The Living World Questions and Answers

Q11 What is the main idea of this graph PH The graph ther s the overage OF the ocean over the last 20 8 4 8 3 8 2 8 1 pH 8 0 7 9 million years of earth hofton PH 7 8 7 7 7 6 Q12 What is the trend show in the graph The graph grand hold down Then goes down extra credit Q15 You will explain the basic idea of each of the numbered items in the diagram after reading through them The diagram shows the natural process of how calcium carbonate shells form under normal conditions Summarize each step to capture the main idea Step 1 Q13 What is the difference between the horizontal line and the vertical line Step 2 25 Q14 Does this data represent an ecosystem in homeostasis or not Explain how you know this Step 3 Ston 4 20 15 10 5 time millions of years before the present Carbon in the water AIR OCEAN sea urchin coral CO 5 calcium CaCO carbonate 1800 1990 E 2008 2050 2100 CO H O 0 H C0s H GO not positivo calcification H HCO 2 bicarbonate 5 1 carbonic acid Ca 3 carbonate 4 calcium

Background Paleontologists need fossils in order to practice the science Fossils are not found everywhere Your chance of finding a fossil by randomly walking around is very small So how do paleontologists find them They target areas that they think are likely to contain fossils based on knowledge of how rocks form and how fossils get preserved In this essay question you will demonstrate what you know about these same principles Question Study the landscape that the photo shows and discuss whether it would be a good place to prospect for fossils or not Be clear about why or why not by including concepts you learned in this class so far and making specific references to features in the photos whenever possible I will provide some structure to your discussion by listing points below that you need to address You can use this as an outline 1 First to orient yourself and make sure you start your discussion in the right direction are the rocks in this landscape experiencing erosion or deposition What do you see to support your interpretation 2 What general type of rocks are these and what is evidence from the photo that supports your interpretation 3 What is the probability of fossils being in these rocks and why 4 What is a possible depositional environment and what evidence could you look for to test your interpretation 5 What else about this landscape increases or decreases you choose the potential for finding fossils 6 Finding fossils is one thing knowing how old they are is another and it s really important Describe how you could date any fossils you found in this landscape Be sure t include what kind of materials or evidence you would need to find to successfully date the fossils

When examining tonicity in Elodea cells it was important to view the cells immediately after creating your wet mount slide True or False True False

Multiple Choice O O O O You are allowed to eat on the lab bench as long as you sterilize it with ethanol first You are not allowed to eat but you can drink beverages in the lab Food and beverages should never be consumed or brought into the lab It is alright to bring a beverage into the lab as long as it is kept closed

eriodic Table of the Elements 3 B com THE 111 11 Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Al 21 B P Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr AL 43 A 41 47 a N Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I CNOF Ne at Si P Si P S Cl Ar 1 Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho He 11 W W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fo Uuq Er Tm Yb W Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Xe Which of the following items in this dissection exercise are potentially dangerous to the student Select all of the correct statements A Beaker B Rat C Dissection tray D Scalpel Submit 30 GLOVES 1 2 3 4 PHASE 1 Rat dissection hazards Complete the following steps Zoom in on lab bench to view the items and identify potential dangers Zoom out when finished Look at student s shoes Return to overview when finished Select item student has that should not be brought into a lab Select the safety precautions that should be used for personal safety in this lab

4 For the greatest extinction event do some independent research and tell me a little more about it If you search for content by putting mass extinction and the period when the extinction occurred e g Devonian Permian Cretaceous or whatever the period is that you determine then you ll find some information

ALL directions to earn full credit for this lab This assignment is Criteria To earn full credit you must answer in complete sentences and submit the completed assignment to your Instructor before leaving lab today Please note that you must write legibly to earn full credit If your Instructors cannot read your answers they cannot grade them Use Figure 1 to answer questions 1 through 4 Average number of nests per male 2 0 The Effect of Red Wing Black Bird Tails on Nests Built Shortened Control Elongated 1 What type of graph is shown in Figure 1 1 pt 2 What can you conclude from Figure 1 1 pt 3 What does this data suggest 1 pt

Per course policy on academic honesty reproduction or dissem Use Figure 2 and the supplemental background information below to answer questions 9 through 13 North America WNS is caused by a fungus known as Pseudogymnoascus destructans formerly Geomyces In 2006 an infectious disease called white nose syndrome WNS began wiping out bat populations in destructans Although the fungus does not harm bat populations in Europe where it is thought to have originated it kills about 73 of the bats it infects in North America In North America the fungus grows on the skin of hibernating bats This skin infection often makes the bats wake up from hibernation too early leading them to use too much energy during the winter and eventually starve to death By killing large numbers of North American bats many of which eat insect pests WNS may devastate ecosystems and increase pest control costs A Cumulative probability of extinction 1 0 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 Scientists investigated how WNS may impact one major North American bat population the little brown bat Myotis lucifugus population in the northeastern United States The scientists created a mathematical model based on the population s observed survival and breeding rates with and without WNS Mathematical models are equations or algorithms that show relationships between various factors They can be utilized in population analysis to predict possible outcomes between the factors In this case it can predict possible relationships between WNS and bat populations They used this model to project the probability that the population will go extinct within 100 years The scientists also considered the possibility that the population of bats could eventually evolve resistance to WNS which would slow the population s decline To account for different levels of resistance the scientists ran the model under five different annual rates of population decline 45 20 10 5 and 2 9 Describe the type of graph used in Figure 2 1 pt 0 0 20 40 10 What information is displayed on the x axis What unit s are used 2 pts 60 Years into future Fig 2 Estimated cumulative probabilities of extinction for the little brow bat population in the northeastern United States These probabilities we projected for five annual rates of population decline 45 20 10 5 2 under an infectious disease called white nose syndrome WNS Eac projection was simulated for up to 100 years after the disease emerged i the population 80 11 What information is displayed on the y axis What unit s are used 2 pts 45 20 10 5 2 100

Per course policy on academic honesty reproduction or diss ing 12 Which rate of decline due to disease would most likely cause the population to go extinct the faste this rate how many years would it take for the population to become almost entirely extinct 2 pts 13 Which rates of decline have greater than a probability of 0 9 of extinction within 20 to 65 years What does this suggest 3 pts

Limestone Z Shale Q Shale S Sandstone B description of event Limestone deposition of shale Q deposition of sandstone B relative dating principle superposition superposition Surfa of Ea Shal

1 Imagine that the figures on the next pages are cliff faces showing a cross section of a series of rock formations Compile a list of the sequence of geologic events starting with the oldest and justify your placement of the event by one of the relative dating principles Include in the table a description of eac event e g deposition of a sedimentary layer and relative dating principle used to place the event in your sequence e g superposition because it lies below all the others Erosional surfaces unconformities are represented by undulating lines Remember from lecture that unconformities represent a hiatus in time I have started you off by listing the first few events in each problem 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shale Sandstone Quartz vein A Conglomerate description of event A Surface of Earth Granite B relative dating principle formation of granite from magma superposition quartz vein cross cutting erosion uniformitarianism B II

3 NP VP35 VP40 GP sGP VP30 VP24 5 Since it is the most 3 gene in the Ebola virus genome NP is transcribed first and in the largest quantity This is important because in addition to serving as a template for mRNA transcription the ribonucleocapsid which primarily consists of NP surrounding the RNA genome also serves as the template for positive strand antigenome production and the subsequent production of additional negative strand RNA genomes Both of these processes are mediated by the Ebola RNA dependent RNA polymerase L and the resulting RNAs are quickly encapsidated by newly formed NP and VP30 to form new ribonucleocapsids stions Which genes within the Ebola virus genome encode proteins that are structural and which gene encodes a n structural protein If the Ebola virus genome was rearranged as shown below what would be the outcomes relative to protein production and virus particle assembly Figure 7 Hypothetical Rearrangement of Ebola Virus Genome

COLL 232 94 352 CW 04 10 Intro to climate 28 159 8 key J in wropanen 8 100 Ay

Excuse making Performance anxiety Unfamiliarity with what constitutes cheating Peer pressure Self justification habite X Blaming the reason for cheating on the course in structor being too hard Cheating to compensate for poor test taking skills Genuinely misunderstand ing a course policy requir ing individual work Cheating to compensate for poor test taking skills Cor rect An swer individually Friends pressuring a student to share their assignment when they are expected to complete it Engaging in self talk to

Which of the following are consequences of cheating X Students who cheat will be unprepared for their future careers Missed Option Incorrect Its unlikely cheating will have many practical or social consequences besides lower grades X Instructors are unable to accurately asses student performance or evaluate their mastery of knowledge in their field Missed Option Incorrect Cheating can become a habit that continues into other aspects of life and devalues hard work integrity and fairness

sm in the Academic Integrity Module t ct each type of plagiarism ng large sections of someone work Oper paraphrasing etting to cite sources plagiarism nt rism is only ok if it was unintentional Incorporating a writer s words or ideas without quotation marks and or citation Changing the words of an original source but using the ideas without citing Re using a paper you submitted in another class without making significant changes Copy paste plagiarism clear understanding of what it is can build awareness and prevent issues in your own writing that you may not be aware of yet What constitutes plagiarism Common Errors that Constitute Plagiarism Word for word plagiarism Improper paraphrasing Forgetting to cits sources Incorrect citations Video Plagiarism Unintentional plagiarism is still plagiarism Specific examples Submitting another student s paper or buying one off the Internet Copying material from several writers reaminging with chation Incorporating a writer s words without quotation marks or otation Foing to cit

O a Molecular sequencing data b Morphological similarities among organisms c Neither morphological similarities or molecule sequencing d Both morphological similarities and molecular sequencing

3 int tare possible consequences to academic misconduct Failing an assignment Impressing your professors Expulsion from the university Failing the class point omplete the sentences by matching them to the correct response CSUB s expectations and consequences for Academic Misconduct can be found in To know which citation style you should use for a paper contact You can find the academic integrity policy by Return Conducting yourself with academic integrity Submit blator 00 4 code Academic dishonesty cheating is improve a grade or obtain course credit Academic dishonesty is not limited to exams alone but arises whenever students attempt to gain an unearned academic advantage Plagiarism is claiming the published or unpublished work of someone else as your own This includes handing in someone else s work turning in copied or purchased compositions using paragraphs sentences phrases words or ideas including paraphrasing written by another writer or using data and or statistics compiled by someone else as your own without giving appropriate credit to the original writer Plagiarism also includes using your work submitted in another class without permission of your current instructor When a faculty member discovers a violation of the university s policy of academic integrity the faculty member will meet with the student s involved and is required to notify the Dean of Students office and detail the alleged violation including the name s of the student s suspected the class in which the alleged violation occurred the circumstances of the alleged violation and the evidence including witnesses supporting the allegation The faculty member will also formally notify the student s suspected of violating the university s policy of academic integrity the department chair for the course involved in the incident and the appropriate school dean The Dean of Students or designee will investigate confer with the faculty member student s and any witnesses identified and review all evidence submitted by the faculty member and student s to impose an administrative sanction beyond the academic penalty already placed by the faculty member Students who perform dishonestly in this course may earn zero credit on the assignment exam or a failing grade in the course depending on the level of severity of the offense Students are expected to uphold the standards of academic integrity Cheating in any form will not be tolerated and will result in a formal report to the University Dean of Students You are always expected to follow the student conduct code and uphold the CSUB Guiding Principles while learning on this campus

Which statement is true about blood pressure O The diastolic pressure for a healthy young adult should be around 120 mm Hg The first reading on a sphygmomanometer is the systolic pressure which is a measure of the blood pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes c Blood pressure is consistent throughout the entire circulatory system Blood pressure decreases as blood flows away from the heart to the veins and back to the heart 1 point Oto provide a network of tubes in which fluid circulates Oto serve as a pump to move fluid through blood vessels What is are the main function s of blood in the circulatory system O to deliver oxygen and nutrients to and transport wastes away from the cells of the body all of the above 0 1 point

Which part of the circulatory system delivers blood to the lungs atrium pulmonary circuit septum O systemic circuit In humans and other mammals gas exchange occurs at which two locations lungs and heart oral cavity and body cells O oral cavity and heart Olungs and body cells 1 poin 1 pol

Which of the following is part of the intercellular component of blood red blood cells platelets O white blood cells O plasma What are the products of aerobic cellular respiration O carbon dioxide water and glucose carbon dioxide and water only O carbon dioxide glucose and oxygen carbon dioxide water and energy 1 poin 1 p

TUR Janice hele f Lipid Envelope GP Envelops Protain RNA Genome VP40 Sumene HHHHK T Polymerase 1 VP35 V924 VP30 NP Questions 1 Which reliable scientific resources do you think Terry accessed for her research Why do you consider these reputable resources 2 Compare and contrast the structure and components of the Ebola virus with that of enveloped and non enveloped general virus particles shown or created in Part I of the case 3 Choose one of the five steps of the Ebola virus life cycle and explain the attributes of that step that could pose as a therapeutic target

Character Wings Stinger Star Belly Claws Long legs loss of arms Eye stalks Character Character Character Character Character Character Character Character Character Species Species Species Species Species Species Character AB A2Y A446 A 6813 A12 A21P A46Q A356 A88T Six Legs Species Species Species

Question 5 2 points Listen Medium 1 Medium 2 aw NING Part III Which medium would you consider to be minimal or defined s1 Ran mig al00 43670 Myy you consider to be complex or rich alle

Who did you work with in the synchronous session This question will be scored based on participation in the synchronous session for this activity

Part III Consider the ATPs that can be generated via substrate level phosphorylation Will glycolysis be useful for generating any ATPs during growth c polyurethane Yes

prens to plain cur des that wil FLVIS Leo that he will help my pre conferenc You know the functional architecture of bacters and how they might be able to degrade polyurethane I think that eukaryotes might be ton complicated for this sudlence so I just want to show them what Gram negative bacteria focik e leva schematic dogram Pve put together this diagram of a typical Gram negative cell Take a look at it and make any corrections you think are necessary Notice that I not only labeled the features I also Indicated the major blochemical composition and function s of each main feature Oh yeah this figure will probably make It Into lots of newspapers magazines and web sites so It needs t wouldn t want to make DuPunt look stupid would we I ve already done most of the be scientifically correct We work Just proofread It and make any necessary corrections Ust your answers below with the letter from the figure the name of the cell part and the function CAPSULE PILI CYTOPLASM FLAGELLA NUCLEOID CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE PEPTIDOGLYCAN 1 A 2 B 3 C 5 E 6 F

Match the relative dating principle to the proper definition superposition original horizontality uniformitarianism faunal succession Choose the rock record shows a sequence of fossil organisms younger layers overlay older layers all sediment start out flat but can be folded later the same physical forces operate today as they have in the pa Choose Choose

Place the following events for preparing a bacterial slide in order Allow sample to air dry Draw a circle on the slide with wax pencil Pass slide through the flame 2 3 times Thoroughly wash slide with soap and towel water and dry with a paper Choose Aseptically transfer a loopful of bacterial culture onto the slide 15243 Choose Choose Choose

a identify one depositional environment on the figure in which it might form b identify from the list which rock type s are most likely to preserve fossils and explain why conglomerate sandstone mudstone limestone Glacier Arid restricted circulation Dunes Alluvial fan Lake Swamp Beach Delta S Stream Shell platform Sioperise Deep marine Tidal flat Boach barrier island CH5960 Reer

Select Next to proceed Match each term with the correct definition The part of the lesson that reviews of content needed for the lesson The part of the lesson that provides a hands on application of content knowledge The part of the lesson that assesses how well you have achieved the learning objectives set for the lesson

WORD SCRAMBLE Below are several scrambled words you your answers in the spaces provided 1 PONSESER 2 XERFEL 3 NAIP 4 NORBNI 5 SULUMITS

Suspect Evidence to prove quilt include Father is veterinarian access to Ketamine Rachel Lonna Gretl Jackie Veterinarian assistant access to Ketamine Payton Emma Petite could wear size 6 shoe Roommate of Emma jealousy Roommate of Payton jealousy Petite could wear size 6 shoe Evidence to prove innocence exclude Never wears lipstick lipstick on glass Over 6 feet tall not size 6 shoe Severely allergic to cats Chase owned cat Hates shellfish ate shrimp scampi Non smoker cigarette in ashtray Plate class 8pm Never wears lipstick lipstick on glass Allergic to grapes would not drink wine

Read the article about an Irish poet and painter Decide whether statements 48 53 are A true or you should also write the letter a e of the paragraph that supports your answer a Christy Brown an Irish artist and writer lived an exceptional life that left a lasting mark on society He was born with cerebral palsy a severe condition that challenged him with not being able to control his body movements As a child Brown was believed to be destined for a life of exclusion and loneliness yet his story is one of not giving up and overcoming disadvantage b He was born in 1932 in Dublin into a large working class family of 22 children The family was poor but Brown always received help and encouragement from his siblings especially from his mother and his younger sister who refused to leave him to a life of exclusion Despite originally showing no signs of body coordination at the age of five Christy found that he could control his left foot surprising everyone around him With patience and effort he learned to write and paint using only his left foot Later he also developed the skill of typing using only one toe c At the age of 22 he published his first book My Left Foot It gave a touching look into his struggles and successes but also let readers understand deeply how someone can face challenges and still rise above them Brown s honesty brought attention to the difficulties that people with disabilities Tu go through and started conversations about including and understanding them d Brown s creativity knew no limits showing that artistic brilliance can come from unexpected places He became a well known artist and continued writing publishing novels and collections of stories and poetry His works not only showed his personal experiences but also gave a general message of not giving up inspiring people all around the world He was also skilled in playing various musical instruments e In 1972 he married Mary Carr They had two children together and their relationship was depicted in the 1989 film My Left Foot Christy Brown passed away from pneumonia in 1981 at the age of 49 His life and work helped increase public knowledge about the challenges faced by people with disabilities and keep inspiring 48 49 50 51 Daniel Day Lewis as Christy Brown in the 1989 film adaptation of My Left Foot 53 people dealing with hard times showing that with courage and creativity we all can go beyond what we often think are impossible challenges Later in life Brown became the father of two A true 8 false Which paragraph a e supports your answer Brown mastered several music instruments A true B false Which paragraph a e supports your answer His work focused on his experiences as a physically disadvantaged artist A true B false Which paragraph a e supports your answer Brown discovered his physical abilities thanks to his younger sister A true B false Which paragraph a e supports your answer 52 In his first title Brown openly shared his life with a disability with the public A true B false Which paragraph a e supports your answer As a baby Brown was challenged with not being able to moun at all

7 The primary components in the ecological systems approach include OA the the ecological system microsystem and macrosystem OB the microsystem exosystem and macrosystem O C the ecologicial system and macrosystem O D the microsystem ecosystem and macrosystem

REVIEW 1 Briefly summarize Lamarck s concept of the evolutionary process What is wrong with this concept 2 What is uniformitarianism How did it influence Darwin s evolutionary theory ties such as geographical range and amount of gene flow among populations can cause some lineages to be more prone than others to extinction or to speciation Episodic mass extinctions such as the End Cretaceous extinction associated with an asteroid impact may select for characteristics different from ones that prospered between extinction peaks This is catastrophic species selection and may reset evolution as occurred when mammals survived the End Cretaceous mass extinction but dinosaur lineages did not 3 Why was the Beagle s journey so important to Darwin s thinking 4 What was the key idea contained in Malthus s essay on populations that was to help Darwin formulate his theory of natural selection QUESTIONS 5 Explain how each of the following contribute s to Darwin s evolutionary theory fossils geographic distributions of closely related animals homology animal classification 6 How do modern evolutionists view the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny Explain how the observation of paedomorphosis conflicts with Haeckel s biogenetic law 7 What are the important differences between the vicariant and founder event modes of allopatric speciation 8 What are reproductive barriers How do premating and postmating barriers differ 9 Under what conditions is sympatric speciation proposed Population 1 II 10 What is the main evolutionary lesson provided by Darwin s finches on the Gal pagos Islands 11 How is the observation of sporting mutations in animal breeding used to challenge Darwin s theory of gradualism Why did Darwin reject such mutations as having little evolutionary importance 12 What does the theory of punctuated equilibrium state about the occurrence of speciation throughout geological time What observation led to this theory 13 Describe the observations and inferences that compose Darwin s theory of natural selection 14 Identify the random and nonrandom components of Darwin s theory of natural selection 15 Describe some recurring criticisms of Darwin s theory of natural selection How can these criticisms be refuted 16 Using the data shown in Figure 6 32 calculate the frequencies of the alleles in the top set of bands and in the lower set of bands 17 Assume that you are sampling a trait in animal populations the trait is controlled by a single allelic pair A and a and you can distinguish all three phenotypes AA Aa and aa intermediate inheritance Your sample includes AA 300 400 Aa 500 400 aa 200 200 Total 1000 1000 Calculate the distribution of phenotypes in each population as expected under Hardy Weinberg equilibrium Is population I in equilibrium Is population II in equilibrium 18 If after studying a population for a trait determined by a single pair of alleles you find that the population is not in equilibrium what possible reasons might explain the lack of equilibrium 19 Explain why genetic drift is more powerful in small populations 20 Describe how the effects of genetic drift and natural selection can interact in a subdivided species 21 Is it easier for selection to remove a deleterious recessive allele from a randomly mating population or from a highly inbred population Why 22 Distinguish between microevolution and macroevolution and describe some evolutionary processes evident only at the macroevolutionary level For Further Thought Explain why the evidence supporting Darwin s theory of common descent does not depend on the validity of specific

How do people contract Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning PSP O inhaling mist from water that contains algae that makes the neurotoxin drinking water from contaminated rivers O consuming mollusks that have fed on algae that make a neurotoxin O consuming fungi that make a neurotoxin

Fungi that can grow as a yeast or a mold are called eukaryotic O dimorphic O parasitic O budding

When should the following probability rules be used Multiplicative Product Rule Additive Sum Rule Choose Used with independent events Used with mutually exclusive events Used with both independent and mutually exclusive e

True or False A phenotype can be represented by more than one genotype False O True

Listen Overall what does the tree of life visually show The mutually beneficial relationships between members of different species The time it takes for evolutionary changes to occur The relationships and connections between different organisms The relationships between members of the same species

Where are the trash cans located for non hazardous waste disposal Right outside the door of your classroom Just use the biohazard bins They are the same as the broken glass containers The floor

Listen Violations of the academic dishonesty policy will automatically result in a grade of 0 for the assignment True False

Based on the tree below identify the false statement Salamander Lizard Goat C The lineage leading to salamanders was the first to diverge from the other lineages Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards goats and humans Human Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than lizards are to humans Salamanders are as closely related to goats as they are to humans The group highlighted by shading is paraphyletic

Which would ake a Question 5 1 point 1 Listen All of the organisms within a clade share a a A legal pad A spiral bound notebook None of the other answer choices is correct A 3 ring binder b c friend d common ancestor metabolic function kingdom

a b C d e Maintaining professionalism in email correspondence to your instructor Adhering to the lab safety standards Coming to class on time All of the answer choices listed are correct Acting and dressing appropriately in lab

Which statement is true about the phylogenetic tree below Slime molds Animals Fungi Spirochetes Proteobacteria Cyanobacteria Planctomyces Bacterioides cytophaga Thermotoga Aquifex Green filamentous bacteria Entamoebae Methanosarcina Gram Methanobacterium Methanococcus T celeer Thermoproteus Pryodictium Halophiles Rooted phylogenetic tree Plants Ciliates Flagellates Trichomonads Microsporidia Diplomonads Bacteria Archea Slime molds Plants Algae Protozoa Animals Crenarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Euryarchaeota Eukarya Fungi Gram Chlamydiae Proteobacteria Green nonsulfur bacteria Actinobacteria Planctomycetes Spirochetes Fusobacteria Cyanobacteria blue green algae Thermophilic sulfate reducers Acidobacteria Unrooted phylogenetic tree Bacteria and Archea have a different common ancestor The length of the branches indicates time Fungi and slime molds are more closely related than plants and animals Branching points stand for the common ancestor of two diverging groups

Option 3 Create an original collage or original piece of artwork responding to one Lincoln s central claims or da something else creative in response to it please discuss with me first Please submit your response on the next slide

True False Question 10 1 point Listen You should always fill up the solution to its volume at the beginning of making a solution even though you have to adjust the pH True False

10 100 0 1 1000 Question 8 1 point C Listen In order to correctly load a micropipette with fluid you must Add a tip and push the plunger to the first stop Add a tip and push the plunger to the second stop Push the eject button Turn the white wheel on the pump upward