Biology Questions

Question 4 A particle of light is termed proton O True O False

1 In the rock cycle on earth metamorphic rocks can form a Only from sedimentary rocks b Only from pre existing igneous rock c Only from a different type of metamorphic rock d From any eroding pre existing rock 2 The Ring of Fire is not only a great Johnny Cash song but is also a Circum Pacific region marked by active plate boundaries b The circular area around an active volcano C Relates specifically to the Yellowstone super volcano d Another term for a caldera 3 The heavy bombardment or iron catastrophe event created a A homogenous planet b A heterogonous planet c Faults that are still active d A planet where are the elements are mixed together 4 A tsunami moves across the open ocean so fast because a Its large amplitude b Constructive interference pushes the wave faster the usuall c No frictional contact with deep ocean sea bed The wave length between crests is very short

1 Match the words on the left to their definitions on the right Voca A gross B Sioux C repressed D taunt E shallow F grieve G sudden urge H huddle 1 smudge J eccentric G considered by other people to be strange or unusual I dirtied marked with dirt to gather close together usually for privacy or warmth A very strong feeling or driving force to be sad about someone s death name of an Indian tribe to insult to tease or challenge not deep lacking substance disgusting A not showing your feelings either consciously or uncons

2 Give the words for these definitions a Inappropriate conduct committed against the opposing team during a sports competition b Not planned but done because you suddenly want to do it c Going against the wishes or the orders of something or someone d Hatred of gay homosexual people e To cause someone to feel fear or anxiety f To show dangerous intent g To sew with needle and thread h Sliding across the floor with one s whole body spread apart

The following figure shows a regulatory protein being produced on the left Based on the information in the figure this protein must function in which of the following ways Gene encoding a regulatory protein Promoter mRNA Regulatory protein Regulatory Target sequence gene O b mRNA DNA Structural protein or enzyme a In the presence of the end product of the operon this protein will bind to the regulatory region and acts as an activator This protein must influence a hairpin sequence and thus fine tunes the operon c This protein may act as either an activator or repressor d This protein would not have an effect on transcription of the target gene e When glucose binds to it the protein binds to the regulatory sequence and prevents transcription of the target gene

Proteolysis of the influenza to a produces a fusion peptide which initially binds glycoprotein on the host s cell membrane that serves as a receptor a neuraminidase N acetylglucosamine Ob nuclear packaging protein mainose c nucleocapsid protein glucosamine d hemagglutinin sialic acid O e matrix protein fucose Cl Saved

Listen Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and contained within a nucleus and they contain DNA associated to a core of histone proteins called the a centromere b nucleosome O c divisome d capsid

Question 35 1 point 1 Listen Sigma factors can be regulated in all of the following ways EXCEPT through a excising the DNA that comprises the gene for the sigma factor b control by an RNA thermometer c attachment of an anti sigma factor O d modulation of the secondary structures of the mRNA for the sigma factor by proteolysis

The mechanism behind slipped strand mispairing is that O a short repeats allow for slippage of the RNA polymerase during transcription of the affected genes b an invertible promoter slips into different reading frames O c short repeats allow for slippage of DNA polymerase during replication which leads to an out of frame reading sequence Od short repeats slip and turn genes off but they can never be turned back on O e the genes coding for lipopolysaccharide in Gram negative bacteria can be slinned in and out of frame

Listen Which of the following is true of the DNA double helix a Adenine complements cytosine Ob Only major grooves can be formed Oc The strands are parallel d Guanine complements thymine e Phosphate groups are located at the 5 ends of both strands

What is the approximate size of Okazaki fragments in E coli a 10 bp b 1 000 bp c 10 000 bp d 50 bp e 100 bp

ving figure shows the structures involved in attachment of HIV to a host cell The protein gp120 is represented by the number CCR5 is indicated by and CD4 by Viral membrane 3 2 m Cell membrane a 1 2 3 b 5 3 4 5 Receptor induced conformational change Viral and host membranes fuse Fusion peptides contract

The role of ExPortal in Streptococci is to a serve as a secretion system and a chaperone b mark proteins for destruction O c foron S S bonds needed for protein structure d anchor proteins to the nucleoid e secrete proteins to the periplasmic space

The tegument surrounding the capsid of herpes viruses can be best described as a a host derived lipid envelope with spike proteins gB and gN b an icosahedral structure formed by two kinds of polypeptide subunits c a compact nucleocapsid d an ensemble of about 15 virus encoded proteins plus proteins from the previous host e a double membrane envelope with large pores

The mutation rate of HIV is among the highest known for any virus This leads to the evolution of the virus into a quasispecies The following are characteristics of an HIV quasispecies EXCEPT that O a HIV virions gain genes from the host s chromosomes different HIV mutant strains may attack different organs and predominate at different stages of infection b c in a new recipient only a virus type close to the original one that generated the quasispecies will multiply d HIV mutant strains keep a permanent infected state and maintain immunosupression e an infective virion replicates with rapid mutations and trait diversification

The mechanism of entry of herpesviruses DNA into the nucleus of a host cell is similar to that of a HIV whose core particle partly uncoats phage T4 which injects its DNA into the bacterial host via high pressure idjection c plasmid F transfer during bacterial conjugation bl b d bacterial transformation e HIV transfer of virions via nanotubular connections

Which of the following molecules is NOT provided by the herpes simplex virus during host cell entry and replication a scaffold of microtubules b virion host shutoff factor Oc single strand DNA binding proteins O d proof reading endonuclease e DNA polymerase

RNA synthesis of influenza virus is primed by host mRNA containing 7 methylguanosine triphosphate obtained by O a the rolling circle mechanism b cap snatching c exocytosis d telomerase activity e endocytosis

The replacement of the genome of Mycoplasma capricolum with the modified genome of M mycoides is considered to be a significant accomplishment because it O a demonstrates that genetic manipulation of recalcitrant organisms is impossible Jay b enables gene editing of species Oc creates a riboswitch board d merges the genomes into a hybrid

How does the herpes simplex virus genome reach the interior of an infected cell a The intact viral capsid travels down a scaffold of microtubules to a nuclear pore b The capsid proteins are disassembled upon entering the cytoplasm c The capsid remains outside the cell the nucleic acid is threaded through a receptor in the membrane O d The viral particle enters the cell by endocytosis and releases virion contents into the cytoplasm e DNA is forced into the capsid

Potential applications of bacterial oscillator switches include all the following EXCEPT a the study of controlled interactions between two feedback genetic loops b the design of bacterial genetic circuits to detect toxins c the design of bacterial clocks d reactivity to concentrations of specific molecules such as arabinose e the reduction of noise in biological circuits

Which of the following experimental procedures is NOT used in ChIP seq a DNA protein complexes are cross linked b Transcription factors are released from DNA which is then amplified and identified by sequencing Bead bound antibodies to transcription factors are used to precipitate transcription factors cross linked with DNA d DNA is extracted and sheared c initated using a secondary antibody

A difference between type II restriction enzyme and type I or type III restriction enzymes is that O a type II enzymes require shorter recognition sequences b type I and III require different proteins for methylation and cutting c type II enzymes cut at the recognition sequence rather than elsewhere d type I and III cut palindromic sequences but type Il does not e type II enzymes are found only in Gram positive bacteria

B Name 3 proteins in these signal transduction pathways that we discussed that have SH2 domains Discuss what these proteins bind to and their function in the signal transduction pathway The STATS bind to the receptor through their SH2 domain Then the JAKS phosphorylate the STATS Phosphorylation causes them to change shape dissociate away from the receptor and form a dimer through their SH2 domains They are able to be imported to the nucleus and act as transcription factors I C Explain which proteins the proteins named in part B bind to with their SH2 domains

Question 10 Antibody inhibition of RTK Function Antibodies are Y shaped molecules that carry two identical binding sites at the end of the Y arms of the antibodies called the antigen binding sites Scientists have discovered or developed antibodies such as Herceptin a drug that is used to treat breast cancer that specifically bind to the extracellular domains of particular receptor tyrosine kinases When cells expressing a particular RTK are exposed to an antibody that binds to RTK one of three outcomes may occur 1 the antibody might cause activation 2 the antibody may block activation and 3 the antibody may not affect the function of the RTK Describe a molecular mechanism e g where does the antibody bind and what does it do that could explain each outcome

A Cancer cells often have acquired mutations that disrupt their ability to undergo programmed cell death Name three 3 mutations loss of function or gain of function in the RTK P13 kinase AKT pathway that would lead to the survival pathway being always on or over active And for each explain the mechanism by which this mutation would cause the pathway to be over active Number or bullet point your responses for organizational purposes

Mapk pathway you make a variety of mutants and then express them in some stem cells Remember that this pathway is involved in cell division signaling in these cells Determine whether you think the following mutations could lead to an over proliferate cell phenotype for those stem cells A MapKK has what we call a phosphomimetic mutation with a Serine Aspartic Acid mutation at the site phosphorylated by MapKKK If this works as intended this mutation causes MapKK to always exist in what would be the phosphorylated state

B There is a phosphatase called PTEN that dephosphorylates PIP3 so that it becomes PIP2 What type of mutation in PTEN loss of function or gain of function would cause cells to potentially not undergo programmed cell death when they should be undergoing programmed cell death Explain your reasoning Then discuss whether this mutation could lead to a cancerous phenotype

A couple is told by their doctor that the reason why they cannot have children is that the sperm of the male lack motility because it does not have the structures responsible for propulsion Which cellular structures are likely to be the underlying cause of this lack of motility Endoplasmatic reticulum Vacuoles Golgi apparatus Microtubules

Microtubules contribute to intracellular transport and mitotic spindles True False

Microtubules have an outer diameter of 25mm True False

Cytoskeletal elements are found in bacteria archaea and eukaryotes True False

Passive transport is a function of the cytoskeleton True False

Microfilaments function in maintenance of animal cell shape All of the above cell division muscle contraction cytoplasmic streaming

Microtubules have an outer diameter of O 7 mm 25 nm 7 nm 8 12 nm 25 mm

Which of the following is not a function of the cytoskeleton O cell division O organelle movement establishing cell shape cell locomotion passive transport

Malformation of which cytoskeletal structures may be linked to an inability to contract muscle Centrioles Intermediate filaments Microfilaments Microtubulos

Your trachea have short hair like cell process that move the mucus What is the name of these hair like structures and which cytoskeletal elements form them Cilia microtubules Microvilli microtubules Villi intermediate filaments Flagella microfilaments

Cytoskeletal elements are found in O b archaea a bacteria c eukaryotes e a b and c d b and c only

Which protein of the cytoskeleton will guide chromosomes during cell division Microtubules tubulin and Intermediate filaments Microtubules tubulin Microfilaments actin Intermediato filaments

The ciliary action of the cells lining the lumen of fallopian tube are responsible for transporting an egg from the ovaries to the uterus Which cytoskeleton structures are linked to this movement Microtubules Flagella Microfilaments Intermediate filaments

A Describe the process that would generate a mouse conditional knockout of Nanog in primitive hematopoietic cells It is not necessary to understand the function of primitive hematopoietic cells to answer this question B Why is a conditional knockout approach required for studying Nanog in mouse primitive hematopoietic cells

I Objective Experimental Setup Plant Handling Duration and Data Collection To examine the effects of different soil mass levels on the number of leaves on each branch of Marigold Tagetes plants Four pots with different levels of soil mass 5 cm 7 5 cm 12 cm and 15 cm The constant variables included same amounts of water similar location sites and sunlight exposure Pots located on the balcony containing the Marigold plants They all receive the same kind soil and are kept outside the entire day time of the IA experiment Leaves are hand counted in every trial Continuous experiment for approximately 1 5 months With 4 specific records of data collection days August 8 10 16 20 and 25 Sufficient doto

Herbicides are chemicals used to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants and weeds Many herbicides work by blocking electron carriers or reducing their ability to carry electrons in the light dependent reactions One such chemical is DCMU 3 3 4 dichlorophenyl 1 1 dimethylurea DCMU is an algaecide and herbicide that works by blocking the electron binding site of plastoquinone This means that photosystem II is unable to transfer electrons from the splitting of water to plastoquinone This effectively shuts down the linear flow of electrons in the light dependent reactions a Identify the molecule produced in the light dependent reactions that would be most affected by the shutting down of linear electron flow b Connect how the molecule affected in part a is used in the Calvin cycle c Describe what would effectively happen to the Calvin cycle as a result of exposure to DCMU

Volume of Soil 8 8 2023 Level 1 5 cm 8 8 2023 Level 2 7 5 cm 8 8 2023 Level 3 12 cm 8 8 2023 Level 4 15 cm 3 10 2023 Level 1 5 cm 8 10 2023 Level 2 7 5 cm 8 10 2023 Level 3 12 cm 8 10 2023 Level 4 15 cm 8 16 2023 Level 1 5 cm 8 16 2023 Level 2 7 5 cm 8 16 2023 Level 3 12 cm 8 16 2023 Level 4 15 cm 8 20 2023 Level 1 5 cm 8 20 2023 Level 2 7 5 cm 8 20 2023 Level 3 12 cm 8 20 2023 Level 4 15 Leaves per branch 20 22 18 20 17 22 18 15 11 15 20 16 5 11 9 12

11 Sequential Action of a Signaling Kinase Cascade Imagine that you have two kinases that you know work sequentially but you don t know in what order they act For the purposes of this question let s call the kinases PK X and PK Y You are given data and need to figure out in what order the kinases function Does PK X phosphorylate PK Y or vice versa You can determine this from the information given When either kinase is individually completely inactivated cells do not respond to the norma extracellular signal Cells containing a mutant form of PK X that is permanently active gain of function respond even in the absence of an extracellular signal Cells with mutations that contain a loss of function in PK Y AND a gain of function in PK X respond even in the absence of a signal A In the unmutated signaling pathway does PK X activate PK Y or does PK Y activate PK X Explain your reasoning B What outcome would you have predicted for a doubly mutant cell line with a gain of function mutation in PK Y and a loss of function mutation in PK X Explain your reasoning

Annie has written the following thesis statement for her persuasive speech All nations must unite to address the 4 main causes of global warming natural causes pollution increase in population and deforestation Which of the following illustrates the most appropriate way to organize her speech a Annie lists 15 reasons for deforestation and then explains her topic and presents her theme b After introducing her topic Annie makes numerous PowerPoint slides of the areas hardest hit by deforestation and thinking her audience will be bored she doesn t cover natural causes pollution increase in population She just makes a slide listing them as other problems After stating her topic is global warming Annie lists nations which are currently doing the most to stop pollution but she doesn t ask the audience to do anything about it After introducing her topic and making her thesis clear Annie uses several supporting details and specific examples to encourage her audience to reduce global warming in each of the 4 areas mentioned in her thesis then concludes by summarizing C d Please select the best answer from the choices provided Submit

What properties of ES or ES like cells were measured in you assigned paper For each property of ES cells state what assays were used Question what does it mean with assays Does it mean experiments used or what procedures were used to measure or determine something what is an assay in biology exactly What properties FS may

a Derive the Adams Moulton three step Method using the interpolation polynomial in Newton s form with interpolation points t 1 t t 1 2 Hint You may refer to the value of integration of 1 f ds on lecture notes and note the fact that f t 1 y t 1 f ti 1 Yi 1 3f t y 3f ti 1 1 f ti 2 Yi 2 b Using the condition for the consistency and convergence of the multistep method show the method in a is consistent and at least order 2 i e you only need to verify j a lj 1b for l 1 2

14 FILL IN THE BLANK STA Select the best term from the list below and complete the following statements antecubital space arrhythmia diastolic electrocardiogram metabolism pulse radial respiration 3 8 1 dilated 6 The rhythm 2 The is a procedure that measures the electrical activity of the heartbeat and can be used in th detection and diagnosis of heart abnormalities 7 The sphygmomanometer stethoscope temperature thermometer tympanic volume is the term used to describe the blood pressure reading when the heart chambers are relaxed and refers to the physical and chemical processes that occur within a living cell or organism that a necessary for the maintenance of life 4 An irregularity in the force or rhythm of the heartbeat is termed 5 relates to the fold in the arm in front of the elbow is a rhythmic throbbing of arteries produced by regular contraction of the heart artery is located at the base of the thumb on the wrist side is the act or process of inhaling and exhaling breathing 15 The quantity or amount of a substance is its 9 The instrument used for measuring blood pressure is the 10 The instrument that is used for listening to sounds produced within the body is the 11 is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or an environment 12 The instrument used for measuring a person s temperature is the 13 is a sequence or pattern relates to or resembles a drum