Microbes in Human Welfare Questions and Answers

Label the following illustration of the protist algae Guillardia theta Chloroplast C B Primary algal cytoplasm Starch Secondary protist cytoplasm Nucleus Primary algal nucleomorph

estion 10 Bacteria like many organisms and other cells rely on chemical cues from its environment to guide movement This is called what O Migration O Chemotaxis O Ciliatory movement O Pseudopodia

4 Microbial fuel cells have the potential to aid waste treatment and other forms of bioremediation Label the following small scale representation of one such device CO H H O Oxygen Water H O C B Reduction Oxidation Anode Proton permeable membrane Organic waste products Cathode

MacConkey agar is an example of a medium that is which of the following Choose one or more A differential based on ability to ferment mannitol B differential based on ability to ferment lactose C enriched with blood to support selected human pathogens D selective for Gram positive bacteria E selective for Gram negative bacteria F general purpose suitable for Gram negatives and Gram positives

atch the viral entry step with what is happening Occurs via injection of genome into host cell fusing with host cell membrane to transfer genome or through endocytosis of virus by the host cell The host cell assembles all of the viral proteins and genomes into a new viral particle that is ready for release Where virus leaves the host cell by budding exocytosis or lysis Viral genome is released into the host cell and uses the host cell machinery to make viral proteins and genomes necessary for replication Viral particle uses its protein coat and or envelope proteins for 1 Attachment 2 Entry 3 Synthesis 4 Assembly 5 Release

Of the following what would not be considered a reliable scientific resource Peer reviewed scientific journal CDC website

Check All That Apply infectious microorganisms corrosive chemicals chemical fumes

In 1861 Louis Pasteur observed that when yeast grows in a flask with sugar and protein medium completely free of air they ferment vigorously and for every gram of yeast that forms 60 to 80 grams of sugar are consumed If the experiment is carried out in a flask in the presence of air for every gram of yeast that forms only 4 to 10 grams of sugar are consumed If the yeast is transferred to a sugar containing medium without air the yeast reverts to consuming 60 to 80 grams of sugar for each gram of yeast produced When the experiment is carried out in a protein based medium yeast grows only in the presence of oxygen Pasteur concluded that yeast can extract oxygen from air and in the absence of air the yeast derives oxygen from the sugar Pasteur applied quantitative methods to his studies of fermentation and was the first to report on organisms that could live and reproduce in the absence of oxygen His basic conclusion was however incorrect Even so the different behaviors of yeast in these experiments are now known as the Pasteur effect 1 Explain the three yeast behaviors based on modern concepts of microbial metabolism 2 Which metabolic processes occur in each of the experiments 3 What was incorrect about Pasteur s conclusion

One of the following fixatives is well known to penetrate the tissue quickly O a O b Alcohol O C Acetone O d Orth fixative 10 Formalin

Which body system of a helminth is typically more complex O digestive O motility O reproduction O nervous

What is the function of a protozoal cyst O it helps the protozoa move O it produces spores O it protects the organism when food moisture or oxygen are lacking O it serves as an energy source

What disease is caused by Plasmodium Oparalytic shellfish poisoning O toxoplasmosis O malaria Odysentery

The feeding and growth phase of a protozoal life cycle is called the Otrophozoite O cyst O endospore thallus

1 10 24 Choose one type of microscope and one type of stain that we discussed and explain how you could use the stain and microscope to get good magnification and resolution of a sample

Source Pinterest com What is the name of a gram positive coccus that does not utilize glucose and does not reduce nitrate What is the name of a gram negative rod that utilizes lactose and citrate and produces indole What tests would you do if you suspect you have Proteus mirabilis What does Methyl Red test separate Question 3 Choose Gram negative rods that utilize lactose do not produce indole and produce urea Gram negative rods that utilize lactose but do not produce indole Gram stain glucose and lactose utilization indole and H2S production C intermedius None of these M bovis Gram stain glucose and lactose utilization indole production and urea hydrolysis E coli Choose 1 pts

When the antibiotic against a preexisting infection kills normal microbiota yielding proliferation of antibiotic resistant new pathogens When the normal microbiota keeps new pathogens under control When the antibiotic resistant pathogens inhibit the growth of normal microbiota causing new a new disease Question 13 0 5 pts What are the names of some chemicals that target bacterial DNA synthesis Mark all that apply Penicillin

Helminths have proteases that degrade the hosts antigens to evade the immune system O True O False Question 10 What is the main virulence factor of Cryptococcus 0 5 pts

The table compares ribosomal RNA rRNA sequences of two organisms from each of the thre domains by showing an association coefficient The more similar the rRNA sequences of the organisms the larger the coefficient S cerevisiae S cerevisiae L minor E Coli B firmus M ruminantium M barkeri L minor E Coli 0 29 0 05 0 10 1 B firmus 0 08 0 06 0 25 A L minor and E coli are both eubacteria B S cerevisiae and M barkeri are in the same domain M ruminantium is an archaean therefore so is B firmus D E coli and B firmus are in the same domain M ruminantium 0 11 0 10 0 12 0 13 M barke 0 08 0 07 0 12 0 12 0 24

37 The image could NOT have been obtained from what type of cells XXXX XX XX X 71 31 28 I SI I IR n AR O Muscle O Egg Kidney Liver 35

What type of receptor sends your brain information about the position of a joint or body part proprioceptors nociceptors thermoreceptors rs

It rains a lot in Vancouver Canada during the summer I know because I spent two weekends in Vancouver last summer and both times it rained like cats and dogs O Slippery Slope O Hasty O False Alternatives Generalization

Which of the following statements referring to the schema of a replication bubble is true E 5 3 A C H B D F3 5 The replication bubble spreads bidirectionally from E and H toward the right F and G and the left I and J The replication bubble spreads bidirectionally from 5 to 3 J to F upper strand and G to I lower strand O The replication bubble spreads from I and J toward the right F and G The replication bubble spreads from F and G toward the left I and J

02 quizzes 1863327 take Which of the following test tubes shows the growth of an anaerobe 1 Source Wikipedia O test tube 1 O test tube 2 O test tube 4 Otest tube 3 2 3 4 LO 5

C extinction of the fish eating group convergence of the two groups into one species divergence of the two groups into separate species

18 Select the FALSE statement regarding viruses a All domains of life are susceptible to infection by viruses b Viruses require a host cell because the host cell protects their genetic information from degradation c Some viruses may leave their capsid outside of the host upon infection with only the genome entering into the host cell d Some viruses have genomes composed of DNA and some viruses have genomes composed of RNA 19 An alternative to antibiotic treatment for severe diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile is being investigated C difficile has documented resistance to many antibiotics and causes severe intestinal distress This alternative treatment includes a cocktail containing four viruses CDHM1 2 5 and 6 This alternative treatment would be an example of a probiotic treatment b prebiotic treatment 20 All viruses must contain which of the following a Capsid b Genetic information c Envelope a prophage provirus b provirus prophage c phage therapy d radiation therapy 21 When a bacteriophage integrates into a host cell genome it is referred to as a an when a virus integrates into a human genome it is referred to as a an c latent virus chronic virus d chronic virus latent virus d Both a and b e All of the above 23 Some viruses may derive their a envelope b capsid such d Are 22 SARS CoV 2 has been detected in dogs cats lions tigers and minks and also infects humans HIV is only known to infect humans SARS CoV 2 would be described as a having a broader host range than HIV b having tissue tropism c being a prophage d being a chronic virus from the host cell membrane c capsule d spike proteins

9 Fluid thioglycolate medium can be used to determine the oxygen tolerance of an organism because a There is no oxygen in the medium preventing the growth of aerobes b There is high concentrations of oxygen at the top of the medium and low concentrations at the bottom of the medium providing an oxygen gradient c There is low concentrations of oxygen at the top of the medium and high concentrations at the bottom of the medium providing an oxygen gradient d The concentration of oxygen is equal throughout the medium preventing the growth of anaerobes 10 A significant rain event has caused the fertilized topsoil of a farm to be washed into a nearby stream This topsoil which is nitrogen rich causes an influx of nitrogen into a nearby stream which was previously nitrogen limited What is the likely effect of this eutrophication event a Organisms that were not good at scavenging for nitrogen will benefit the most from this event and may now outcompete other organisms in the environment resulting in a change in the overall microbial community b Organisms that specialized in nitrogen scavenging will benefit the most from this event and may now outcompete other organisms in the environment resulting in a change in the overall microbial community c All organisms within the stream will increase in number because they can all benefit from the new nitrogen supply so there will be no change in the relative abundance but there will be an increase in overall bacterial numbers d There will be no effect on the microbial community 11 Food companies pasteurize dairy products because a They are not licensed to use autoclaves b It is the cheapest way to sterilize food so pasteurization is a cost saving measure c It is a preferable alternative to gamma irradiation because irradiating the food would carry the risk of radiation poisoning to those that consumed the food d This method reduces the number of pathogens to safe levels while preserving the taste and texture of their product 12 Which of the following statements correctly identifies the difference between a disinfectant and an antiseptic a Disinfectants kill or remove pathogens from the surface of inanimate objects antiseptics kill or remove pathogens from the surface of living tissue b Disinfectants completely sterilize the surface to which it is applied antiseptics do not sterilize the surface to which it is applied c Disinfectants are not effective against spores antiseptics are effective against spores d Disinfectants are effective against viruses antiseptics are not effective against viruses

F The simple stain technique employs two or more dyes The simple stain technique is performed on live bacteria The simple stain technique involves a heat fixation step F During simple staining the bacterium is exposed to the dye for about 10 minutes momind II Add the chemical fixative III Add the dye IV Make a bacterial smear V Rinse off excess dye VI Blot the slide dry VII Allow the smear to air dry VIII Heat the dye Proper order 3 Place the following steps of the simple stain in order from first to last note some steps may not be used at all 1 Heat fix the smear 3 F W d Includes methylene blue e Includes a chromagen one dye 4 4 Select the feature of a basic dye select all that apply a Alkaline b Negative charge c Stains the interior of cells bas 2018 Snatam

6 Enteric bacteria possess the ability to metabolize urea a True b False 69 basH 04 12T TS M12 BE 60 vail Jug 202 laidesime

2 Although strict anaerobes may reduce nitrate the nitrate reduction test as we performed it in this exercise would not determine the nitrate reduction potential of a strict anaerobe Explain why

2 In the VP test the most intense color change is often at the media s surface Based on the reaction s chemistry why does this make sense not

4 In this procedure the samples were not transferred into sterile tubes for developing the MR or VP test Why weren t sterile tubes required

2 Select the false statement s about a VP positive bacterium select all that apply a It performs 2 3 butanediol fermentation d b It performs mixed acid fermentation c It produces acetoin d It converts glucose to mostly acidic end products e It cannot metabolize glucose

3 Choose the true statement s about fermentation select all that apply a If a fermentation reaction occurs the phenol red media should turn yellow b All fermentation reactions produce gas as a byproduct c Fermentation reactions do not require oxygen d Glycolysis is the first stage of fermentation e Fermentation can only occur under anaerobic conditions

6 Assume you conduct a phenol red glucose test on an unknown bacterium and after incubation you obtain an A result What can you reasonably conclude about the bacterium Select all that apply a The bacterium ferments the sugar glucose b The bacterium makes alkaline metabolic byproducts c The bacterium made acidic end products d The bacterium does not make gas as a fermentation byproduct e There was an absence of gas as well as an absence of a color change

2 The purpose of the Durham tube in the media is a To stabilize the media s pH b To capture gas made as a fermentation byproduct c To remove oxygen from the media d To help oxygen diffuse through the media e To detect the media s pH

The O F test is selective for bacteria that conduct fermentation versus aerobic oxidative respiration 4 Facultative anaerobes such as members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are capable of both aerobic respiration and fermentation What color results would you expect for such organisms when grown in O F glucose media a The sealed media should turn yellow and the unsealed media should remain green b The sealed media should remain green and the unsealed media should turn yellow c The sealed tube should turn yellow and the unsealed tube should turn blue d Both the sealed and unsealed media should turn yellow e Both the sealed and unsealed tubes should remain green

A Identify the cells found within the tissue labeled A A

Critical Thinking 1 Some oral bacteria produce an extracellular capsule Why may a capsule benefit these cells

My Activities Tell me what you want to do Q ir due to the sudden thermal expansion of the plasma in the lightning channel The temperature inside the lightning channel measured by spectral analysis varies during its 50 us existence rising sharply from an initial temperature of about 20 000 K to about 30 000 K then dropping away gradually to about 10 000 K The average is about 20 400 K 20 100 C 36 300 F This heating causes it to expand outward plowing into the surrounding cooler air at a speed faster than sound would travel in that cooler air The outward moving pulse that results is a shock wave similar in principle to the shock wave formed by an explosion or at the front of a supersonic aircraft More recently the consensus around the cause of the shock wave has been eroded by the observation that measured overpressures in simulated lightning are greater than could be achieved by the amount of heating found Alternative proposals rely on electrodynamic effects of the massive current acting on the plasma in the bolt of lightning This shockwave is sufficient to cause injury such as internal contusion to individuals nearby What is the central idea of the passage Effects of thunder O Heat energy formed by thunder Advancement in finding the causes of thunder over the years

1 1 The body structure of a reef building coral consists of a hard skeleton covering soft tissue Which of the following elements is most common in the coral s soft tissue O carbon O chlorine sodium O zinc

2 4 Plants in floodplains often get covered by water during floods Some plants survive the floods because they can continue photosynthesis underwater However the plants rates of photosynthesis are much lower underwater than above water Which of the following helps to explain why the rates of photosynthesis are lower underwater than above water The available light is less intense underwater The chloroplasts do not function underwater There is no carbon dioxide in the water There is too much oxygen in the water 1 pe

2 5 During exercise a person s muscles need a constant supply of ATP To meet this need the rate of which of the following processes increases O mitosis Ocellular respiration Otranscription 1

Listen point Amhibians have 1 eggs and thus follow a pattern of cleavage A A Question 6 1 point 4 Listen When an individual is born from one parent via sexual reproduction we can say that the parent was dioecious sequential hermaphrodite

overall health O True False Question 4 We discussed some of the characteristics of microorganisms the bacterium Thiomargarita ambiensis is considered exceptional because O It only lives in biofilms 2 pts

What three major countries formed the Axis Powers O Germany Italy and Japan O United States Britain and France O Germany Italy and the Soviet Union Germany the Soviet Union and Japan

Question 7 Which of the following is an example of a pandemic Points 1 The influenza outbreak of 1918 1919 which killed over 20 million people worldwide O Close to 1 million Americans dying annually of heart disease O Close to 600 000 Americans dying annually of cancer O The West Nile virus which occurs from time to time all around the world

21 Listen In the counter current exchange system of the kidney which two fluids are moving opposite one another the fluid in the collecting duct and the blood in the renal vein the fluid in the nephron and the blood in the vasa recta O the blood on the renal artery and the blood in the renal vein O the blood in the glomerulus and the fluid in the Bowman s capsule the fluid in the collecting duct and the fluid in the distal tubule Question 23 1 point

Insert a picture of your refrigerated fermentation vials below Remember to include a name card

Read the excerpt from The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell So intent was the Cossack on his stalking that he was upon the thing Rainsford had made before he saw it His foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger Even as he touched it the general sensed his danger and leaped back with the agility of an ape But he was not quite quick enough the dead tree delicately adjusted to rest on the cut living one crashed down and struck the general a glancing blow on the shoulder as it fell but for his alertness he must have been smashed beneath it He staggered but he did not fall nor did he drop his revolver How is this scene different in the film adaptation of Th Most Dangerous Game Rainsford hides instead of trying to wound General Zaroff Rainsford s female companion sets the trap for General Zaroff O General Zaroff injures Rainsford with an arrow O General Zaroff avoids the trap Rainsford sets

Sterilization of the inoculating loop is done a before obtaining the inoculum sample b after spreading the inoculum sample c before obtaining and after spreading the inoculum sample