Anatomy and Physiology Questions

Chorion 90 Amnion Amniotic cavity Yolk sac Mesoderm cells Which of the following statement s about the above image is ar TRUE i The ectoderm layer is represented in blue ii The endoderm layer is represented in yellow III The mesoderm layer is represented in red Statement I alone Statements I and II Statements II and III

Which of the following meiotic phases is represented in th above image O Prophase I O Metaphase II 7 O Cytokinesis

Question 2 Mother s blood vessels Allantois Yolk sac Points 2 B O Formed allantois O Formed amnion O Formed yolk sac Kas Formed placenta Placenta Amniotic cavity Amnion Which of the following is represented in the above image Embryo Chorion Chorionic villi

estion 4 Points 3 Estrogen from ovaries Induces oxytocin receptors on uterus Oxytocin Positive feedback mechanism Negative feedback mechanism from fetus and pituitary Which of the following mechanisms is represented in the above image Prostaglandin contraction mechanism Oxytocin release mechanism Stimulates uterus to contract Stimulates placenta to make Prostaglandins Stimulates more contractions of uterus Reset Res Questic Positive fee

Estrogen induces oxytocin Oxytocin stimulates uterus to contract Which of the following best completes the diagram O Prostaglandin synthesis mechanism O Estrogen stimulating mechanism Negative feedback mechanism Prostaglandins stimulates more contraction of uterus itive feedback mechanism

Which of the following is generated when cross bridges form between actin and myosin O active force and ATP O passive force O active force ATP O active force and passive force

Match the following terms with the appropriat description First Trimester Fetus Amnion II A highly organized multicellular embryo develops from a single cell Second trimester IA clear sac found around the fetus III The developing human at about 9 weeks after fertilization Third trimester IV the rapid growth period where the fetus gains strength it requires to survive outside the womb V The placenta starts developing its own hormone progesterone instead of relying on the corpus luteum during this trimester OI II III V IV OII III I V IV III I IV II V

Which of the receptor types might function as a nociceptor OA OE B Intratusal fibers Ta ce

trace myogram shows contraction force the bottom EMG shows the electrical stimulus On the graph a single electrical stimulation is indicated by letter s B MYOGRAM EMG Cand D C E bida M DF

a single muscle twitch is indicated by letter s B MA MYOGRAM EMG OC C and D OE A and B MG shows the electrical stimulus On the graph H A MA D

Afferent sensory neuron Antagonist muscle Interneuron Efferent motor neuron Cell body of sensory neuron Muscle spindle On

Which is the true statement about the synapses in the spinal cord in the stretch reflex View Available Hint s O Polysynaptic interneurons first synapse with higher brain centers O Interneurons make inhibitory synapses with neurons that prevent contraction of the antagonist muscle O Sensory neurons synapse with motor neuron interneurons to excite the extrafusal fibers of the stretched muscle The antagonist muscle is activated by increased frequency stimuli M Interneuron green and synapses

Which choice correctly identifies the parts labeled 1 2 3 and 4 2 O 1 Bronchus 2 Epiglottis 3 Lungs 4 Diaphragm O 1 Epiglottis 2 Diaphragm 3 Lungs 4 Bronchus 1 Epiglottis 2 Lungs 3 Diaphragm 4 Bronchus 1 Lungs 2 Epiglottis 3 Diaphragm 4 Bronchus

Question 3 Points 3 Match the blood vessels and their functions Interacts with the body cells 1 11 Arteries A Veins B III Capillaries C Carry blood away from the heart Carry blood back to the heart OI C II A and III B O1 B II C and III A O 1 A II C and III B O1 C 11 B and III A

1 The following experimental data were collected during a study of the catalytic activity of an enzyme S mm 1 75 2 5 3 3 75 7 6 13 7 Initial rate mol min 0 1 0 13 0 15 0 18 0 22 0 28 Use graphical analysis to determine the Km and Vmax for this enzyme preparation and substrate

Points 2 Identify the choice that correctly matches A and B i Auto regulation a Increase the stimuli ii 3 Thermostat hypothalamus iii Positive feedback iv Negative feedback in b intrinsic regulation c Decreases the stimuli d Activates mechanism O i b ii d iii a iv c i b ii a iii c iv d i a ii b iii c iv d O i c ii d iii a iv b warming

Question 5 Points 2 Which of the following represents invagination process H D C A O A OB O C B

Question 5 Points 1 The part X labled in the diagram given below is X myofibril myofilaments the sacromere O the T tubule F a as Qu

Question 5 Points 2 Which of the following is are the component s of shown image O Central Nervous System CNS O Peripheral Nervous System PNS Both CNS and PNS Partial CNS and PNS

Question 3 The picture below represents the Points 2 Smooth Muscle Cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similiar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues O human body Molecules O nervous system O levels of organizatio Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules 5 Organ system level O molecules present in the body Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Question 4 Which choice correctly identifies the label epidermis A OA OB Points 2 OC B C D

Question 4 Blood poor in oxygen Points 2 Blood rich in oxygen Wall of air sac 1 2 Wall of blood vessel During respiration which of the following mechanisms occurs O CO from the blood is released while oxygen is taken in O Oxygen from the blood is released while CO is taken in CO and oxygen from the blood is released while H O is taken in H O from the blood is released whil

4 Listen A B Using the image select all of the statements that apply If red blood cells were in image A and this was a hypertonic solution the cells would shrink If red blood cells were in image C it would be considered an isotonic solution If image A and C were divided by a semipermeable membrane the water would move to A If image B and A were divided by a semipermeable membrane the water would move to A If image A and C were divided by a semipermeable membrane the water would move to C If image B and C were divided by a semipermeable membrane the water would move to C

he Rate of an Enzyme Reaction These experiments will use the enzyme catalase which is found in potatoes Catalase acts on the substrate H O2 hydrogen peroxide to produce H O and O2 The O is released as bubbles Therefore the more bubbles you see the greater the reaction Base your responses on the following data table The effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme reactions Tube Pre Treatment Treatment Temp C Temp C C1 C2 C3 100 25 20 100 25 4 Prediction no bubbles some bubbling strong bubbling very strong bubbling Observations no bubbles some bubbling strong bubbling very strong bubbling a What is the preferred temperature for the enzyme catalase b What explains the level of activity with the catalase that was boiled prior to the experiment Relate this to protein structure and denaturization c What do you conclude about the effect of temperature on enzyme activity Don t just say that it has an effect say how it affects it d Based on your conclusion do you think you might digest ice cream at a slower or faster rate than a hot soup

The Effect of various Factors on the Rate of an Enzyme Reaction These experiments will use the enzyme catalase which is found in potatoes Catalase acts on the substrate H O hydrogen peroxide to produce H O and O2 The O is released as bubbles Therefore the more bubbles you see the greater the reaction Base your responses on the following data table The effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme reactions Tube Treatment Temp C C1 C2 C3 Pre Treatment Temp C 100 25 0 100 25 4 Prediction no bubbles some bubbling strong bubbling very strong bubbling Observations no bubbles some bubbling strong bubbling very strong bubbling a What is the preferred temperature for the enzyme catalase b What explains the level of activity with the catalase that was boiled prior to the experiment Relate this to protein structure and denaturization c What do you conclude about the effect of temperature on enzyme activity Don t just say that it has an effect say how it affects it d Based on your conclusion do you think you might digest ice cream at a slower or faster rate

11 Digestion of foodstuff Fill in the table below with the substrate and product of each digestive enzyme You do not have to be specific you can say sugars rather than glucose and fructose ENZYME Salivary Amylase Pancreatic Amylase Salivary Lipase Pancreatic Lipase Pepsin Trypsin Carboxypeptidase SUBSTRATE Starch PRODUCT Sugar ORGAN OF PRODUCTION Salivary Glands SITE OF ACTION Oral Cavity OPTIMAL PH Neutral

Enzyme These experiments will use the enzyme catalase which is found in potatoes Catalase acts on the substrate H O2 hydrogen peroxide to produce H O and O2 The O is released as bubbles Therefore the more bubbles you see the greater the reaction Base your responses on the following data table The effect of pH on the rate of enzyme reactions Tube pH 1 2 3 4 5 3 5 7 9 11 Prediction no bubbles some bubbling strong bubbling very strong bubbling I T Observation no bubbles some bubbling strong bubbling very strong bubbling a What is the ideal pH for the enzyme catalase b What happens to enzyme activity when the pH is significantly higher or lower than the ideal pH c Relate what you ve observed to the activity of the enzyme salivary amylase Where is it formed Where is it active d Where is salivary amylase deactivated What causes it to be deactivated donaturization Again thinking of the effect of pH on enzyme

enzyme catalase which is found in potatoes Catalase acts on the substrate H O2 hydrogen peroxide to produce H O and O2 The O2 is released as bubbles Therefore the more bubbles you see the greater the reaction Base your responses on the following data table The effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of enzyme reactions Tube Enzyme Concentration l 2 3 4 5 a 25 50 75 100 b Observations no bubbles some bubbling strong bubbling very strong bubbling a How does enzyme concentration affect reaction rates 8 Salivary amylase is produced by the parotid the submandibular and the sublingual salivary glands which empty their secretions by way of ducts into the mouth Amylase acts on starch and glycogen hydrolyzing them to maltose Of the following Starch Maltose Amylase is the substrate s is the enzyme s is the product s nd Where is their site of action

If done in a slow controlled manner for an activated 1 joint muscle what muscle action is occurring from Left to Right at the right elbow None of the included answers is correct Eccentric Pronation Isometric Concentric

Complete the following table Macromolecule Polymer Protein Nucleic Acid Carbohydrate Lipid Example of Macromolecule Monomer Nucleotides Example of Monomer Methionine Tyrosine Lysine

Which of the following is true of fast glycolytic fibers Largest diameter Lots of mitochondria Few blood capillaries Low myoglobin content

In the movement from Left to Right above if the appropriate muscle is activated what is the muscle action for muscles crossing the knee Isokinetic Isometric Concentric Eccentric

Select the cards with lifestyle choices that increase your risks of cancer FRONT OF CARDS Regular Physical Activity Diet high in fruits and vegetables BACK OF CARDS UV exposure from the sun or tanning beds can cause skin cancer Red and processed meat contain carcinogens that can increase your risks of developing cancer caner Drinking too much alcohol has been linked to increased risks of breast mouth bowel stomach and liver cancer Being overweight can lead to increased blood pressure high cholesterol and type II diabetes Being physically active 30 minutes 5 times a week can reduce your risks of developing bowel cancer A diet high in fruits and vegetables is a diet high in fibers and reduces the risks of developing colon cancer The more sexual partners you have the higher the risks of contracting HPV which can lead to cancer of the anus throat penis vagina and cervix

The adrenal medulla is the inner reddish brown region of each adrenal gland Its cells are quite large compared to those of the adrenal cortex and the border between the two parts is irregular The cells develop as an extension of the nervous system and its secretions participate in the sympathetic response of fight or flight Two populations of cells are present each one responsible for the synthesis of one of two hormones List the function of the hormones in the adrenal medulla below Epinephrine EP Norepinephrine NEP

The posterior pituitary is called the neurophypophysis because it is composed of neurofibers which are axons from neurons in the hypothalamus There are two groups of neurons in the hypothalamus that secrete hormones the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus The axons from these nuclei travel through the infundibulum from the hypothalamus by way of the hypothalamohy pophyseal tract The supraoptic nucleus secrets the hormone antidiuretic hormone ADH and the paraventricular nucleus secretes oxytocin OT These two hormones are released in vesicles which travel down the axon tract by axonal transport to terminate in the posterior pituitary where they are stored Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus trigger their release by exocytosis Antidiuretic Hormone ADH Oxytocin OT

Using the following figure state the name of the fascicle arrangement in the space provided below the figure Pay attention to the letters and the figures that they correspond to a c b d 0 9 1

3 b Exercise 9 Pancreas Histology Obtain a slide of the pancreas Using Figure 1 15a as a guide make a sketch of the slide Pancreatic islet Acini cells Figura 1 15 Histology of the pancreas a Photomicrograph b Student sketch

Label the diagram below next to each letter A E using the following terms A B C D E A D B C

The pancreas pancreas sweetbread is a soft oblong organ located between the stomach and small intestine near the midline of the abdominopelvic cavity Figure 1 14 It includes a head body and tail from medial to lateral Internally it contains two types of cells exocrine and endocrine The exocrine cells form nearly 99 of the volume of the organ They secrete a variety of digestive enzymes into the small intestine via a central pancreatic duct which contributes to chemical digestion Pancreatic exocrine cells are referred to as acini This part of the pancreas will be explored further in our study of the digestive system The endocrine cells are isolated into small clusters known as pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans Each islet contains four secretory cell types alpha cells and beta cells which synthesize and secrete pancreatic hormones into the bloodstream The hormones include delta and F cells List the secrtory cells and funtions of the pancreatic hormones in the blanks below Hormones Insulin Glucagon eas Somatostatin Pancreatic Polypeptide Secretory Cells F cells Hormone Action Inhibits somatostatin secretion

3 For each of the following organs describe its products enzymes or other secretions and how the product gets into the digestive tract part of the tract that it empties into Organ Product ie enzyme secretion Salivary Glands Pancreas Liver Delivered to where in the Gl tract does it go

4 In the following table list all of the organs structures in which the Process occurs Process Ingestion Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion Motility Peristalsis Motility Segmentation Secretion Absorption Reabsorption and Compaction Defecation List ALL when applicable the organs where this process happens

Figure 1 13 illustrates the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Pathway Fill in the blanks to complete the illustration 2 Liver makes Blood vessels 6 Strong vaso creases blood pressure Low blood volume blood Na or blood pressure secretes 1 Blood volume increases 5 Kidney 3 8 9 4 7 Lungs Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Adrenal cortex secretes Kidney tubules water follows by osmosis Figure 1 13 The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Pathway

Capsule Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla

1 2 Exercise 7 Adrenal Gland Histology 3 Figure 1 11 The adrenal gland frontal section

b a Thyroid follicle Colloid Follicle cell Parafollicular cell Figure 1 7 a Photomicrograph of thyroid gland showing follicles b Student sketch

Exercise Label the major endocrine glands and organs that secrete hormones Put a check by the organs that are primary endocrine organs atria consists of outer portion inner portion 5 6 7 bluedoor LLC pregnant 17 10 12 13 15 16 18 underlying tissue Figure 1 1 Endocrine glands and organs of the human body The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland often called the hypophysis hypo under physis grow is located under the hypothalamus in the cranial cavity It is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk known as the infun

The hypothalamus secretes five releasing hormones and two inhibitory hormones that block the release of hormones Fill in Table 1 1 by writing the correct anterior pituitary hormone and the target organ for that hormone Table 1 1 The anterior pituitary hormones their target organs and their functions Anterior Hypothalamus Hormone Pituitary Target Organ Hormone Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone TRH Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone GHRH Somatostatin SS also called Growth Hormone Inhibiting hormone GHIH Prolactin Releasing Hormone PRF Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone PIH Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone GnRH Corricorronin Function

Label Figure 1 2 using the following hypophyseal portal system posterior pituitary system Anterior 1 Optic chiasm Primary plexus Hypophyseal portal veins Secondary plexus 60 Hypophyseal veins anterior pituitary neurosecretory cells Hypothalamus Endocrine cells infundibulum Mammillary body Superior hypophyseal artery Posterior

Label Figure 1 4 using the following supraoptic nuclei posterior pituitary paraventricular nucleus Anterior nuclei 1 Optic chiasm anterior pituitary hypothalamohypophyseal tract nuclei Hypothalamus Infundibulum 5 Third ventricle Inferior hypophyseal artery Hypophyseal vein Mammillary body Posterior bluedoor LLC

The pineal gland the name means pine cone shaped is a small gland located in the cranial cavity attached to the roof of the third ventricle epithalamus It is covered by a capsule and composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes The pineal secretes the hormone melatonin an amine derived from serotonin Melatonin is involved in the regulation of biological clocks including sleep cycles Label the diagram below Intermediate mass Thalamus Mammillary body 3 2 Optic chiasma Infundibulum bluedoor LLC