Molecular Basis of Inheritance Questions and Answers

7 C elegans has six pairs of chromosomes Mutants in the gene him 5 in C elegans affect some process in pairing and synapsis prophase I but precisely what process is affected is not clear Different oocytes from a him 5 mutant hermaphrodite can have different karyotypes How can the following karyotypes at the end of prophase I be explained a Six bivalents and no univalents b Twelve univalent and no bivalents c Five bivalents and two univalent d Three hivalents and six univalents

Listen Alu is found in coding regions of DNA True O False

Which of the following sequences is an anticodon N 5 T Source courses lumenlearning com E O ACG G O UCG AAAUCO AUC GGGUUUACG E F D A B C

on 4 e Okazaki fragments formed in DNA replication use the RNA polymerase can only copy from the 3 to the 5 e use access to the leading strand occurs from 3 to 5 end use access to the lagging strand occurs from 3 to 5 end

Black fur in mice B is dominant to brown fur b Short tails 5 are dominant to long tails s What fraction of the progeny of crosses BBSs x BBss will be expected to have black fur and short tails 09 16 1 2 O 1 16 3 8

18 The researcher s who used radioactively tagged proteins and DNA in viruses to confirm that DNA was the genetic material was were a Crick and Watson b Hershey and Chase c Jim Thompson d Avery MacLeod and McCarty e Griffith 19 Assume that a short segment of DNA contains the nucleotide sequence T T GA A CA on one strand of the double helix How many hydrogen bonds will connect these seven nucleotides to implementary bases on the other strand a 14 b 21 c 20 d 16 e none of the above

4 a True b False The ratio C G A T will be the same for all eukaryotic organisms Please be sure to read the question carefully cold drie LRE

2 A three strand double crossover will give rise to a 1 double 2 single and 1 non crossover strands b 3 double and 1 non crossover strands c 3 single and 1 non crossover strands d 2 double 1 single and 1 non crossover strand e none of the above

rRNA assembles into two units becoming the which reads the mRNA during translation A spliceosome C ribosome B initiation sequence D mitochondria

24 The Haller family has four children Two of them DeeDee and Cassius have attached earlobes recessive like their father and the other two Mathilda and Marcus have free earlobes like their mother What are the genotypes of the two parents and of their four offspring

Antibiotics function by disabling the metabolic activities of bacterial cells Why do antibiotics destroy bacteria cells but have no effect on viruses Viruses are not alive and do not carry out the life functions that are stopped by antibiotics Viruses are made up of organic molecules that are too small to be targeted by antibiotics C D A B Viruses do not possess the protein coat that is targeted by all antibiotics Viruses are more complex than bacterial cells and are able to prevent the damaging effects of antibiotics

During mRNA transcription a DNA strand has the bases CTAGGT What is the complementary strand of mRNA A TCGAAC B C GATCCA AGCTTG

C D R red flowers r white flowers According to Mendel s law of dominance which statement best describes the result of a cross between parents with genotypes Rr and Rr Only Rr offspring will have red flowers A B r Rr rr Only RR offspring will have red flowers All offspring with at least one R will have red flowers Because of the law of dominance all offspring will have red flowers

Draw a model explain how the boys and anyone with DMD get it and how its relates to their physical symptoms HINT looking to see how the gene of DMD gets passed down how a mutated gene affects protein synthesis which leads ymptom

The alleles of a gene are found at chromosomes the same locus on homologous 01 different O loci on nonhomologous the same locus on nonhomologous

7 There are a variety of ways that genetic variation arises a Describe independent assortment Explain how independent assortment during meiosis results in genetic variation 2 points b Describe an example of evidence that would support your claim about how independent assortment produces new genetic combinations during meiosis 1 point c Explain how ionizing radiation can cause a mutation that affects the function of a protein 2 points

TACCGTGA C The strand of DNA experiences a substitution mutation that replaces the second cytosine C with an adenine A a Draw a model showing the strand of DNA after the mutation 1 point b Is this mutation likely to have a significant effect Why or why not What other information would help you determine the likely significance of the mutation 2 points c How would the significance of the mutation be different depending on

What is the role of enhancers during the transcription process O A To prevent transcription factors from binding to DNA B To recognize the TATA box sequence OC To allow the cell to build mediator proteins OD To increase the rate of transcription

Which statement best describes how prokaryotic cells regulate the production of a specific protein A Circular DNA is read in sequence so protein production occurs in cycles B Transcription factors determine which proteins are made and when C Operons responsible for certain proteins can be turned on or off by repressors D Cells can quickly synthesize enzymes to assemble specific proteins without transcribing DNA

Which sentence describes a substitution mutation A One or more nucleotides are removed from a sequence B A nucleotide is replaced with another nucleotide C A nucleotide is shared during bacterial conjugation D One or more nucleotides are added to a sequence

Which mutation would likely have little to no effect on an individual s phenotype A A frameshift mutation that caused a change near the active site of a protein B An insertion that produced a stop codon near the beginning of a gene C A substitution that replaced an amino acid with one that has similar properties D A deletion that caused misfolding of a protein

urses SC BIOL1000 N Biology When a nucleotide is added to a

CONTENTS me Section 5 Graded Ques Sickle Cell Al Q5 3 Someone has handed you the f a population over time Based on the

6 Can you curl your tongue up on the sides Tongue curling in humans is a dominant genetic trait Suppose a man who is Tt for tongue curling marries a woman who is also Tt for this trait What is the probability their children will be able to roll their tongues O 100 O 75 O 25 0 1

A complementation group is a group of mutations OA That are in the same gene and complement each other B That are in the same gene and do not complement each other C The produce the same phenotype D That are in two different genes and complement each other E That are in two different genes and do not complement each other

QUESTION 2 Explain what would happen if the PCR reaction did not contain Taq polymerase Assuming all other required PCR components are present would any part of the PCR reaction occur Explain your reasoning 2 marks

QUESTION 1 The 2x PCR Master mix listed on p 56 57 has four main components Two of these are PCR Buffer and MgCl2 Based on your knowledge of DNA replication and PCR what are the other two components and what are their functions 4 marks Component 1 Function Component 2 Function

Consider this data adapted from Fire and Mello paper Gene N2 wild type No mutations fem 1 loss of function mutation fem 1 fem 1 fem 1 fem 1 Exon Exon Exon Intron Size bp Injected RNA 531 531 531 556 none Sense Antisense Sense Antisense Sense Antisense 1 Define RNAi and explain how it affects gene expression 11 Explain vo labelos Phenotype Hermaphrodite Female a hermaphrodite that can t make sperm CO a b C d

So far we have studied traits or genes that are coded for by just two alleles Like in rabbits there was one allele for brown hair color and one allele for white hair However some traits are coded for by more than two alleles One of these is blood type in humans This is a violation of Mendel s Principle of unit characteristics In humans there are four types of blood type A type B type AB and type O The alleles A and B are codominant to each other and the O allele is recessive to both A and B alleles So a person with the genotype AA or AO will have A type of blood a What possible genotypes will produce B type of blood b What is the only genotype that will produce O type of blood c What is the only genotype that will produce AB type of blood You are blood type O and you marry a person with blood type AB Complete a Punnett square for this cross a

This chart represents a population that has three different alleles for a gene Percentages of Alleles in Population 33 3 33 3 PWO QCP 33 3 HWK Which sentence is true about the distribution of the alleles in the population A The HWK allele has the greatest frequency B The QCP allele has the lowest frequency C The three alleles have equal frequencies D The PWO allele has the greatest frequency

In a research project a student used the Mendelian approach to study genes alleles and their functions The parental cross P1 was described as the following P1 A A1B B2C1C X A2A2B1B C C2 The progeny of the P1 cross F1 was selfed to obtain the F2 Answer the following questions show your work a What proportion of the F2 individuals will be A A2B2B C C 1 mark b What proportion of the F2 will have only the P1 maternal chromosomes 1 mark c With respect to the A B and C genes how many genotypically different gametes will individuals of the F1 make 1 mark

The individual represented by the shaded symbol in the pedigree has Down s syndrome trisomy of chromosome 21 VNTR A markers for chromosome 21 were analyzed for each member of the family to test which variants of the marker they carry on chromosome 21 and are indicated on the pedigree below The marker test could only detect the presence or absence of the variants of the marker The test could NOT detect multiple copies of the variants A2A5 A4A5 A2A5 A2A4 A2A5 A5A4 a Could the nondisjunction that led to the trisomy have occurred in meiosis II in the mother Explain 2 marks b Could the nondisjunction that led to the trisomy have occurred in meiosis II in the father Explain 2 marks

During the production of a gamete a guanine replaces a thymine in a growing strand of DNA The DNA repair mechanisms do not catch the mistake and the resulting offspring has a mutation Which claim is best supported by this information A Inheritable genetic variations can be caused by errors during DNA replication B Inheritable genetic variations can occur during meiosis due to independent assortment C New allele combinations that occur during lateral gene transfer can cause inheritable genetic variations D Mutations caused by environmental factors can result in inheritable genetic variations

The picture below shows a replication bubble in which synthesis is proceeding in both directions with newly synthesized DNA Which of these are the leading strands 5 3 a a an b Ob and c a and c a b d 3 5

When DNA is being replicated Nucleotides are added to the 3 end of the growing DNA strand Nucleotides are added to the 5 end of the growing DNA strand Nucleotides are added to the 5 end of each lagging strand and to the 3 end of the new leading stran Nucleotides are added to the 3 and the 5 ends of both new strands since replication is bidirectional

Question 7 Not yet answered Marked out of 1 00 Flag question The following is the PCR reaction that 1 95 C for 2 minutes 2 95 C for 30 seconds 3 58 1 C for 30 seconds 72 C for 45 seconds 4 5 Repeat steps 2 4 thirty 30 times 6 72 C for 3 minutes

What kind of mutation does the diagram show A Deletion OB Substitution C Insertion Original ATG CAGG Mutant ATGAGG

1 The trait for a widow s peak is dominant to having a straight hairline Mickey and Minnie mouse both have widow s peaks If both Mickey and Minnie are heterozygous for the trait what is the chance that their children will also have a widow s peak

15 Draw a Punnett square in your lab notebook to represent the gametes produced by the F1 individuals Fill in the genotypes of the F2 individuals the kernels on the cob you are counting Mark color or crosshatch the squares that would produce each of the following phenotypes a Purple Smooth b Purple wrinkled c Yellow Smooth d Yellow wrinkled 16 Count how many of each you find a Purple Smooth 56 b Purple wrinkled 30 c Yellow Smooth 16 d Yellow wrinkled 6 17 What is the ratio of expected phenotypes What is the ratio of phenotypes you found on the corn ear Give some possible reasons why the actual ratio might not be norfoot I

3 Approximately 4000 years ago a small number of people settled in areas of Finland and became separated from the rest of the population These people reproduced but due to the low number of people it caused a loss of genetic diversity in the subsequent offspring which caused many disorders to arise These disorders are collectively known as Finnish heritage diseases This event was so significant that even today one in five Finnish people carry at least one gene related to a Finnish heritage disease A man and a woman both of Finnish heritage are aware of this so they see a genetic counselor They are interested in having a child but fear they may pass on a disease They have their DNA analyzed and it comes back that they are both carriers for the recessive disease known as megaloblastic anemia a type of anemia common in Finnish descent Thankfully if they have an affected child it is treatable a What is the probability that if they have a child it will have megaloblastic anemia b Let s say they decide to have three children total What is the probability that all three children would have the disease c What is the probability that if they have three children none of them will have the disease Sh

In this part you will use the mRNA you made in Part 1 to model translation 11 Copy the sequence of mRNA codons you determined in Step 1 into the table below Then use the mRNA codon table to determine the corresponding sequence of amino acids Write the first three letters of each amino acid in the table 2 points mRNA codon Amino acid 12 Write the abbreviation for each amino acid on a paper circle Arrange your model amino acids into the sequence you listed in Step 11 to build a portion of the polypeptide in normal hemoglobin Use tape to attach the amino acids to one another 13 Draw or attach a photo of your finished polypeptide model in the space below Use the string to show the locations of the polypeptide the mRNA and the DNA with respect to the nucleus 4 points

My courses SC BIOL1001 P Biol Your immune system contai specifically called

Your answers MUST BE VERY PRECIS Single nucleotides are added to a gro named Hydrogen bond deoxyribose of the nucleotide at the group of an incoming deoxyribonucl At the DNA replication fork the en expose the two template strands reannealing of the two single str synthesizes a short strand of RNA

4 Incorporation of a wrong nucleot cannot be corrected after DNA s 5 Histones are lysine rich proteins nucleus of ALL living cells Fal FILL THE BLANKS Your answers MUST BE VERY PREC Single nucleotides are added to a gr drea

Where are the enhancers that regulate a gene usually found OA At a region of DNA immediately after the gene B In the nucleus attached to RNA polymerase C At a region of DNA immediately before the promoter D At a region of DNA that is often far from the gene

First base A G U C Amino Acids that correspond to mRNA Codons U phenylalanine phenylalanine leucine leucine leucine leucine leucine leucine isoleucine isoleucine isoleucine methionine or START valine valine valine valine Second base C serine serine serine serine proline proline proline proline threonine threonine threonine threonine alanine alanine alanine alanine A tyrosine tyrosine STOP STOP histidine histidine glutamine glutamine asparagine asparagine lysine lysine aspartate aspartate glutamate glutamate G cysteine cysteine STOP tryptophan arginine arginine arginine arginine serine serine arginine arginine glycine glycine glycine glycine Third base DUAGD AGD AGA G

What role does rRNA play in translation A It carries the information from DNA out of the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis B It copies the genes in DNA into mRNA for polypeptide production C It combines with proteins to form a ribosome which holds and reads mRNA D It carries single amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain

In humans a normal male has 1 Point Two Y chromosomes OTwo X chromosomes 5 One X and one Y chromosome What is the diploid number of chromosomes for an armadillo 1 Point Armadillo Karyotype 8 8 2 HDM as ae af A 88 A8 A 80

13 19 14 RY 28 15 a normal male a normal female 21 a trisomy 21 male a trisomy 21 female N zz 18 16 X 17 12 18

a particular trait are said to be 1 Point Ohybrid O homozygous O heterozygous 3 Gametes such as egg and sperm are 1 Point O haploid in their number of chromosomes