Cell: The Unit of Life Questions and Answers

Which serum sample contains antibodies that block infection Sample A Sample B A Neither OB Both

You are comparing the events of meiosis I in cells from several different organisms You come across one species in which you do hot is Multiple Choice the chromosome pairs will not assort independently chiasmata will form during meiosis I kinetochores of sister chromatids do not fuse there is no crossing over between non sister chromatids

The point of connection between two sister chromatids before anaphase II of meiosis separates them is called the Multiple Choice centromere spindle apparatus centrosome kinetochore

B The ciliated columnar epithelial cells in humans are AIPMT Prelims 2011 known to occur in 1 Fallopian tubes and urethra 2 Eustachian tube and stomach lining 3 Bronchioles and fallopian tubes 4 Bile duct and oesophagus

Select the TRUE statement regarding viruses Viruses have completely random shapes Viruses may be unicellular or multicellular Virus are considered living because they contain nucleic acid Most viruses are smaller than bacteria but bigger than ribosomes Viruses always cause death of the host cells they infect

Match either the insect or characteristic to the type of metamorphosis Hexapods may undergo Egg several instars adult Cicadas Butterfly Wings develop externally and increase in size animal grows by successive molts Egg larva pupa adult Egg juvenile adult Transitional stage where organisms are usually inactive and nonfeeding Springtails 1 Ametabolous 2 Hemimetabolous 3 Holometabolous

A scientist wants to study histones Histones are Multiple Choice proteins that regulate checkpoints in the mitotic cell cycle proteins that serve as the spindle fiber to pull sister chromatids apart during anaphase proteins that double stranded DNA molecules wrap around in eukaryotes proteins that double stranded DNA molecules wrap around in prokaryotes and eukaryotes proteins that required for the activity of Cdk enzymes

What are the 3 steps in gluconeogenesis that are different from glycolysis Propose a reason for why these steps are needed

Which of the following equations best summarizes cellular respiration C6H12O6 6 02 6 CO2 6 H2O 06 CO2 6 H2O light energy C6H12O6 6 02 C6H12O6 6 H2O C6H12O6 6 H2O 6 CO2 6 02 ATP 6 CO2 6 02 C6H1206 6 H2O 6 CO2 6 02

11 25 oints AMP activated protein kinase AMPK is an enzyme that is activated by high levels of AMP in cells If levels of AMP are high in cells that means that levels of ATP are low Once active AMPK activates catabolic pathways and inhibits anabolic pathways in the cell Why do you think that is the case Choose the answer that best explains the role of AMPK Multiple Choice By activating catabolic pathways AMPK provides a mechanism to activate exergonic pathways which is important if AMP levels are high in the cell O High levels of AMP Indicate that there is a high amount of energy stored in the cell thus activating catabolic pathways and inhibiting anabolic pathways are mechanisms to use stored energy By inhibiting anabolic pathways AMPK provides a mechanism to generate heat for the cell which is important if AMP levels are high in the cell Activating catabolic pathways and inhibiting anabolic pathways will ultimately lead to higher consumption of ATP which is important if AMP levels are high in the cell

We homogenize tissue to lyse the cells True False

Hydrolysis water added H O A nucleotide is formed when phosphoric acid and a base are chemically bonded to a sugar molecule In both cases water is given off and they are therefore condensation reactions Double Stranded DNA The double helix structure of DNA is like a ladder twisted into a corkscrew shape around its longitudinal axis It is unwound here to show the relationships between the bases ONA ishin The way the correct pairs of bases are attracted to each other to form hydrogen bonds is determined by the number of bonds they can form and the shape length of the base The template strand the side of the DNA molecule that stores the information that is transcribed into mRNA The template strand is also called the antisense strand The other side often called the coding strand has the same nucleotide sequence as the mRNA except that T in DNA substitutes for U in mRNA The coding strand is also called the sense strand R 3 b Phosphate c Hydrogen bonds between bases a Explain the base pairing rule that applies in double stranded DNA together by a condensation reaction between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of another 3 Describe the functional role of nucleotides The diagram above depicts a double stranded DNA molecule Label the following parts on the diagram a Sugar deoxyribose d Purine bases e Pyrimidine bases b Explain how this differs in mRNA c Describe the purpose of the hydrogen bonds in double stranded DNA 5 3

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes Include two aspects o comparison and two aspects of contrast

Referencing the figure below discuss the advantages of some of these gaits over others sprawling semi erect erect

The ocular or eyepiece of the microscope you use has a magnification of 10X What is the total magnification if you observe a slide with the low power lens in position 20x 40x 100x 400x

What causes amoeboid feeding cells of cellular slime molds to aggregate into a large multicellular slug form low moisture level proximity to other cells of the same species low nutrient levels increased sunlight

Arrange the following items in the order in which they receive electrons from glycolysis and TCA oxidations and harness the energy to establish a transmembrane proton gradient Question List 5 items Drag and drop into the appropriate area Oxidoreductase Order of electron acceptors 1 NAD 2 Oxygen 3 4 5

In addition to intrinsic properties such as changes in enthalpy AH and entropy AS the direction of a given reaction is dependent on the microenvironment in which the reaction takes place Therefore to facilitate comparisons scientists often use the term AG to refer to AG as determined under standard conditions Which of the following is are included in standard conditions Select all that apply Choose one or more O A concentration of reactants OB temperature C pressure O D pH O E humidity OF concentration of products

1 Mioplusus and Coelocanthus Mioplusus is a Tertiary ray fin fish Coelocanthus is a living lobe fin fish This is a scale model of Coelocanthus What primary feature distinguishes ray fin fishes from lobe fin fishes Sketch an example of a fin from each to highlight your description

What is the difference between direct and indirect immunocytochemistry O Indirect immunocytochemistry does not use use antibodies O Indirect immunocytochemistry uses a secondary antibody O Direct immunocytochemistry can tell you directions to the mall O Indirect immunocytochemistry uses a primary antibody that is directly conjugated to a label

Used to detect proteins or antigens using a chemistry formula O Used to measure the amount of sugar in the body Used to detect specific proteins or antigens within cells using antibodies O Used to detect any proteins and any antigens within a cell using antibodies

What is live cell imaging O Looking at the cell behavior once they are dead Printing a picture of a cell It is a technique used to visualize and study the behavior of living cells in real time It is a technique used to amplify a DNA segment

How many of the following statements regarding transport across the cell membrane are correct 1 Endocytosis and Exocytosis are active transport and use energy II ATP is always used in active transport III All cells carry out the three types of endocytosis IV In the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis small molecules cannot cross the membrane a O b 1 c 2 d 3 el 4

Which one of the following statements is true for mitochondria only and not for both mitochondria and chloroplasts a They duplicate their genetic material and reproduce by dividing in two b They cannot grow and reproduce when isolated from the cell c They are enclosed by two layers of phospholipid bilayers d They are found in all aerobic eukaryotic cells e They are thought to have been independent organisms engulfed by pre eukaryotic cells

they are the site at which the indenza virus mirstomos a cen O All of these are correct QUESTION 5 Why did liposomes not work against diseases as hoped when they were first tried O They were degraded in the bloodstream O Immune system phagocytes removed them from the bloodstream before they could exert an effect O They leaked before getting to their target 4 O They were targeted incorrectly O They expanded osmotically and lysed before reaching their target QUESTION 6 How are the new stealth liposomes protected from immune system phagocytes O They are kept cold before use O They are coated with carbohydrates O They are given a synthetic polymer coating that protects them from immune destruction O They are loaded with radioactive isotopes O They are colored red QUESTION 7

QUESTION 39 Signal transition is a function of cell membrane O True O False QUESTION 40 You have fused a mouse cell and a human cell and then treated the cell with specific antibodies that are covalently linked to fluorescent dyes antiboc to mouse proteins green antibodies to human proteins red Immediately after fusion the cell appears to be yellow in color O True O False QUESTION 41 Lipid rafts contain higher concentrations of sphingolipids and cholesterol and certain proteins become concentrated within them O True

QUESTION 45 The largest proteins move the farthest during SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis O True O False QUESTION 46 The neuron cell nucleus located is located in the cell body O True O False QUESTION 47 All membranes plasma nuclear or cytoplasmic from plants animals or microorganisms have the same ultrastructure O True O False

5 Saprolegnia a parasitic water mold parasitizes 9 and has a cell wall composed of unlike the true fungi which have cell walls composed of

Prokaryotes Choose Eukaryotes Choose Choose the RNA synthesis inside the nucleus protein synthesis in cytoplasm RNA synthesis in cytoplasm protein synthesis inside the nucleus RNA and protein synthesis coupled in cytoplasm 1

What features distinguish small regulatory RNA SRNA from cis antisense RNA asRNA Features 6 items Drag and drop into the appropriate area below affects only one gene product Regulatory RNA 700 3000 nt in length intergenic SRNA 100 200 nt in length may have multiple targets as RNA found within coding regions

Which of the following statements is are TRUE i European nations had been colonizing for centuries and in the late 1800s began to focus on Africa for its raw materials and markets ii Britain France Belgium Italy Germany Portugal and Spain did not split the continent among themselves iii European nations staked their claims and signed treaties to reserve colonies and avoid wars

Identify each phrase as a characteristic of prokaryotes or eukaryotes Animals and plants Bacteria and Archaea Nucleus and mitochondrion Range from 10 100 um in diameter Average 1 0 m in diameter Prokaryotes Nucleoid and pili Eukaryotes SPR WAR

B 12 Identify the structure labeled A 13 Identify the structure labeled B

Passive Transport a type of passive transport where molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a region of high concentration of water to a region of low concentration of water the concentration gradient with the assistance of a channel protein the passive transport of molecules or ions down Active Transport Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions from a region of concentration to a region of Transport of Large Particles space Active transport is powered by the molecule In order to move substances like ions against their transport proteins change their concentration that requires the expenditure of in response to ATP activation the process of cells secreting particles to the extracellular space the process of cells taking in substances from the extracellular the process of cells engulfing pathogens or debris the process of cells taking in fluids from the extracellular space

An solution is when the concentration of solutes is the same inside the cell compared to the surrounding solution Water molecules are in a dynamic meaning that there is equal movement of molecules in and out of the membrane A solution is when the concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell compared to the surrounding solution In this case H 0 will diffuse the cell A solution is when the concentration of solutes is lower inside the cell compared to the surrounding solution In this case H 0 will diffuse the cell H O H O In contrast a membrane pushes against the H O In plant cells loss of water from the vacuole causes cells to become happen in a solution solution would cause the cells to become Vacuole This would where the cell Passive Transport a type of passive transport where molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a region of high concentration of water to a region of low concentration of water the passive transport of molecules or ions down the concentration gradient with the assistance of a channel protein Active Transport Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions from a region of concentration to a region of Active transport is powered by the molecule In order to move substances like ions against their transport proteins change their Transport of Large Particles concentration that requires the expenditure of space in response to ATP activation the process of cells secreting particles to the extracellular space the process of cells taking in substances from the extracellular the process of cells engulfing pathogens or debris the process of cells taking in fluids from the extracellular space

5 Now please look at the two articles that you have downloaded Note that they are formatted very differently Every journal has their own requirements for how journal articles and the citations within them should be formatted As an author it is your responsibility to follow their formatting instructions Often if you do not they will not review your article for publication Likewise the biology department has its own standards for how papers and the citations within them should be formatted a Please go to https www csub edu biology files How 20to 20Write 14 pdf i DOWNLOAD THIS FILE AND KEEP IT IN A SAFE PLACE YOU WILL NEED IT FOR NEARLY ALL OF YOUR BIOLOGY COURSES 1st author ii Use this document to properly format a citation pg 8 for the article by Axelrod and Hamilton 1981 Hint we do not use APA or MLA so you must use the document that you just downloaded and follow it exactly See below for an example 2nd author 3rd author Last author Year Article title continued McBride T A B W Stockert F A Gorin and R C Carlsen 2000 Stretch activated ion channels contribute to membrane depolarization after eccentric exercise Journal of Applied Physiology 88 91 101 Article title Journal Volume Pages iii Look at the References and Notes section for the evolution paper What are two differences between their citation format and that of the CSUB Biology Department the citation format you just followed with the previous question Be clear about what they do and how we do it differently

27 Please list the 5 main components of the endomembrane systems and provide their main functions

Which of the following best illustrates SELECTIVE ATTENTION for perception of inputs O Listening to music while exercising in order to avoid focusing on the pain in your body from the workout O Neglecting the noise of the air conditioner in the room and focusing on the lecture content O All of these O Somehow hearing the specific words spoken by your best friend while having a meal in a loud restaurant and not really hearing all the noise other people make

Organisms may have survived by staying near O staying near hot springs O the surface of the earth O burying themselves in soil O basking in the sun

Please explain the structure of the following organelles plasma membrane chloroplast nucleus How does the structure relate to its funct

Which of the following are attributes of organelles O replicates itself O has own DNA O lives inside other cells O membrane bound may survive outside of the larger cell

The low molecular weight building blocks of polymers are called O minipolymers monoblocks monomers portions octamers QUESTION 32 Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide in plant O True O False QUESTION 33 Which amino acid is most likely to be found in the core of a protein methionine Oasparagine serine threonine glutamic acid

Unit 5 Vocabulary Matching Introduction to Genetics 1 Situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed 2 Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait 3 Genetic makeup of an organism 4 Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes 5 Sex cell 6 Having two different alleles for a particular gene 7 One of different forms of a gene 8 Having two identical alleles for a particular gene 9 Physical characteristics of an organism 12 Term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent A Trait B Codominance C Polygenic trait D Gene 10 Structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis 11 Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell 15 Scientific study of heredity 16 Separation of alleles during gamete formation 17 Likelihood that a particular event will occur E Hybrid F Genotype G Haploid H Fertilization I Melosis J Diploid K Genetics 13 Term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes 14 Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis 18 Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits 19 One of Mendel s principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes L Punnett square M Phenotype N Principle of dominance O Crossing over P Heterozygous Q Incomplete dominance 20 Diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross 21 Gene that has more than two alleles 22 Specific characteristic of an individual 23 Trait controlled by two or more genes R Independent assortment 24 Mendel s second conclusion which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive S Gamete thor allele T Allele U Homozygous V Homologous W Segregation X Multiple allele 25 Process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell Y Probability Z Tetrad

Please explain the structure of the following organelles plasma membrane chloroplast nucleus How does the structure relate to its function

ten Please explain the structure of the following organelles plasma membrane chloroplast nucleus How does the structure relate to its function

The overall movement of liquid from areas of high potential energy to areas of lov potential energy is termed O bulk flow diffusion osmosis

diffusion osmosis bulk flow turgor pressure Question 6 1 pts Plasma membranes in both plants and animals are lipd bilayer structures which conform to the fluid mosaic model of integrated proteins Are there any significant differences between plant and animal plasma membranes No Yes they contain different types of proteins exclusive to their phyla i e there are plant proteins and animal proteins plants don t have proteins found in animals and vice verse Yes the plasma membranes of plants are composed of phospholipid and sterol compounds such as stigmasterol animals are composed of phospholipid and cholesterol The sterol compounds regulate the fluidity of the membrane more makes the membrane more rigid

ed proteins Are there any significant differences between plant and animal plasma membranes No Yes they contain different types of proteins exclusive to their phyla i e there are plant proteins and animal proteins plants don t have proteins found in animals and vice verse Yes the plasma membranes of plants are composed of phospholipid and sterol compounds such as stigmasterol animals are composed of phospholipid and cholesterol The sterol compounds regulate the fluidity of the membrane more makes the membrane more rigid Yes plants do not have transmembrane proteins while animals have both integral and peripheral proteins not found in plants Question 7 1 pts Glycoproteins are short chain oligosaccarides attached to peripheral proteins of plasma membranes they are important in the recognition of molecules such as hormones and serve as markers for the immune system True

True False Question 5 The net flow of water i e a solvent across a semipermeable membrane from areas of high low potential energy is termed diffusion osmosis 1 F bulk flow

A specimen observed under the 20x objective is using 75 of the filed of view of the microscope Will I be able to see the whole specimen if I observe it under the 40x objective True False