Molecular Basis of Inheritance Questions and Answers

2 A plasmid was digested with the enzyme Notl On agarose gel electrophoresis you observe five bands 500 1200 1800 2500 and 3000 bps a How many Notl sites are present in this plasmid 1pts b What are the distances between each site 1pts c What is the size of the plasmid 1pts I

5 T or F Two ionization methods have been developed for MS of large biomolecules such as proteins inductive coupled plasma ICP an matrix assisted laser desorption ionization MALDI 1pt

1 What type of nucleic analysis can be utilized to characterize the specificity of your DNA primers on a completed qPCR reaction 4pts

2 A plasmid was digested with the enzyme NotI On agarose gel electrophoresis you observe five bands 500 1200 1800 2500 and 3000 bps a How many NotI sites are present in this plasmid 1pts b What are the distances between each site 1pts c What is the size of the plasmid 1pts

3 A female fruit fly exhibits the autosomal recessive traits ebony body genotype ee and brown eyes genotype bb Each trait is determined by a single gene and the two genes involved are on different chromosomes This female is crossed to a male from a true breeding line with the normal phenotypes gray body and red eyes All the F progeny are gray with red eyes While a Punnett Square could be a helpful tool to answer these questions challenge yourself to use the laws of probability and logical deduction to answer these questions more efficiently a F flies are intermated to produce F2 progeny What proportion of these progeny will have each of the phenotypes described gray with red eyes ebony with red eyes gray with brown eyes ebony with brown eyes b What proportion of the F population described in part a will have each of the genotypes listed Bb ee Bb Ee bb EE c An F male is crossed to an ebony female with brown eyes What phenotypic classes are expected among the F2 progeny of this cross in what proportions d A cross between two flies from the F2 population described in part a yielded progeny that were mostly gray with brown eyes 3 4 the rest were ebony with brown eyes 1 4 What were the phenotypes and genotypes of the parents e From the F population described in part a a cross between two flies yielded progeny that were half gray with red eyes and half ebony with red eyes What were the phenotypes and genotypes of the parents f An ebony fly with brown eyes is mated with an ebony fly with red eyes All the progeny had ebony bodies half had red eyes and half had brown eyes What was the genotype of the ebony fly with red eyes g Two true breeding lines are established one ebony with red eyes and another gray with brown eyes Flies from these two lines and crossed and the F progeny are intermated What phenotypic classes are expected among the F2 progeny in what proportions

Balding and color blindness are genetic mutation that occur more frequently in males than females This is because its a trait recessive dominant sex linked

Blindness is an autosomal dominant disorder in puppies B or b represent the alleles for the gene that causes blindness Black Hair Follicular Dysplasia BHFD is an autosomal recessive disorder in puppies D or d represent the alleles for the gene that causes BHFD Capital letters are used to represent dominant alleles Wesley adopts two puppies Spotty and Cutie Spotty is male he is blind and does not have BHFD Cutie is female she is not blind and does have BHFD Part 1 What is Cutie s genotype If more than e genotype is possible select all the possible geneotypes ObbDd ObbDD Bbdd OBbDd bbdd BBDD Part 2 Spotty and Cutie have puppies and 50 of the puppies are unaffected for both traits not blind and not BHFD What is Spotty s genotype O BbDD O bbDD OBBdd O bbdd BBDd

What actually dictates the 5 3 direction of DNA replication O Okazaki fragments are not sterically hindered by 2 OH found in ribonucleotides making the 5 to 3 synthesis possible on both strands O What actually dictates the 5 3 direction of DNA replication The direction of polymerization is determined by primase not the nucleotide structure The triphosphate on 5 OH undergoes a nucleophilic attack by Mg2 in DNA polymerase The nucleophilic attack of the 3 hydroxyl group on the 5 phosphate group allows energy to be obtained from hydrolysis of pyrophosphate on the 5 end

The sodium ion concentration is higher inside the cell than outside and the potassium ion concentration is higher outside the cell than inside True False

Which of the following statements about the 5 end of a polynucleotide strand of RNA is correct The 5 end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose The 5 end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose The 5 end has phosphate attached to the number 5 carbon of the nitrogenous base The 5 end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose

If a hospital patient loses blood during a surgical procedure and requires a blood transfusion describe two possible negative reactions that will occur of they are given the incorrect blood type Your description should be thorough and in your own words do not copy paste or type verbatim from your sources Cite your sources

Most repressor proteins are allosteric Which of the following molecules binds with the repressor to alter its conformation and therefore affect its function O promoter CAMP transcription factor

What is a primary function of transcription factors They regulate the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum They convert ATP into CAMP They control gene expression They regulate the synthesis of DNA in response to a signal

In pea plants the tall phenotype is dominant to the dwarf phenotype If a heterozygous pea plant is crossed with a homozygous tall pea plant what is the probability that the offspring will be dwarf in size 01 1 4 01 2 0

Gray seed color in peas is dominant to white Assume that Mendel conducted a series of experiments where plants with gray seeds were crossed among themselves and the following progeny were produced 302 gray and 98 white What is the most probable genotype of each parent Gg x Gg ggx Gg GG x Gg GG gg

The genetic code is redundant What is meant by this statement A single codon can specify the addition of more than one amino acid More than one codon can specify the addition of the same amino acid The genetic code is different for different domains of organisms The genetic code is universal the same for all organisms

8 Patients with the disease PKU tend to have blue eyes fair hair and very light skin Explain why

is a sex linked recessive disease caused by a defective gene for dystrophin It results in loss of muscle mass that progresses from the extremities to the chest and cardiac muscles Myasthenia gravis Myofibril atrophy Duchenne muscular dystrophy Rigor mortis

Select all that are true of the process of translation Takes place either in the cytoplasm or on the Rough ER tRNA molecules have the anticodons Ribosomes build the mRNA The start codon codes for Met methionine but the stop codons do not code for a amino acids New tRNA molecules bring their amino acid to the P site on the ribosome

Select all of the following that are true of the process of transcription The promoter sequence contains a TATA box RNA polymerase splits the double helix open A terminator sequence signals the end of the process on the downstream end of gene RNA polymerase builds the transcript The second step is elongation A DNA molecule is created using the template strand

Which of the following are correct about Griffith s transformation experiment He concluded that DNA was the genetic material He was studying two types of viruses He used radioactive isotopes to track DNA Heat killed S strain bacteria was deadly by itself Combining heat killed S strain and live R strain caused the transformation

Choose all responses that properly describe the process of DNA replication The primer is laid down by RNA primase DNA ligase seals Okazaki fragments together by making the last bond DNA Polymerase I uses the 5 of the primer to begin building DNA Replisomes start at a point of origin and move in opposite directions along the DNA semi conservative Hel case unzips the DNA double helix conservative Okazaki fragments are built on the leading strand

Human skin color comes in continuous gradient of variety Multiple genes are involved in determining the skin color phenotype Each gene has an additive effect with the presence of more dominant alleles in the genotype producing darker skin pigmentation In dogs when poodles with curly hair are crossed to labradors with straight hair the offspring have wavy hair These heterzygous offspring can be bred together to produce offspring with straight wavy or curly hair In chickens a rooster with black feathers is crossed to a hen with white feathers All the offspring have a mottled appearance of both black and white feathers Albinism is a genetic condition where people are born without the usual pigment in their bodies due to the inability to create a normal amount of melanin So most people with albinism have very pale skin hair and eyes In epistasis multiple alleles incomplete dominance incomplete dominance

Select all of the following that are true of Mendel s monohybrid cross The genotypic ratio of the F2 generation is 1 2 1 The phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio match For each trait an individual has two factors but only one of those factors is passed on The parental generation is homozygous The results of the F1 generation falsify the blending theory of inheritance

DP Logan has just discovered the protein adamantiumase which has the hydrophobic signal sequences shown in the top image Below that I ve drawn four possible arrangements of this protein in the ER membrane The C and N termini are labelled for each protein as are the cytosolic and ER lumen sides of the membrane Which protein orientation is correct N term Cytosol ER membrane ER lumen option 1 option 3 option 2 option 1 N N q option 2 C term AM N option 3 option 4 N

1 DNA replicates in a mode 2 In the DNA given below which is the coding strand and which is the template strand What is the difference between the two 3 6 I 5 3 List all the enzymes involved in DNA replication and briefly mention their 4 Differentiate between transcription in Eukaryotes and prokaryotes 5 The scientists who pointed out for the first time that DNA is the genetic material are Hershey and Chase and 5 3 experiment They used Why How did their experiment show that DNA is the genetic material They use bacteriophage to conduct their to differentiate between protein and DNA

In thick skin dermal papillae lie atop dermal ridges that cause epidermal ridges This produces the pattern of cleavage lines papillae lines fingerprints

A 1 2 1 Tt Tt tt What phenotypic ratio is shown above B tt 1 0 0 C 1 1

A very specific type of genetic cross called across uses a known genotype to cross with an unknown genotype A back B hybrid C test D dominant

In Mendel s pea plants the F1 generation was crossed to form an F2 generation with purple and white flowers in a A 1 1 ratio B 3 1 ratio C 1 0 ratio D 1 2 1 ratio

Deoxyribonucleic acid is unique among nature s chemicals as it O consists of a chain of similar subunits O consists of a chain of subunits that are different is a large macromolecule has the ability to direct its own replication

4 It is possible to demonstrate evidence towards the tendency of adenine to always pair with thymine in DNA to the exclusion of other molecules by observing the structure of the DNA molecule using an X ray picture of the DNA crystal O using an electron microscope observing that the ratio of the amounts of the two nucleotides from DNA that has been denatured and degraded into nucleotide components is always 1 1

Transcription refers to the flow of information from amino acids to proteins mRNA to protein DNA to RNA RNA to DNA

is responsible for the transfer of amino acids from the cytoplasm s amino acid pool to the ribosome RNA tRNA sRNA mRNA

The structure which brings the amino acid molecule to the active site on the ribosome during protein synthesis is a protein messenger RNA the anticodon a transfer ribonucleic acid molecule

EXERCISE Fill in the blank 1 DNA replication takes place during the 2 The enzyme primase builds short RNA segments called polymerase can build the complementary strand of DNA 3 Because DNA synthesis proceeds in the 5 to 3 direction the pieces called Okazaki fragments Respond to the following based on your reading portion of the cell cycle 5 required before DNA is replicated in short 4 What s DNA replication and why is it an important part of cell division 5 Explain what semiconservative DNA replication is and how it is different from conservative and dispersive models of DNA replication 6 Name the five major enzymes involved in DNA replication and briefly explain their roles in the process 7 Discuss the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell division and DNA replication 1 DNA replication takes place during the interphase portion of the cell cycle 2 The enzyme primase builds short RNA segments called primers required before DNA polymerase can build the complementary strand of DNA 3 Because DNA synthesis proceeds in the 5 to 3 direction the lagging strand is replicated in short pieces called Okazaki fragments 4 DNA replication is the process by which a molecule of DNA is duplicated to produce two identical DNA molecules Which accompanies cell division because any time a cell divides an entire copy of the organism s DNA must be made to ensure that the daughter cells have identical DNA as the rest of the body s cells Without DNA replication some daughter cells would not contain DNA and not be able to further divide DNA replication is essential for the cell growth cell repair and reproduction in organisms

1 The following gel was produced in manual DNA sequencing What would the unknown DNA template be that this gel represents 4T ddCTP ddGTP ddTTP ddATP

Question 89 of 103 Which of the following statements is NOT true about RNA synthesis A Purines can only hydrogen bond to pyrimidines B Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds to uracil C Cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds to thymine D The sugar phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of RNA

Use the photo below to answer the following questions Glycine gly Alanine ala H H H H N H H H H H OH H What type of bond is used to link these monomers together What type of monomers are being linked in this reaction H What type of reaction is used to link monomers together What type of reaction is used to N H N CH3 CH3 Choose Choose Choose Choose l OH OH H O

Question 19 You find that a gene has been interrupted with a new piece of self contained DNA and you notice that the piece of DNA is missing along with a part of the originally interrupted gene This must be due to Transformation O Transposon Conjugation Transduction

Many viruses consist only of a protein coat surrounding a nucleic acid core If you wanted to radioactively label the nucleic acids and not the protein you would use radioactives O nitrogen O phosphorous O carbon sulfur

A peptide was cleaved into two smaller peptides by cyanogen bromide CNBr and into two different peptides by trypsin Their sequence is as CNBr 1 Gly Thr Lys Ala Glu CNBr 2 Ser Met Trp 1 Ser Met Gly Thr Lys Trp 2 Ala Glu

An alpha helix transmembrane protein has 35 amino acid residues embedded in a lipid bilayer membrane What is the thickness of the biological membrane 52 5 46 7 70 126

A newly discovered RNA polymerase from the crude extracts of cells derived from an exotic fungus can initiate transcription only from a single highly specialized promoter As the polymerase is purified from the extract its activity declines and the purified enzyme is completely inactive unless crude extract is added to the reaction mixture Suggest an explanation for these observations BI U EEEEE 19 T GS

The net energy requirement for translation of a 4 amino acid long polypeptide chain in terms of ATP will be consider from the point of tRNA charging to the release of the polypeptide chain 20 17 19 W

How does the expression of genes result in variations among cells O A When genes are turned on the cell will make specific proteins that it needs OB The types of genes in a cell change over time as the needs of the cell change O c Cells use all of their genes all the time to make sure they always have what they need O D Each cell in an organism has a unique set of genes for the proteins it needs

Question 10 of 25 How does the structure of DNA determine the expression of genes A The nucleotides that make up DNA break down into individual bases that recombine to form proteins that express traits B The shape of each strand of DNA determines the structure of a protein whose function expresses a trait C The sequences of nucleotides in DNA determine the structures of proteins whose functions express traits OD The two strands that make up each molecule of DNA unwind releasing stored proteins that express traits SUBMIT

FRA Car scal MANA DNA strand being synthesized cDNA of gono without Introns In Figure 2 the enzyme in step 1 is O a DNA polymerase O b DNA ligase Oc RNA polymerase d reverse transcriptase e spliceosome Cytoplasm

A 100ml dsDNA solution prepared via 1 20 dilution was taken for spectrometry analysis The A260 and A320 values obtained were 0 4210 and 0 1210 respectively The total DNA yield of the solution in micrograms would be 30000 O400 40000 300

Question 2 of 25 In E coli bacteria the lac operon contains genes that code for enzymes that break down lactose Which statement describes when the genes in the lac operon are expressed A They are expressed whether or not there is lactose in the bacteria s environment B They are expressed when lactose is unavailable in the bacteria s environment C They are expressed when there are high levels of lactose in the bacteria s environment D They are expressed when the bacteria make lactose inside their cells SUBMIT