Molecular Basis of Inheritance Questions and Answers

Proteolysis of the influenza to a produces a fusion peptide which initially binds glycoprotein on the host s cell membrane that serves as a receptor a neuraminidase N acetylglucosamine Ob nuclear packaging protein mainose c nucleocapsid protein glucosamine d hemagglutinin sialic acid O e matrix protein fucose Cl Saved

Listen Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and contained within a nucleus and they contain DNA associated to a core of histone proteins called the a centromere b nucleosome O c divisome d capsid

What is the approximate size of Okazaki fragments in E coli a 10 bp b 1 000 bp c 10 000 bp d 50 bp e 100 bp

Which of the following experimental procedures is NOT used in ChIP seq a DNA protein complexes are cross linked b Transcription factors are released from DNA which is then amplified and identified by sequencing Bead bound antibodies to transcription factors are used to precipitate transcription factors cross linked with DNA d DNA is extracted and sheared c initated using a secondary antibody

Imagine DNA like molecules were recovered from several single celled organisms found in the liquid water ocean on the Jupiter Moon Europa The molecules consist of a double stranded polymers whose monomeric subunits are composed of glycerol phosphate and nitrogenous bases of which four kinds were found The bases in this glyceronucleic acid GNA are symbolized as a y and 5 Alpha Beta Gamma and Delta The monomers are linked through phospodiester bonds and the bases form hydrogen bonds between the strands according to the following rules For every a there are twice as many s for every y there are twice as many 6s GNA molecules from one such organism contain 20 Bs what do you expect is the percentage of ys 30 0 35 0 46 7 23 3 13 3 26 7

You identify an E coli mutant which has a defect in its DNA replication A closer examination reveals that DNA Pol III is functional but seems to exhibit extremely low processivity A mutation in which of the following structures is the most likely hypothesis to explain the defect the clamp loader the topoisomerase enzyme the sliding clamp the pol III holoenzyme the t proteins

Red green color blindness is a sex linked recessive trait in humans Two people with normal color vision have a color blind son What are the genotypes of the parents XNXn and XNy XNXN and XNy XX and XY XNX and XY

An individual with the genotype X Y will produce which of the following gametes Select all that apply X Y Xr

SRY is best described as an autosomal gene that is required for the expression of genes on the Y chromosome a gene present on the X chromosome that triggers female development an autosomal gene that is required for the expression of genes on the X chromosome gene reg

And please be sure to ask any questions you may have D Question 1 The XIST gene is only found in biological females causes the development of male sexual characteristiscs causes the development of female sexual characteristics

Why are frameshift mutations considered more impactful on the final protein product than most point mutations There may be more than one answer A frameshift mutation causes downstream changes to the amino acid sequence that typically results in a nonfunctional protein Some point mutations are silent so the final protien product would be the same although the nucleotide sequence is altered O A point mutation besides nonsense generally changes one amino acid in the sequence O None of the above

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29 Below is a sequence recognized by a restriction enzyme One of the DNA strands is methylated and the other is not What is the role of the Me methyl groups on the second strand GAATT CTTAAG GAATT CTTAAG a Direct a restriction enzyme to cut at that sequence b Signal that the DNA is self not foreign and thus should not be cut c Signal for the virus to insert itself into that sequence region d Signal for the virus to enter into the lytic cycle and excise itself from the host cell genome 30 Which of the following steps is unique to a virus that enters into lysogeny versus a virus that moves through only the lytic cycle a Phage DNA is injected into the bacterial cell b Many copies of phage are made that move on to infect neighboring cells c The phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome becoming a prophage d The virus slowly releases viral copies from its host successfully avoiding lysing the host cell 31 CRISPR is considered an example of adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea because it a neutralizes viral DNA by using guide RNA complementary to the invading viral DNA and a CAS protein that then cleaves the target DNA b methylates host DNA preventing the virus from integrating into the host cell chromosome c it generates antibodies that recognize and destroy invading viruses d prevents the production of cell surface receptors that allow phages to get into the cell 32 When a bacterium replicates its genome and passes the replicated information on to a new cell in the process of binary fission this is an example of a horizontal gene transfer b vertical gene transfer c parallel gene transfer d mitosis 33 This is an enzyme which is capable of inserting negative supercoils within a double stranded DNA molecule and is unique to prokaryotes making it a popular target for antibiotic treatment a Helicase c Class I Topoisomerase b Telomerase d DNA gyrase Class II Topoisomerase

34 Which of the following correctly describes an operon a Multiple genes organized behind one promoter the transcription of which results in a polycistronic mRNA b One regulatory protein capable of controlling expression of multiple genes throughout the genome c Short DNA sequences included within a gene that are removed after transcription d Regulatory sequences that are found in the middle of a gene 35 Which of the following is FALSE regarding DNA polymerase III a It requires a DNA template b It is responsible for synthesizing a new strand of DNA that is complementary to the template c It synthesizes the leading strand in the 5 3 direction and the lagging strand in the 3 5 direction d It has the ability to proofread its work increasing the overall accuracy of the product 36 Which of the following correctly states the events that occur during the initiation phase of replication a DnaA ATP binds to the 9 mer region which facilitates the melting of the nearby A T rich 13 mer region b DnaA ATP binds to the 9 mer region which facilitates the melting of the nearby G C rich 13 mer region c DnaA ATP binds directly to the A T rich 13 mer region after ATP is hydrolyzed the 13 mer region then denatures and DnaA ADP disengages from the origin so that replication can begin d DnaA ATP binds directly to the G C rich 13 mer region after ATP is hydrolyzed the 13 mer region then denatures and DnaA ADP disengages from the origin so that replication can begin 37 After replication RNA primers must be replaced with DNA Which of the following enzymes is NOT utilized during primer replacement a RnaseH b Ligase c DNA Polymerase I d Primase 38 While not being involved in the actual polymerization of DNA this protein is closely associated with DNA polymerase III and increases the processivity of the DNA polymerase III enzyme a Primase b Sliding clamp c Single stranded binding proteins d Helicase 39 Which option correctly identifies the order in which the following enzymes DNA polymerase III Helicase DnaA ATP and primase would be involved in DNA replication The enzymes should be in order from first to be utilized to the last a DnaA ATP primase helicase DNA polymerase III b helicase primase DnaA ATP DNA polymerase III c helicase DnaA ATP DNA polymerase III primase d DnaA ATP helicase primase DNA polymerase III

Question 18 Folk singer Woody Guthrie died of Huntington s disease Which statement below must be tr None of his children will inherit Huntington s disease His sons will inherit Huntington s disease but not his daughters His daughters will inherit Huntington s disease but not his sons At least one of Woody Guthrie s parents must have had Huntington s disease also

is a human genetic disease that results in cognitive impairment but it can be prevented by following a strict low protein diet OCystic fibrosis Sickle cell anemia Huntington s disease

A mutation in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for a protein is always harmful to the organism impairing the function of the protein cannot be repaired is a very common occurrence happening in about one out of every 100 nucleotides is only heritable if it occurs in a gamete producing cell

How many different gamete types can an individual with genotype aaBBCcDd make O C 2 4 8

Enzymes assistance in the occurrence of reaction Enzymes catalyze reactions by Multiple Choice Oraising activation energy O decreasing the entropy of the reaction O lowering activation energy adding energy to the reaction

In a cross of two F1 hybrid plants with purple flowers and round seeds PpRr what fraction of the offspring should have purple flowers and round seeds purple flowers and round seeds are the dominant traits 9 16 O 1 12 1 16 3 16 12 16

1 skt skittles Drosophila melanogaster nemo nmo The accession numbers of the reference sequence RefSeq is NM 057858 4 for the mRNA and NP 477206 1 for the protein a Add 20 nucleotides of complementary sequence to the following forward and reverse primers you do not have to take care of the reading frame at this step extra nucleotides necessary to ensure optimal restriction activity are underlined whereas restriction enzyme recognition sites are shown in bold Forward primer 5 TGTGTATGGGCCC Reverse primer 5 ATTTATGGG CCGC b What will be the theoretical length of the expected PCR product to be amplified using your section primers Be as accurate as possible when describing the expected length i e specify the exact number of nucleotides to be contained in the PCR amplicon

VI VII VIII IX X The French Croix de Guerre The US Purple Heart The US Distinguished Medal of Hon The French Legion of Honor The US Honorable Medal of Bravery Which decorations from the list did men from the 369th US Infantry Regiment receive O I III and IV O II and V O I and IV

Ferrets are an excellent model organism to study the influenza virus You are crossing a true breeding black ferret with a true breeding white ferret to produce an F generation of 12 individuals If the black color trait is dominant which of the following represents the expected phenotype of an F generation cross O 0 black ferrets 12 white ferrets 0 grey ferrets O4 black ferrets 4 white ferrets 4 grey ferrets O 6 black ferrets 3 white ferrets 3 grey ferrets O 0 black ferrets 0 white ferrets 12 grey ferrets 12 black ferrets 0 white ferrets 0 grey ferrets

Last updated 3 7 2023 Amylase is a protein involved in breaking down the starches Amylase is a protein involved in breaking down the starches in food Before it can be built genetic information in DNA must be transcribed into mRNA Where does this process take place A Endoplasmic reticulum OB Ribosome OC Nucleus D Golgi apparatus Amylase is a protein involved in breaking down the starches in food Before it can be built genetic information in DNA must be transcribed into mRNA Where does this process take place A Endoplasmic reticulum B Ribosome C Nucleus D Golgi apparatus

Based on what you ve learned about what happens when water freezes which of the following helps explain why road salt is added in the winter to help prevent ice from forming on roadways and sidewalks Correct Answer s Drag appropriate answer s here Salt generates covalent bonds with water and prevents freezing Salt causes the water molecules to vibrate and heat up Incorrect Answer s Salt disrupts the crystal lattice by getting between the water molecules Since salt is polar it dissolves in water and disrupts hydrogen bonding Drag appropriate answer s here

Choose the correct answer are among the most commonly adapted forms of writing O Plays O Movies O TV shows NI

Zea mays kernel color R gene F offspring from monohybrid cross A 1 A F X F A 2 1 Examine the maize monohybrid crosses involving the R gene What are the parental and F1 phenotypes and genotypes Note All the parental P corn varieties are true breeding Which allele is dominant and which one recessive Explain how you know 2 Draw a Punnett square for the cross What offspring phenotypes and ratios do you expect in the F2 heneration

d 01601 15 10 Part 1 7 as the significance threshold chromosome There have been significant regions identified on 10 Image available for use under Creative Commons Attribution 2 5 Generic License Sourced from https commons wikimedia org wiki File Manhattan Plot png different chromosomes Part 2 Based on these results what can we claim Select any all that apply 13 Attribution Ikram MK et al 2010 Four Novel Loci 19q13 6q24 12q24 and 5q14 Influence the Microcirculation In Vivo PLoS Genet 2010 Oct 28 6 10 e1001184 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 1001184 g001 14 15 16 17 18 2222 The most highly associated SNP at the locus on chromosome 19 causes an increase in microcirculation A locus on chromosome 19 is the most significantly associated with differences in microcirculation

3 3 Which of the following describes a mutation in a parent that could change the phenotype of its future offspring O a mutation in the DNA of a sperm cell O a mutation in the RNA of a brain cell O a mutation in the DNA of a liver cell O a mutation in the RNA of a skin cell

3 3 A mutation in which of the following types of cells could be passed on from parent to offspring gamete bone cell O blood cell neuron

3 2 The diagram below represents a biological process involving DNA What 1 point process is represented O replication O mutation fertilization O translation

3 1 Which of the following describes how DNA determines genetic inheritance A single nucleotide codes for a genetic trait O A pair of complementary nucleotides codes for a genetic trait A set of three nucleotides in a specific order codes for a genetic trait A long sequence of nucleotides in a specific order codes for a genetic trait

3 1 During the process of replication a molecule of DNA unzips forming two single strands What makes up each individual strand of DNA nitrogenous bases attached to a sugar phosphate backbone Osugar groups attached to individual amino acids paired thymine and guanine bases O paired adenine and uracil bases

1 3 1 In a sample of double stranded DNA 30 of the nitrogenous bases are thymine What percentage of the nitrogenous bases in the sample are adenine O 20 30 O 60 O 70

RNA splicing involves the O O addition of a nucleotide tail to the molecule addition of introns to the molecule O O addition of a nucleotide cap to the molecule removal of exons from the molecule removal of introns from the molecule

Messenger RNA is different from other types of RNA because messenger RNA has a 3 polyA tail introns and exons a 5 methylated cap Both A and C are correct

Listen In lake Tanganyaka there is a population of fishes with 2 alleles B and b for the gene coding for the color of the dorsal fin of the fish B is dominant over b The dominant phenotype for the dorsal fin is black whereas the recessive phenotype is blue Following the Hardy Weinberg equation and knowing that the population includes 100 members 25 fishes with a blue fin 75 with a black fin including 20 of heterozygous determine the provide the value of p and that of q p 0 122 and q 0 422 0 422 and q 0 122 0 35 and q 0 65 p 0 55 and q 0 25 p 0 65 and q 0 35 Op 0 25 and q 0 75 p p Question 8 1 point

A complementation test can be used to determine whether two individuals with recessive single gene mutations causing the same or similar phenotypes have mutations in the same or different genes O whether a mutation is fully penetrant O whether a mutant allele has lost or gained function relative to a wild type allele O the number of phenotypes that can be expressed by individuals with a particular genotype the mode of inheritance of a mutant allele O

A male fish from a true breeding fish line has the mutant phenotype of spiky fin The male fish mates with a female fish from another true breeding spiky fin fish line Both spiky fin phenotypes are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner You hypothesize that the mutation in the male fish is at a different locus than the mutation in the female fish Which results would support this hypothesis O 75 of the offspring have spiky fins O None of the offspring have spiky fins O 25 of the offspring have spiky fins O 50 of the offspring have spiky fins O All of the offspring have spiky fins

You perform a cross between two four o clock flowers one is red homozygous dominant and the other is white homozygous recessive All F offspring are pink When you cross the F s together what ratios of colors do you expect from the F2 generation P Gametes F all identical O All pink O1 red 1 pink 1 white O 1 red 2 pink 1white O 3 red 1 white AA A X aa a Aa x Aa

A rancher would like to produce a buffalo with medium length hair but currently has only long haired and short haired buffalo The rancher crosses the long and short haired buffalo together and gets all medium haired offspring When the rancher then breeds the medium haired buffaloes together he finds that he cannot establish a true breeding line of medium haired buffalo If the hair length difference is determined by a single gene what relationship between alleles of this gene best explains these findings O Complete dominance O Codominance Incomplete dominance

Many hedgehog mutants have been recovered in Drosophila melanogaster which have a phenotype reminiscent of the spiky animal The hedgehog gene is an important regulator of embryonic development and its human homolog is perturbed in some cancers A wide variety of mutations have been identified via sequencing of mutant alleles Five of these are described here 1 hhGW1 inversion of a portion of the coding region 2 hh 3C a point mutation changing a tryptophan codon in the middle of the coding region to a stop codon 3 hh Moonrat a 24 bp deletion in an enhancer regulating the expression of the gene causing it to be expressed in embryonic cells that normally do not express hedgehog 4 hhHL2 a two nucleotide deletion in an exon located in the middle of the coding region 5 hh k a point mutation changing amino acid 109 from proline to leucine Frameshift mutation Nonsense mutation Missense mutation The most likely of these 5 to be a leaky loss of function mutation Gain of function The most likely of these 5 to cause an anormal phenotype in heterozygotes with one copy of the mutant allele and one wild type allele Choose Choose Choose Choose Choose Choose

most of her skin is not dry and scaly Which of the following mostly likely explains the patchiness of ichthyosis in the daughter O Non disjunction O Haplo insufficiency Translocation OX inactivation Question 8 3 pts A woman has full ichthyosis not patchy like the daughter described in Question 6 but all over her body like the father in Question 6 She has children with a man with normal skin If they have a son what is the probability that he will have ichthyosis O 0 chance of ichthyosis O 50 chance of full ichthyosis O 100 chance of full ichthyosis

The HPC1 gene has been implicated in early onset prostate cancer Displayed below is a pedigree of a family showing the incidence of prostate cancer with a particular HPC1 allele HPC1 HPC1 males have a high chance of developing early onset prostate cancer 1 II 1 1 2 OY linked O X linked dominant OX linked recessive O Autosomal dominant O Autosomal recessive 2 OHPC1 or HPC1 OHPC1 HRC10 3 Part 1 Females do not get prostate cancer but can be carriers of the HPC1 allele Female 1 4 is HPC1 HPC1 No individuals in the pedigree have a starting genotype of HPC1 HPC1 At the organismal level which mode of inheritance is most consistent with the given information 3 5 4 6 Part 2 You take a sample of cancerous tissue from Individual II 6 What will the genotype of the cancerous cells be with respect to HPC1

Daisy inherits a mutation from her mother that results in the phenotype of red hair Evgeny acquires a mutation in a cell in his pancreas as a result of exposure to high levels of radiation What is the difference between these two mutations Which of these two individuals could pass their mutation to offspring O Evgeny s mutation is in somatic cells while Daisy s is in somatic and germline cells Only Evgeny can pass the mutation to his children O Because Daisy s and Evgeny s mutations are both found in somatic cells neither Daisy nor Evgeny can pass their mutation to their children O While these two mutations originate from different sources both Daisy and Evgeny can pass their mutations to their children O Daisy s mutation is in both somatic and germline cells while Evgeny s is only in a small number of somatic cells Only Daisy could pass on her mutation

Your friend has just been diagnosed with melanoma and is seeking your help She has been told that one of her genes has a point mutation where an A base replaces a T base resulting in a mutant protein in which a glutamic acid has replaced a valine The mutant protein BR has much greater activity than the wild type protein and this increased activity causes increased cell division Based on this case history the gene coding for the normal BR protein is likely to be O a proto oncogene O a tumor suppressor Oeither a tumor suppressor or a proto oncogene O neither a tumor suppressor nor a proto oncogene Incorrect The question describes the mutation as activating the protein rather than inactivating it Tumor suppressor mutations act recessively they must be present in two copies in order for the cells to lose control over division X X

Below is a diagram of a gene Blue boxes represent exons Transcription starts at the arrow labeled TSS transcription stops at the line labeled TT OA Promoter TSS OC OD Of ATG Start codon ABC In which region would a deletion of two bases be a frameshift mutation TAA Stop codon DE

Below is a diagram of a gene that is not normally alternatively spliced All four exons represented as boxes are found in the mature mRNA Transcription starts at the arrow labeled TSS transcription stops at the line labeled TT Which region s are found in the mRNA made from this gene Select all that apply OA OB OC QUS D m Promoter TSS ATG Start codon A B C TAA Stop codon D TT E

This pedigree shows an X linked disease trait Individual 1 is not born yet so the sex and disease status of this not known PART 1 This trait O is dominant O is recessive O could be either dominant or recessive more information is needed PART 2 The parents in Generation II are expecting children What is the probability that Individual 1 will be a male and will have the disorder O 0 O 25 O 50 O 75 O 100 PART 3 The parents in Generation II are expecting children What is the probability that Individual 1 will be a female and have the disorder 0 0 1 O 25 O 50 O 75 100

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