Biology Questions

Define homeostasis

Figure 5 Figure 1 from Broadhursta et al 2016 reproduced with permission from American Society for Microbiology Analyte method Outcome Acute illness Y Non fatal IgG ELISA Fatal Y IgM ELISA Antigen ELISA 2000 RNA RT PCR Non fatal Fatal Non fatal Fatal Non fatal Fatal Incubation period 2 21 days ND 3 5 Symptom onset Seen in a majority of cases Seen in a minority of cases ND Not detected 9 12 15 Convalescence 18 21 24 27 39 33 36 39 42 45 Days post symptom onset IgG antibodies are detectable for years following infection loss of IgG antibodies has not been characterized 80 Years IgM antibodies are undetectable by day 80 of illness in nearly all patients however IgM antibody detection has been reported at day 168 17 Viral antigen and RNA levels increase until the time of death in fatal cases

What are the major differences between RNA and DNA Distinguish between a pyrimidine and a purine List the major components of a nucleotide and describe how these monomers are link to form a nucleic acid

DNA Replication Describe the semiconservative model of replication Describe the process of DNA replication Explain SDALA

Explain why researchers orginally thought protein was the genetic material Describe the structure of DNA Explain the base pairing rule and describe its significance

10 Describe the process of translation including initiation elongation and termination and explain which enzymes protein factors and energy sources are needed for each stage 11 Describe what determines whether a ribosome will be free in the cytosol or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

6 Explain the general process of transcription including the three major steps of initiation elongation and termination 7 Explain how RNA is modified after transcription in eukaryotic cells f RNA

8 Describe the structure and functions of tRNA 9 Describe the structure and functions of ribosomes

Transcription and Translation

3 Compare where transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes 4 Define codon and explain the relationship between the linear sequence of codo

4 Define codon and explain the relationship between the linear sequence of codons on mRNA and the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide 5 Explain how RNA polymerase recognizes where transcription should begin Describe the promoter the terminator and the transcription unit

2 Briefly explain how information flows from gene to prote Commore where ription and translation occur in pro

Draw a diagram that illustrates the experimental design described in this excerpt Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells To identify candidate reprogramming factors we compiled a list of genes with enriched expression in human ES cells relative to that of other cell types and prioritized the list based on known involvement in the establishment or maintenance of pluripotency We then cloned these genes into a lentiviral vector to screen for combinations of genes that could reprogram the differentiated derivatives of an OCT4 knock in human ES cell line generated through homologous recombination In this cell line the expression of neomycin phosphotransferase which makes cells resistant to geneticin is driven by an endogenous OCT4 promoter a gene that is highly expressed in pluripotent cells but not in differentiated cells Thus reprogramming events reactivating the OCT4 promoter

Let s say you know someone who always just makes stuff up just to sound smart Ugh so annoying But you know enough to know when it s just not true What part of the following charade just doesn t add up Which part of the narrative below is false So I was on my first dig last summer in Europe where I found a fossil ape skeleton It had arms and legs that were roughly the same length We dated the site to about 65 million years ago late Devonian using biostratigraphy of the associated animals The dig leaders are letting ME name the new ape after my dog ok so team leaders are definitely not going to let this person who just showed up name a new fossil ape but what else is wrong Check your answer in section 5 Biostratigraphy can t date that far back in time O There are no fossil apes during the late Devonian or 65mya Ancient fossil apes aren t going to have arms and legs that are similar in length like a monkey

between various late The Assimilation Model of later human evolution suggests that there was limited surviving populations of Neanderthals Denisovans and Homo heidelbergenesis and early modern Homo sapiens as they spread out of Africa in the later Pleistocene Check your answer in Section 5 O genetic drift tool sharing gene flow O cladistics

Homo erectus is one of the first clear examples of tool use or technology influencing their own evolution Which the following is an example of changes that occurred in Homo erectus related to its tool use check your answer in section 5 O developing smaller molars and premolars expensive tissue hypothesis developing a larger brain and a smaller gut O All of these O living into old age and shifts in life history

Which of the following is NOT a reason why some researchers might group Neandethals and humans Homo sapiens together as a single species check your answer in Section 1 and in all of Section 5 Genetic evidence suggests Neanderthals and early modern humans could and did interbreed and reproduce Morphologically neanderthals have an occipital bun and large brow ridge just like humans O Phylogenetically Neanderthals and humans share a common ancestor Homo heidelbergensis

Homo erectus is one of the first hominins in which we have evidence for living into older age What might this also imply about their life history or social behaviors Check your answer in Section 5 Longer life span may also make longer childhoods and thus more social learning possible O Homo erectus learned western medicine via observation of Neanderthals O Homo erectus had a clear gendered division of labor Homo erectus was likely to die in childbirth

scientific racism bad science In addition to the damage done to communities around the world a legacy of scientific racism also hindered our understanding of the fossil record in which of the following ways Check your answer in Section 5 O Researchers long thought that humans were not fully modern with art and jewelry until they researched Europe during migrations because they hadn t studied the African fossil or archaeological records in much detail Researchers initially dismissed the African fossil record in favor of the fake Piltdown Man found in England all of these O When Neanderthals were first discovered they were interpreted as degenerated and invading Cossacks rather than any kind of hominin

Which hominin is thought to be directly on our lineage and NOT a dead end side branch Check your answer in Section 5 O Homo erectus O Paranthropus O Homo luzonensis and Homo floresiensis

In humans birth tends to be difficult Babies need to grow as large of a brain as they can before Check your answer is section 4 O they can no long fit through the pelvis O both of these answers neither of these answers mom s metabolism can no long support their growth

During the end of the Pliocene we see lots of possible taxonomic diversity different hominin species competing against each other in Africa What might have given our lineage an advantage over other more specialized lineages like Paranthropus or Australopithecus hold outs like A sediba check your answer in section 5 Maintaining arboreal traits O Development and consistent use of stone tools Chewing adaptations for heavy grinding Fire and art

The grandmother hypothesis suggests that living into old age and caring for grandchildren rather than continuing to reproduce is naturally selected for which means check your answers in section 4 and 1 O living into old age would need to be inheritable O all of these O not all humans will live into old age O living into old age but focusing on grandchildren rather than continuing to reproduce oneself would still increase reproductive cuccors and inclusive fitners

Humans are direct descendants of chimpanzees This is one of the problems with studying evolution none of the other modern primates have their own fossil records to trait their evolution Check your answer in section 5 O True False

Humans and our ancestors have spent the majority of their prehistory living Check your answer in section 4 and section 5 O as hunter gatherers as agriculturalists or farmers O in large cities such as Ur O in social isolation and adapting to that lifestyl

fying some genes that are important in the onset of lung cancer You have several genes you think may be involved so you print spots of the candidate DNA sequences on a microarray slide After doing this you isolate mRNA from both normal lung cells and cancerous lung cells You make fluorescently tagged cDNA from each mRNA sample the cDNAs from normal cellsare tagged with a green colored molecule and the cDNAs from cancer cells are tagged with a red colored molecule You hybridize the cDNAs with the microarray and get the following data Green spots are labeled with G red spots are labeled with R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A B C R McGraw Hill Education Which of the following spots represent DNA that you should study further as potentially having a role in lung cancer spots A1 and C6 spots B4 and B6 all spots except A1 and C6 8 all spots except A1 B4 B6 and C6 spots A1 B4 B6 and 6

In the fossil record we see evidence of bipedalism before large increases in brain size Which of the following hypotheses attempt to explain why our lineage starts walking on two legs check your answer in section 5 Hands Free for Art early hominins need their hands for cave painting Assimilation Model apes are replaced by other hominins O Running Hypothesis early hominins were efficient bipeds and could run faster than quadrupedal predators The Savannah Hypothesis forests started to disappear in parts of Africa where these early hominins lived

What is your genus and species name it s in your textbook or section 1 section 5 or all quarter spelling counts here so double check it in the bo your notes

Why is Taq polymerase used in a polymerase chain reaction PCR O Taq polymerase is more efficient than other DNA polymerases Unlike other DNA polymerases Taq polymerase is not inhibited by dideoxy nucleotides Unlike other DNA polymerases Taq polymerase is heat stable and survives the 94 degree denaturation step in PCR O Taq polymerase can produce DNA from an RNA template unlike other DNA polymerases Taq polymerase has proofreading activity and thus makes fewer errors than other DNA polymerases

Which of the following is a difference between a viroid and a virus O Viroids are alive and viruses are not O Viroids are composed solely of nucleic acid while viruses are composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat O Viroids contain some genes important for their own replication while viruses rely entirely on host cell enzymes for their replication O Viroids infect only plants while viruses infect only animals and prokaryotes O Viroids are not infectious particles and viruses often cause disease

Place the following events of bacterial conjugation in order from first to last 1 DNA replication 2 an enzyme joins F factor DNA ends 3 sex pilus shortens 4 DNA transfer 5 an enzyme cuts F factor DNA O 3 5 1 4 2 O 3 5 4 2 1 5 1 3 4 2 1 2 3 4 5 O3 5 1 2 4

Dideoxy nucleotides are used in which of the following processes O DNA sequencing transformation O making a recombinant plasmid O microarray analysis

As mentioned previously it is lucky that Mendel chose to study pea plants and even more lucky the specific characteristics of pea plants he examined If he were to study more plants or more characteristics he would have seen exceptions to his principles This is because as we know now each chromosome carries many genes with each gene at a particular locus If genes are located on different chromosomes like we saw in the previous example then they assort independently which is also exactly what Mendel saw But what happens to genes that are located on the same chromosome Well they may be inherited together if they are located near each other These genes are therefore known as linked genes 4 Refer back to the ratios of phenotypes of the offspring generated from the testcross in question 3 on the previous page How would these ratios change if the genes for seed texture and plant height were linked Why Using the same plant let s examine two new traits shape of pollen grains and number of leaves To determine whether these traits assort independently or are linked a cross is performed between a homozygous plant with round pollen grains and two leaves PPLL and a homozygous plant that has long pollen grains and one leaf ppll Examine the diagram below depicting the crosses and then fill in the chart with the expected number of offspring for each phenotype shown P Generation F Generation Testcross Offspring of Testcross PPLL PpLI Meiosis would produce 4 types of gametes Observed Expected PL 991 X PpL1 X Pl 350 ppll ppll PL 334 A plant that is homozygous dominant for both traits is crossed with a plant that is homozygous recessive for both traits The resulting offspring are all heterozygous for both traits One of these offspring is then used in the testcross An offspring from the F generation is then crossed with a plant that is homozygous recessive for both traits pl 1025 pl Meiosis would produce 1 type of gamete 2 700 Total Offspring

Maternal effect genes are expressed when exposed to high concentrations of estrogen are all found on the X chromosome are expressed only in male offspring because they are hemizygous can encode proteins that get translated upon fertilization to establish concentration gradients that span the egg are expressed only in female offspring

The key differences between cell types that allows them to be differentiated from one another are the result of O the DNA present in the nucleus of each cell type differential sorting of chromosomes during mitosis when the cells are dividing the rate of gene expression in different cell types varying density of RNA polymerase to produce more mRNA in some cells than others O the proteins being produced in each cell type transcription factors regulating which genes are expressed and their level of expression O the amount of protein present in different cell types varying density of ribosomes to produce more polypeptides in some cells than others

Bacterial plasmids O can provide genes that allow the bacteria to grow and thrive in the presence of potential toxins O are artificially created by humans and are present in bacteria only because humans put them there are essential for growth are essential for cellular respiration O are essential for chromosome replication and binary fission

Nurse cells transcribe bicoid mRNA and then transport it to the embryo O translate bicoid mRNA into protein transport Bicoid protein to the embryo induce the embryo to transcribe and translate bicoid mRNA translate bicoid mRNA into protein and transport the protein to the embryo

By what mechanism canCRISPR Cas technology introduce a point mutation into a gene O A double crossover replaces DNA cut by Cas9 with a donor DNA O The double strand break made by Cas9 is repaired by end joining O The single guide RNA is incorporated into the eukaryotic genome by Cas9 O The activity of Cas9 changes the DNA sequence of its target

Apical basal patterning genes are expressed in the apical basal and central regions O the apical and basal regions the central region O the basal region O the apical region

In Drosophila the hunchback gene encodes a protein HB that is required in the correct concentrations for proper segmentation of the embryo In the zygote and embryo the expression of hunchback is stimulated by high concentrations of Bicoid protein You manipulate a Drosophila embryo to have high Bicoid concentrations throughout Which of the following would occur The HB protein would not be produced at all and segmentation would not occur correctly O The HB protein would be produced throughout the entire embryo and segmentation would not occur correctly O The HB protein would not be produced at all Segmentation would not occur correctly O The HB protein would be produced throughout the entire embryo

You thinly slice a carrot root and place the slices on a medium containing nutrients and hormones necessary for plant growth After a few weeks you see that there are many little entire carrot plants growing from the root slices The cells in the root can give rise to an entire plant because many plant cells are embryonic O unipotent semipotent O pluripotent Ototipotent

You cut a plasmid with a restriction enzyme that cuts it into three pieces one fragmentis 240 base pairs one fragmentis 600 base pairs and one fragment is 1200 base pairs You carry out electrophoresis of the digested sample Which of the fragments will be closer to the top of the gel where the sample was inserted O It depends on the charge of the DNA fragment O They will all be near the top because they all have sticky ends O The 240 base pair fragment The 600 base pair fragment O The 1200 base pair fragment

You are working in a Drosophila lab and find a larva with two anterior ends Both a normal larva and the mutant larva are shown below What is the most likely explanation for the mutant larvaphenotype Anterior Posterior Normal or wild type larva Mutant larva A protein encoded by a segment polarity gene is not degraded correctly and accumulates in both ends of the embryo The nurse cells that produce the Bicoid protein are defective so there is no protein at either end of the embryo There is a mutation in the bicoid gene causing no functional Bicoid protein to be made

Which stretch of double stranded DNA is most likely to be recognized as a restriction enzyme cutting site O 5 TCGGCT 3 3 TCGGCT 5 O 5 ACCCCT 3 3 TGGGGA 5 O 5 TCCGGA 3 3 AGGCCT 5 5 GAATCG 3 3 CTTAGC 5 5 GTTCAT 3 3 CAAGTA 5

The organizational phases of development are regulated by morphogens and transcription factors only segmentation genes O morphogens transcription factors and segmentation genes transcription factors morphogens

What question is most likely to be answered if the goals of the Human Genome Project are met O How did plasmids evolve Should companies that discover disease related genes ex BRCA genes be allowed to patent them What are the functions of repetitive sequences in prokaryotic organisms How many genes does the genome of Borrelia burgdorferi contain

Restriction enzymes are invaluable tools in gene cloning because O they replicate the DNA of interest they cut at specific sites within the DNA and produce sticky ends allowing DNA from different sources to be joined together O they replicate the gene of interest they cut at specific sites within the DNA and produce sticky ends allowing DNA from different sources to be joined together they can produce sticky ends so DNA from different sources can be joined together they cut both strands of DNA at specific sites

What is an advantage of cDNA libraries over genomic libraries cDNA libraries are more stable than genomic libraries O cDNA only contains protein coding exons O cDNA libraries are cheaper to make than genomic libraries cDNA libraries require fewer steps to make than genomic libraries O CRNA lacks von

When you do a Bradford Assay and create a standard curve of absorbance at 595 nm for known protein concentrations the formula of the regression line y mx b can be used to calculate of unknown protein samples if you perform a Bradford Assay on the unknown protein samples Look back at the graphing examples in class assignment and the Labster pipetting simulation concentration absorbance slope dilution

mouse skeletal stem cells mSSC It shows the stem cell family tree that can be generated from mSSCs The figure shows each cell type with its marker profile means the protein is expressed means the protein is not expressed Apply your knowledge of how FACS analysis works to indicate how the mSSC marker profile could be used to isolate the mSSCs from tissues There are eight 8 markers named CD45 TER119 Tie2 AlphaV Thy 6C3 CD105 CD200 You should address all of the markers mentioned for the mSSC in your answer Mouse Cartilage Cartilage progenitors CD45 TER 119 Tie2 AlphaV Thy 6C3 Bone Osteoprogenitors CD45 TER 119 Tie2 AlphaV mSSC CD45 TER 119 Tie2 AlphaV Thy 6C3 CD105 CD200 BCSP CD45 TER 119 Tie2 AlphaV Thy 6C3 CD105 B lymphocyte stromal progenitor Stroma 6C3 cells Hepatic leukemia CD45 TER factor expressing 119 Tie2 cells