Biomolecules Questions and Answers

Protein kinases that are critical regulators of cell division are activated by cyclins True False

A diploid zygote of a given species contains 40 chromosomes How many chromosomes are present in a secondary oocyte 20 80 40 120

Question 4 A particle of light is termed proton O True O False

A difference between type II restriction enzyme and type I or type III restriction enzymes is that O a type II enzymes require shorter recognition sequences b type I and III require different proteins for methylation and cutting c type II enzymes cut at the recognition sequence rather than elsewhere d type I and III cut palindromic sequences but type Il does not e type II enzymes are found only in Gram positive bacteria

Question 10 Antibody inhibition of RTK Function Antibodies are Y shaped molecules that carry two identical binding sites at the end of the Y arms of the antibodies called the antigen binding sites Scientists have discovered or developed antibodies such as Herceptin a drug that is used to treat breast cancer that specifically bind to the extracellular domains of particular receptor tyrosine kinases When cells expressing a particular RTK are exposed to an antibody that binds to RTK one of three outcomes may occur 1 the antibody might cause activation 2 the antibody may block activation and 3 the antibody may not affect the function of the RTK Describe a molecular mechanism e g where does the antibody bind and what does it do that could explain each outcome

A Cancer cells often have acquired mutations that disrupt their ability to undergo programmed cell death Name three 3 mutations loss of function or gain of function in the RTK P13 kinase AKT pathway that would lead to the survival pathway being always on or over active And for each explain the mechanism by which this mutation would cause the pathway to be over active Number or bullet point your responses for organizational purposes

Using the quick and dirty formula given in class what is the approximate melting temperature of the following dsDNA fragment 5 ATG GTG AAT CTG ACT GCT GCT GAG 3 Tm C

What is difference between ddNTPs and dNTPs The ddNTPs have a 2 H and a 3 H while dNTPs have a 2 H and a 3 OH The ddNTPs have a 2 H and a 3 OH while dNTPs have a 2 H and a 3 H The ddNTPs have a 2 H and a 3 H while dNTPs have a 2 OH and a 3 OH The ddNTPs have a 2 OH and a 3 H while dNTPs have a 2 H and a 3 OH The ddNTPs have a 2 OH and a 3 OH while dNTPs have a 2 H and a 3 H

4 Transcribe the DNA nucleotides from the parent strand onto the mRNA strand 1 12 12 pts G A T A C DNA G A G A T T N A

6 Translate the mRNA strand into the corresponding amino acids using the chart provided 20 pts U C G G C A C C CG A

6 Translate the mRNA strand into the corresponding amino acids using the chart provided 20 pts U C G G CA C C C G A

5A 5B Write the complimentary base pairs for the following DNA strand TGG CAC CGA GGT

Quadriceps femoris muscle group is which type of muscle A A B B C

Quadriceps femoris muscle group is which type of muscle O O O B A C B C

polymerase The error is not corrected by the DNA repair mechanisms The gamete goes on to produce an offspring that has the mutation Which claim is best supported by this information OA Certain chemicals can cause mutations that produce inheritable genetic variations B Inheritable genetic variations can lead to lateral gene transfer C Mitosis can result in inheritable genetic variations in a species OD Inheritable genetic variations can arise due to mistakes made during DNA replication OT

Centromere Centriole O Centrosome Question 6 1 point Listen The functional group at the 3 end of the DNA is Carboxyl Hydroxyl

lonic Hydorgen O Van der waal interactions O Phosphodiester Question 10 1 point Listen The sugar in the DNA structure is Ribose Glucose Sucrose

The bonds between nucleotides on the same strand is Olonic Hydorgen O Van der waal interactions Phosphodiester

The 3 end of a single DNA strand cannot be distinguished from the 5 True False

The bond between complementary base pairs is Phosphodiester Covalent Hydrogen lanic

Which of the following macromolecules and processes are correctly paired togethe Lipids are building blocks for muscle B Simple sugars are building blocks for insulation and long term energy Amino acids are building blocks for short term energy D Nucleotides are building blocks for carrying genetic information

40 What is the role of the RNA primer in replication a The primer provides a free 3 OH group for nucleotide addition which is required by DNA Polymerase III b The primer enables the DNA polymerase to differentiate between the leading and the lagging strand c It is necessary for DNA repair enzymes to be able to differentiate between the older template strand and the newly synthesized strand d It protects the single stranded DNA from degradation prior to replication by the DNA polymerase 41 How do eukaryotic genomes differ from prokaryotic genomes a A larger portion of eukaryotic genomes are composed of non coding DNA such as introns and pseudogenes b Eukaryotic genomes are linear prokaryotic genomes are generally circular c Eukaryotes use a telomerase to replicate the ends of their chromosomes prokaryotes do not utilize a telomerase d All of the above 42 Identify which template strand below would be acting as the template for lagging strand synthesis 5 Template Strand A Template Strand B A Template Strand A B Template Strand Replication Fork 3 43 Which of the following accurately describes the role of SeqA in replication a Seqa binds single stranded DNA that forms at the replication fork protecting it from attack by cellular nucleases b SeqA binds to hemi methylated origins of replication to prevent immediate re initiation of replication c SeqA relieves torsional strain that develops at the replication fork as the double stranded DNA molecule becomes denatured

24 How do viruses contributed to the recycling of nutrients in marine environments a They infect organisms leading to cell lysis the intracellular material is released and is now available for other organisms to use b Viruses are autotrophic and therefore can fix carbon dioxide and release sugars that other organisms can use c Viruses are heterotrophic and release carbon dioxide that can be used by photosynthetic algae d Viruses are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen and can convert it to a form that can be used by marine plants 25 Bacteriophage T4 attaches to the Ompc porin protein on the cell surface of E coli What would be the likely effect if this protein was no longer made by E coli a E coli would become more susceptible to infection by the virus because it would bypass the protein and be able to diffuse directly through the cell membrane b E coli would become more susceptible to infection by the virus because the virus could lyse the cell more easily c E coli would become resistant to infection by the virus because the virus could no longer attach to the host d There would be no change in the susceptibility of E coli to the virus 26 Group IV viruses such as SARS CoV 2 are ssRNA viruses What enzyme does this type of virus require in order to synthesize mRNA which it needs to make viral proteins a DNA dependent DNA polymerase b DNA dependent RNA polymerase 27 A reverse transcriptase uses a an a DNA DNA b RNA DNA c RNA dependent DNA polymerase d RNA dependent RNA polymerase template to synthesize c RNA RNA d DNA RNA 28 Which of the following viruses WOULD require entry into a cell s nucleus as part of the infection process a A virus such as rotavirus double stranded RNA b A virus such as SARS CoV 2 strand RNA c A virus such as Ebola strand RNA d A retrovirus such as HIV strand RNA

4 An E coli culture is moved from a 37 C incubator which is its optimal growth temperature to a 42 C incubator which is the maximum temperature that will support growth This change in temperature will cause many changes in the cell Which of the following is NOT a change that you would expect to occur as a result of the increase in incubation temperature a The fluidity of the membrane will increase b E coli will begin to synthesize more chaperone proteins c The doubling time generation time of E coli will decrease d Some of the cellular proteins may begin to denature 5 When growing in a high salt environment halophilic bacteria synthesize or accumulate compatible solutes What is the function of these solutes a To prevent water from moving from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell b To prevent water from moving from the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell c To bind excess Na and Cl ions that enter into the cell d To protect DNA from the corresponding increase of cellular Cl levels 6 Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding organisms and pH a In highly acidic environments organisms can increase their internal pH by utilizing an amino acid decarboxylase b In alkaline environments organisms can decrease their internal pH by utilizing a Na H antiporter c An acidophile will maintain a pH which is equal to the pH of its external environment d Most human pathogens would be classified as neutralophiles 7 Why do organisms that grow in the presence of oxygen require enzymes such as superoxide dismutase a These enzymes are required to reduce molecular oxygen to water in the last step of aerobic respiration b These enzymes are required to transport oxygen across the prokaryotic cell membrane c These enzymes neutralize reactive oxygen species that are generated as a byproduct of the metabolism of oxygen d These enzymes are required to decarboxylate organic acids 8 Staphylococcus aureus is able to respire aerobically if oxygen is available if oxygen is not available then S aureus is capable of supporting growth through fermentation How would we classify S aureus in terms of its oxygen tolerance a Obligate aerobe b Obligate anaerobe c Aerotolerant anaerobe d Facultative anaerobe

The following question refers to the pedigree chart in the figure below for a family some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait W Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle 1 4 1 2 I 216 IIOT III IV What is the probability that individual III 1 is Ww ww 2 3 4 2 Ww 3 6 10 5 6 7 8 2 3 4

One of the most important steps in analyzing data taken from an ice core is to compare it with data taken from another ice core that came from somewhere far away Why do think this comparison is important

estion 1 Organisms that depend on the energy stored in chemical bonds by other organisms for their food energy are called O Autotrophs Heterotrophs O Oligotrophs O Chemotrophs

Find the meaning the un The decoration was so elaborate that is complicated and detailed it made me dizzy OExpand Enlarge Complicated and detailed None of the choices

Question Points 2 In Common Sense by Thomas Paine what is considered as a great sin committed by the ancient Jew Worship of idols Enslavement of people Request for a king Procurement of wealth

Question 3 Points 2 According to Thomas Paine in his essay Common Sense What is the only bond that can tie and keep them together Being Americans Provinces of Great Britain Independence Subject of Great Britain

In his essay Common Sense what does Paine suggest that America can build O Universities Libraries Army headquarters Navy

pts Consider the RNA strand shown below Draw the mechanism of cleavage of this e by RNAase A from the beginning until the formation of the cyclic RNA intermediate HO P O O CH2 O Base OH HO P O O SCHO Base HO P O OH

except isocitrate dehydrogenase succinyl CoA synthetase succinate dehydrogenase Oa ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Question 22 1 point Saved 4 Listen enzymes catalyzes electron transfer to Which of the following aspects of collagen would be directly affected by a defect in procollagen peptidase Synthesis Secretion Extracellular assembly

E coli uses which of the following enzymes to regulate membrane fluidity Glucose 6 phosphatase Desaturase Fatty acid convertase Gangliosidase

Elastin molecules are crosslinked to each other by covalent bonds between lysines covalent bonds between prolines hydrogen bonds between hydroxylysines and hydroxyprolines hydrophobic interactions between hydroxyprolines and glycines

Cerebrosides are prominent in membranes of kidney cells liver cells brain and nerve cells O O cardiac muscles

Aerobic respiration generates up to 24 38 2 16 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

Which of the following aspects of collagen would be directly affected by a defect in procollagen peptidase Synthesis Secretion Extracellular assembly Binding to fibronectin

N CAM mediates interactions between neural cells and is a member of which of the following protein families Immunoglobulin superfamily IgSF proteins Catenins Lectins

Fermentation directly Oregenerates NADH from NAD Oregenerates NAD from NADH Ogenerates ATP produces acetyl CoA

Transmembrane segments of membrane proteins can contribute to all of the following functions EXCEPT O facilitating exocytosis transporting solutes from outside to inside the cell serving in signal transduction across membranes serving as targets for glycosylation

12 12pts Draw the acyl enzyme intermediate for the serine protease catalyzed cleavage of a peptide Draw out the mechanism for the remainder of the reaction Be sure to provide the complete structure of the peptide R for amino acid side chains Describe the role of Asp in the catalytic triad

Where on the ATP molecule does the release of energy happen i i i HO P O P O P O OH OH Source Wikipedia On the release of Adenine OH O On the release of the first phosphate On the release of the last phosphate O On the release of the ribose sugar OH OH NH N

What are the similarities between the energy molecules ATP and NADH Mark all that apply The table show the structural formulas of ATP and NADH Energy Molecules 1 Energy Molecule 2 OH OH H D Ra ATP OH OH Source Wikipedia Both have adenine Both have two ribose sugars NH ofa O P O O OH OH OH OH NADH Source Wikipedia NH NH

Which of the following mutations would likely be most dangerous to a cell Deletion of three nucleotides Deletion of one nucleotide Substitution of one nucleotide for another

For the mRNA sequence 3 UAC 5 what is the appropriate tRNA anticodon 3 GTA 5 3 GUA 5 3 AUG 5 3 ATG 5

All of the following take place in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell except tRNA synthesis linkage of an amino acid to its appropriate tRNA molecule DNA replication mRNA synthesis

O There are 5 10 20 O 30 amino acids that are used by organisms for protein synthesis

In eukaryotes transcription takes place in the nucleus cell membrane ribosomes O cytoplasm

Which of the following terms apply to the complex lipid shown Interactive 3D display mode H C Check all that apply View Available Hint s phospholipid sphingolipid cerebroside sphingomyelin glycerophospholipid ganglioside phosphatidylcholine OH OH