Biomolecules Questions and Answers

Some of the lipid groups appear similar but changing a few components significantly alters their biological properties Using the table given in the introduction identify the similarities and differences between glycerophospholipid and sphingomyelin structures Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins View Available Hint s sphingosine glycerol fatty acid phosphate group Glycerophospholipid Sphingomyelin Reset Help amino alcohol Both lipids

lentify the male and female sex hormones Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins Male sex hormones testosterone aldosterone estradiol cholesterol Female sex hormones estrone adrenaline androsterone Not a sex hormone Reset

The pigment responsible for the red yellow coloration seen in leaves during the color change in autumn is O phytol O porphyrin O carotenoid O chlorophyll b O chlorophylla

Describe the significance of biological systems regulating processes

Why is aerobic respiration important in the context of cellular metabolism and how does it differ from anaerobic respiration

Sketch a sugar linearly and as a ring Using a different color number your carbons

Which of the following statements about the polysaccharide cellulose is incorrect View Available Hint s The human body lacks the enzyme to breakdown the B 1 4 glycosidic link in cellulose Microorganisms breakdown cellulose for some grazing animals by producing an enzyme called cellulase O The glucose monomers in cellulose arrange in a helical conformation O Cellulose is used to build houses and make cardboard

In the reaction B C energy D O the potential energy of the products is the same as that of the reactants O the potential energy of the products is greater than that of the reactants the potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactants

Reactants capable of interacting to form products must first overcome the thermodynamic barrier known as the reactions O activation energy free energy content dynamic barrier endothermic level

A major function of the mitochondrial membrane is the conversion of energy from electrons hydrogens to the stored energy in the phosphate bond in ATP To accomplish this function the inner mitochondrial membrane must have all of the following features except O carrier proteins O ATP synthase O high permeability to protons O electron transport chain

Tim and Tom are active transporters Some days they use no ATP True O False

You have a friend who lost 10 pounds on a diet How did that weight leave your friend s body it was released as CO2 and H O it was converted into ATP which weights much less than lipid O it was converted into amino acids and eliminated chemical energy was converted to heat and then released it was converted to urea and eliminated from the body

DNP blocks hydrogen transport across the cristae membrane O True O False

Bo and Luke are enemies They go to the same gym Bo orders some DNP online One day at the gym Bo appologizes to Luke and offers him a bottle of vitamin water Luke takes one sip gets ill and falls to the floor within a few seconds of drinking the water On arrival at the hospital Luke is red and his body temperature is 107 He is not found to have any infection or other underlying condition Unfortunately Luke dies later at the hospital Did Bo kill Luke No Yes

8 What are starch cellulose glycogen and chitin molecules made from 9 Name two reasons why plants make starch 2 pts 10 What is the relationship between amylase and amylose 11 What polysaccharide is the equivalent to starch that animals make 12 What might happen if a person ate some saw dust biba 13 If you step on a beetle and hear a Crunch what carbohydrate molecule did you just break 14 How many calories are in 1 gram of carbohydrates byrieb s ob uoy lep woy ob amonom stanbydechno

The picture below shows a cuttlefish It lives in the Hilu the ocean Why might the cuttlefish have so many extremities extending from its head Cuttlefish on a coral reef Select all that apply A B for catching prey for acute vision for feeding

Ana has cystic fibrosis a recessive condition Her brother Frank does not have the disease nor do either of their parents What is the probability that Frank is a carrier for cystic fibrosis 1 4 1 3 1 2 2 3

In a cross of AaBb x AaBb what fraction of the offspring can be expected to express one of the two dominant alleles but not both 1 2 3 16 9 16 3 8

c Suggest a d Some scientists predict that if humans continue to produce carbon dioxide at the current rate the pH of the oceans will become more acidic Suggest possible effects on the coral reefs 3 for the e This study was carried out over six years on the Australian Great Barrier Reef State one advantage of field rimento

7 Euglena is a unicellular organism that feeds on bacteria and uses CO as a carbon source Which describes the nutrition of this organism A Autotrophic only B Heterotrophic only C Saprotrophic only D Autotrophic and heterotrophic 8 Which characteristic of water vapour classifies it as a greenhouse gas A It absorbs and then re emits some of the long wave radiation emitted by the Earth s surface B It prevents short wave radiation from reaching the Earth s surface C It absorbs UV radiation but does not re emit it D It absorbs infra red radiation but does not re emit it 9 By which mechanism do greenhouse gases contribute to global warming A Their higher concentration absorbs more long wave radiation coming from the Sun B Short wave radiation emitted from the Earth s surface increases with their concentration C They absorb higher amounts of long wave radiation emitted from the Earth s surface as their concentration increases D They absorb higher amounts of short wave radiation caused by increased combustion of fossilized organic matter

D Analyze the following diagrams to answer the questions that follow Below is an example of dehydration synthesis In dehydration synthesis a hydrogen atom from one molecule Joins with a hydroxyl group OH from another molecule to form water leaving two molecules bonded to the same oxygen atom For example when glucose and fructose combine by dehydration synthesis they form sucrose and water HO HO CHLO 8 OH OH CH OH OH OH CHLO 2 KOH OH HO CH OH OH OH OH Below is an example of hydrolysis Complex organic molecules are broken down by the addition of the components of water H and OH I OK OK HO CHCH 4 0 OH HO OK CH CH OH 1 What are the reactants of the dehydration synthesis reaction 2 What are the products of the hydrolysis reaction 3 How are these two reactions related CH OH D 041 OK OH OH OH HO CH OH OH 4 0 CH OK

B Examine each example Indicate if each of the following is an example of dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis Reaction 1 66 66 Reaction 2 Reaction 3 Reaction 4 OH EGL TOL OH HO 2 Hydrolysis CON Protein carbohydrate or lipid synthesis OH Digestion of proteins carbohydrate or lipid 1 0 I C Explain in your own words How can you tell if a chemical equation represents 1 Dehydration synthesis

Which of the following statements about enzymes is TRUE Multiple Choice O O Enzymes can make a nonspontaneous reaction spontaneous As more substrate is added the reaction will continue to occur faster and faster An enzyme can couple a nonspontaneous reaction to a spontaneous reaction so that anabolic processes wi Catabolic reactions are spontaneous and do not require enzymes to occur in the cell

The role of ATP Complete the sentences with the appropriate words 1 Cells use Click to select to power most cellular activities that require work 2 ATP is most often used to drive an Click to select 3 In substrate level phosphorylation ATP is formed when a Click to select 4 ATP is synthesized by Click to select in oxidative phosphorylation 5 ATP synthesis is driven b Click to select ATP ATP synthase endergonic exergonic hydrogen lon NAD NADH oxygen phosphate group reduction reaction reactions 4 is transferred directly to ADP

Enzymes are Multiple Choice O O O proteins carbohydrates steroids lipids nucleic acids

https openstax org books biology 2e pages 3 1 synthesis of biological macromolecules 1 What would you be left with if you took the total weight of an organism and subtracted out its cellular dry mass 2 How are monomers physically joined together to make polymers 3 What gets dehydrated during a dehydration synthesis reaction 4 Name the four organic polymer macromolecules that living things are made of 4 pts 5 Explain why water is one of the reactants needed during all hydrolysis reactions 6 How are dehydration synthesis reactions and hydrolysis reactions sped up 7 When autotrophs like plants do photosynthesis does this process take energy or release energy How do you know 2 pts 8 When organisms eat and digest their food is their body doing dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis How do you know 2 pts

In order to prepare Pyruvate for entry into the Krebs cycle this substance is added Vitamin A NADH Vitamin C oxygen

Oxidation reactions in biological systems generally involve loss of electrons and hydrogen ions True False Question 15 0 5 points Listen Which of the following is a coenzyme FAD COA All of the above are coenzymes

Which of the following is FALSE Microtubules are involved in the movement of vesicles within the cell The cytoskeleton can be found only outside the cell Microfilaments support cell shape The cytoskeleton consists of microfilaments microtubules and intermediate filaments

ATP is O with energy whereas ADP is Charged is not charged Not charged charged

Which of the following are not related to fermentation Makes ATP in the absence of oxygen Bread beer Weight lifting swimming

Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is FALSE Substrates bind to an enzyme s active site An enzyme s function is not affected by changes in pH or temperature Enzymes catalyze specific reactions Lowers the activation energy of a reaction

Which of the following is the overall equation for photosynthesis OO 6CO2 6H O Light C6H12O6 602 C6H12O6 602 6CO2 6H2O light CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 602 www mpape MAN www 1882 Malay abas BEEN Pake DEST PEN FESION mb

A virus that requires an RNA dependent RNA polymerase would be synthesizing RNA from an RNA template DNA from an RNA template O DNA from a DNA template RNA from a DNA template Question 2 Prions are infectious RNA molecules that can lead to neurodegenerative diseases O infectious DNA molecules that can lead to neurodegenerative diseases

A plant with purple flowers and round seeds PpRr is crossed with a plant with white flowers and wrinkled seeds pprr What fraction of the offspring should have white flowers and wrinkled seeds Purple flowers and round seeds are dominant O O 1 5 3 4 1 4 1 3 O 1 2

A plant that is true breeding for a particular trait is homozygous for that trait shows different traits in the F1 generation when crossed with itself is heterozygous for that trait will carry two different alleles for that trait

Two F1 hybrid plants with yellow round seeds YyRr are crossed What is the probability of getting an offspring with the genotype YYRr 4 8 1 8 1 16 2 8 Pos

Mendel s Law of Independent Assortment states that the two alleles for a single character are separated during gamete production his Law of Segregation is not always true offspring inherit traits from their parents O homologous chromosomes pair up during Prophase I of meiosis O the alleles for different characters are randomly allocated to gametes

You cross two true breeding parents one with purple flowers and one with white flowers All c the F1 progeny offspring have purple flowers You grow and self pollinate this F1 generation a collect 500 F2 progeny How many purple flow Page 4 ould be produced 167 375 0 0 500

Each chromosome in a homologous pair possesses a different allele for flower color Which statement about this homologous pair of chro es is correct Page 9 The homologous chromosomes represent a maternal and a paternal chromosome The homologous chromosomes are formed by DNA replication The homologous chromosomes consist of a single chromatid at the start of meiosis I

6 Your ultimate goal is to understand human consciousness however your advisor wants you to understand some basic facts about actin assembly first He tells you that ATP binds to actin monomers and is required for assembly but ATP hydrolysis is not necessary for polymerization since ADP can under certain circumstances substitute for the ATP requirement However ADP filaments are much less stable than ATP filaments thus supporting your secret suspicion that the free energy of ATP hydrolysis really is used to drive actin assembly ATP hydrolyzed mol 30 20 10 0 light scattering ATP hydrolysis 200 100 time seconde Your advisor suggests that you make careful measurements of the quantitative relationship between the number of ATP molecules 300 hydrolyzed and the number of actin monomers linked into polymer The experiments are straightforward To measure ATP hydrolysis you add ATPg 2P to a solution of polymerizing actin take samples at short intervals and determine how much radioactive phosphate has been produced To measure polymerization you follow in a spectrophotometer the increase in light scattering that is caused by formation of the actin filaments Your results are shown in Figure 5 Your light scattering measurements indicate that 20 micromoles of actin monomers were polymerized Since the number of polymerized actin monomers matches exactly the number of ATP molecules hydrolyzed you conclude that one ATP is hydrolyzed as each new monomer is added to an actin filament When you show your advisor the data and tell him your conclusions he smiles and very gently tells you to look more closely at the graph He says your data prove that actin can polymerize without ATP hydrolysis A What does your advisor see in the data that you have overlooked B What do your data imply about the distribution of ATP and ADP in

Question In animal cells the intracellular cytosolic pH is tightly regulated and maintained t 7 2 Several types of cotransport proteins are involved in the regulation of the cytosolic pH As shown in the figure the activity of three cotransport proteins that regulate the cytosolic pH changes with pH The direction of ion transport is indicated above the curve for each protein Assume that all these three cotransport proteins are present in a cell explain how they help to maintain the cytosolic pH at about 7 2 by answering the following questions 2 For each protein use your best judgment to indicate the movement of which ion provides the driving force for the protein to pump other ion s across the cytoplasmic membrane Give a brief reason to support each answer 100 Percent maximal rate of ion transport 50 DO Na CI Na HCO 6 8 7 0 Intracellular pH 7 2 7 4 HCO 7 6

cytosolic pH is tightly regulated and maintained to 7 2 Several types of cotransport proteins are involved in the regulation of the cytosolic pH As shown in the figure the activity of three cotransport proteins that regulate the cytosolic pH changes with pH The direction of ion transport is indicated above the curve for each protein Assume that all these three cotransport proteins are present in a cell explain how they help to maintain the cytosolic pH at about 7 2 by answering the following questions 1 Give a name to each cotransport protein e g ion1 ion2 symporter etc Percent maximal rate of ion transport 100 Na Na HCO3 CI 6 8 7 0 Intracellular pH 7 2 7 4 HCO3 7 6

7 Which is not a geographical barrier that could lead to allopatric speciation O Birds getting separated from their population while a section of a forest is having its trees cut down O Half a population of bears being taken into an enclosure to be studied O The formation of the Grand Canyon separating a population of Abert s squirrels O A dam being built separating a school of salmon

5 True False Polyploidy can result in new species being formed True O False

4 Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation O gene flow O the founder effect O natural selection Polyploidy

The denaturing of proteins occurs when the stabilizing forces are altered Below is the set of processes in which proteins are denatured Classify the following processes according to the denaturing agent involved Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins View Available Hint s coagulation of meat proteins by cooking Mechanical action preparation of yogurt by adding bacteria cultures bleaching of hair with hydrogen peroxide Chemical action straightening frizzy and tangled hair using hair conditioner whipping of cream Heating action Reset Help

Select all that apply Ammonium sulfate is used in protein purification because Oproteins have varying solubilities in polar and ionic compounds ammonium sulfate when added to a protein solution causes proteins to interact with each other through hydrophobic interactions ammonium sulfate penetrates a protein s interior and increases the effective density of the protein ammonium sulfate attracts water away from proteins in solution by forming ion dipole bonds with the water ammonium sulfate increases solubility of proteins

estion 24 Fructose and galactose both have six carbon atoms twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms just like glucose A friend of yours says Since those sugars have the same number of atoms they should have the same name You answer While they do have the same number and type of atoms O they are all polysaccharides and have slightly different functions within organisms and therefore have different names O they are named differently because of their quaternary structures which is very important in carbohydrates especially glucose O they are named differently because when heated above their optimal temperature they become denatured and will not react with their substrates O they are named differently because they are involved in different DNA nucleotide formation O they are named differently because they are alternate forms of the monosaccharide glucose

Question 26 Enzymes function to O react with other enzymes to form a product O catalyze chemical reactions O transport molecules and ions across membranes O regulate messages between cells