure D death

Your roommate claims that he has been much more successful in getting attention from the opposite sex since he started adding a pheromone to his aftershave. What is the most likely explanation for this perceived increase in attention? The pheromones do actually make him more attractive to the opposite sex. The additive allows for the pheromones to spread over a wider area and influence more people. He is producing higher levels sex pheromones naturally in response to the chemicals in the additive. The women he is meeting are using pheromone-laced perfume,which increasestheir socio-sexual behaviors. The placebo effect.

Lucia is anxious about delivering her first speech. Which of the following is a typical response to fear? Hands may feel sweaty or clammy. Heart rate increases, raising blood pressure. Butterfly feeling in stomach. Trembling voice. All of the above are typical responses to fear.

When a neuron is at rest, there is always more outside the cell and more inside the cell. a. Na+; K+ b. K+; Na+ c. iodiate; sucrolate d. ATP; glucose e. acetylcholine; darwinose These gradients help keep the membrane potential of mV. a neuron at

The damage of the autoimmune response in Diabetes Mellitus Type I is to insulin secreting cells is to cells of islets of pancreas creates hyperglycemia, and extreme thirst two of the above A, B and C of the above

The brain produces oxytocin, a peptide hormone that helps produce contractions for childbirth. Describe the process by which the cells would make oxytocin (what organelles are involved and what happens in each one)

A patient is diagnosed with Cushing syndrome and has very high cortisol levels. Choose the best answer for each question from the drop-down menu. You're talking with the patient. Which of her statements is INCORRECT and indicates that she needs more education about her disease? This disease only happens if you have an adrenal tumor. I'd really like to get out of hospital, because I'm likely to catch more infections. This explains why my face is getting so fat!"

The patient's arms and legs are getting thinner. Why? cortisol is a catabolic hormone that makes tissues break down their stored food in Cushing syndrome, the pancreatic alpha cells secrete lots of glucagon Cushing syndrome causes high glucose, so it will also lead to the weight loss and other problems associated with diabetes mellitus