Human Physiology - Neural Control & Coordination Questions and Answers

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on urination? It increases urination. It decreases urination. It can change the chemistry of the urine, but it does not affect the amount of urination. It can change the amount of the blood that goes to the kidneys, but it does not affect the amount of urination.

What are some effects of prostaglandins in the body? Check all that apply. work to make reactions go faster in digestive and metabolic processes assuring that growth occurs properly may cause inflammation and pain raise or lower blood pressure stimulate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle

Which of the following best explains how dendrites contribute to the function of the neuron? Choose 1 answer: A They cause the neuron to move in response to a signal. B They allow the neuron to integrate signals from multiple sources. C They allow the neuron to distribute DNA to other nearby cells.

A client has been receiving haloperidol (Haldol), a dopamine antagonist. When the psychiatrist changes the order to aripiprazole (Abilify), a partial dopamine antagonist, the nurse anticipates the client will experience which effect? Answers A-D Greater efficacy from the new drug Fewer side effects greater reduction in symptomsGreater adherence in taking the drug

Which of the following statements is FALSE? The messages of the nervous system are conducted electrically. The impulses of the nervous system travel through the neurons. The nervous system responds slower than the endocrine system.

Which of the following statements about synapses is FALSE? Communication at chemical synapses is slower than at electrical synapses Communication across electrical synapses is bi-directional Neurotransmitters can move from one cell to another through gap junctions at an electrical synapse In electrical synapses, gap junctions bridged by connexins, allow small ions to cross

An alien life form was found to have only an anion Q which has an equilibrium potential of -1000mV. Assuming that the same laws of physics apply, what direction are the chemical and electrical forces acting on the anion Q at the membrane potential of +1mV? Both the chemical and electrical forces are directed out of the cell The chemical force is directed into the cell and the electrical force is directed out of the cell The chemical force is directed out of the cell and the electrical force is directed into the cell Both the chemical and electrical forces are directed into the cell

8) To increase the amount of neurotransmitter released onto a postsynaptic cell, the presynaptic cell would have to_______ffi A) send action potentials with higher frequency B) send action potentials with longer durations C) send action potentials with higher voltage (higher amplitude) D) do nothing; no change is possible since the all-or-none law is in effect

Identify the FALSE statement regarding sensory receptor cells. Threshold is the minimal stimulus intensity required to generate an action potential. A graded potential can be referred to as a receptor potential. Sensory transduction converts stimulus energy into a receptor potential. Each type of sensory receptor responds only to the stimulus that defines the receptor.

Identify the INCORRECT statement regarding the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). In the circumventricular organs, the BBB is broken so neurons can sense specific chemicals Dopamine administered to a Parkinson's patient crosses the BBB The extracellular fluid in the neuronal environment are carefully regulated through BBB Most of the brain is protected by the BBB but it is not continuous

Which of the following statements related to the relationship between structure and function of human body cells is FALSE? The long, drawn out nature of one end of a neuron helps to decrease the surface area for the receiving of signals from other cells in the body. Red blood Cells have a concave shape, which increases the surface area for oxygen absorption and transportation within the body. The flagella of a sperm cell allows it to move efficiently to fertilize an egg. Muscle cells can contract and expand in size, allowing for movement of body parts.

Which of the following best describes how regular exercise is beneficial to the brain? Increased levels of endorphins are released into the brain, boosting a person's mood Decreased levels of proteins are released, hindering the ability of the person to develop new brain cells Increased levels of lactic acid are produced, stimulating the person's energy level and allowing for sustained exercise. Decreased blood flow to the brain occurs both during and after the workout, allowing

Draw an action potential graph showing the effects of the cobra venom on an action potential. I want 3 sequential / consecutive action potentials, like the diagram below. First, draw a normal action potential, then, the second action potential will show the effect with the cobra venom present, and the third action potential will be another normal action potential, as if the venom is gone.

Piper touches a block of ice, and she feels that it is very cold. How does she feel the sensation of cold? The nerves in the finger stop producing action potentials across synapses. The nerves in the finger detect stimuli and send the message to the brain. The nerves in the finger signal the arteries to stop circulation to the area. The nerves in the finger send a reflexive action through the spinal cord.

Which statement best describes the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? A. The sympathetic system contains the brain and spinal cord and the parasympathetic system contains the peripheral nerves. B. The sympathetic system sends signals within the brain and the parasympathetic system sends signals between the brain and the body. C. The sympathetic system controls voluntary body movements and the parasympathetic system controls involuntary functions. D. The sympathetic system prepares the body for stress and activity and the parasympathetic system prepares the body for rest.

Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. In some cases of head injuries, the cerebrum may be affected. This type of injury could cause a loss of impaired

What is the primary function of the lymphoid system? Defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats. The production and distribution of plasma proteins. The transport of hormones. Circulation of nutrients.

What does the all-or-none law state? All ion channels open at the same time or none at all. All action potentials have the same amplitude and velocity. All neurons are active at the same time or none at all. All neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none pro

When you look directly at an object, you focus the image of that object on the

When a very small dog licks 2-year-old Keiko's hand, Keiko calls the animal a cat because her framework of knowledge about cats relates to small animals and her framework of knowledge about dogs relates to bigger animals. Her retrieval of the label "cat" was MOST clearly influenced by: the misinformation effect. an existing schema. infantile amnesia. storage decay.

The "powerhouses" of the cell are organelles called [?]. A. Golgi bodies B. chloroplast C. grana D. mitochondria

If cells at the floor plate on the ventral midline do not express netrin, then... commissural neurons will continue to grow past the floor plate on the ventral midline. commissural neurons will not express Roundabout. commissural neurons will depend on radial glial cells for migration in the cerebral cortex. commissural neurons will not express Semaphorin.

Which two body systems carry signals from one part of the body to another part of the body? A. circulatory and nervous B. digestive and respiratory C. excretory and circulatory D. excretory and nervous

Lydia is walking in the woods at night to observe owls. She hears a rustling behind a tree, which startles her and causes her body to go into a fight or flight response as the sympathetic nervous system is activated. What is likely to happen to her digestive system during this response? A) The enteric nervous system will slow down digestion to conserve energy. B)The peripheral nervous system will speed up digestion to use energy. C) The peripheral nervous system will slow down digestion to conserve energy. D) The enteric nervous system will speed up digestion to use energy.

Which one of the following statements is incorrect? A) Blocking voltage-gated K+ channels in the presynaptic membrane of a typical chemical synapse is likely to reduce the amount of neurotransmitter released in response to a single action potential in the presynaptic axon. B) A single type of neurotransmitter can have different postsynaptic actions depending on the type of receptor to which it binds. C) In the optic tectum of the hunting rattlesnake, spatial summation is used to combine inputs from visual and thermoreceptive layers in order to make a decision whether to strike at a mouse-like object. D) Temporal summation occurs when a single synaptic input is activated twice in succession, with the second postsynaptic potential occurring before the first postsynaptic potential is over.

In a neuroscience research lab, say you have brain slices and you are trying to stain the slices to visualize the pathways of drugs. What kind of stain would be appropriate for this application?

At the excitatory synapse between motor axons and skeletal muscle fibers, acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released. When acetylcholine binds to its postsynaptic receptor, a channel opens that is about equally permeable to Na+ and K+ ions. Given this situation, the net current through the channel would flow inward. A) True B) False

Which one of the following statements is incorrect? A) If released neurotransmitter increases the permeability of both Na+ and K+ ions in the postsynaptic membrane, the synapse is likely to be excitatory. B) Inhibiting the enzyme that degrades released neurotransmitter is likely to reduce the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential. C) In the presynaptic membrane, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are located very close to the sites of vesicle exocytosis. D) Blocking voltage-gated K+ channels in the presynaptic membrane is likely to increase the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential.

Action potentials are usually propagated in only one direction along an axon because... A) the refractory period prevents the immediate re-opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. B) both the voltage-gated Na+ channels and K+ channels open only in one direction. C) ions can flow along the axon only in one direction. D) the axon hillock has a larger resting potential than the cell body. E) the nodes of Ranvier conduct in only one direction.

A typical action potential in a neuron is caused by which one of the following processes? A) a brief increase in Na+ permeability followed by a brief increase in K+ permeability. B) a large increase in the intracellular concentration of Na+ ions. C) a large increase in the intracellular concentration of K+ ions. D) a surge in the activity of the Na+/K+ pump. E) a simultaneous increase in the permeability of the membrane to both Na+ and K+ ions.

What is the threshold stimulus (V) in the calf muscle with a 40g load? A. 9.0 B. none C. 7.0 D. 8.0

If you were to examine an Action Potential from a cardiac muscle cell from the ventricle and an Action Potential from an SA nodal cell, which of the following would be true? A. the ventricular cell would have a plateau within its action potential while the SA nodal cell would not have a plateau B. the ventricular cell would contract when stimulated by an action potential; the SA nodal cell would not contract C. the ventricular cell would have a resting membrane potential; the SA nodal cell has a pacemaker potential D. all of the above are true E. none of the above are true

Which ONE of the following is CORRECT regarding the potassium channel? Water is needed for transport and binding to the selectivity filter. The tetrameric structure forms a beta barrel pore. Conformational changes in the helices closes the channel. It uses GTP hydrolysis instead of ATP hydrolysis for transport.

Estrogens: always have a negative feedback effect on LH and FSH do not influence LH and FSH levels always have a positive feedback effect on LH and FSH sometimes show positive feedback and sometimes negative feedba

An odorant is a molecule that... NOTE: Select all the correct answer choices. Obe dissolved in mucus. can diffuse past the cell membrane can bind to olfactory receptors. is volatile and can spread through the air.

As Scooby-Doo continually sniff the Scooby Snax, Scooby-Doo experiences sensory adaptation and has a harder time smelling the yummy food as time goes on. Which physiological event most likely led to that? As time goes on, receptor potentials decrease in strength in sensors. Specific olfactory receptors start breaking down over time as they are being engaged by odors. Scooby's nostrils slowly close up and reduce the amount of odor that enter his nasal cavity

The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are associated with the medulla oblongata. cerebrum. corpus callosum. thalamus, cerebellum.

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or opposing, actions are sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. forebrain and hindbrain. motor and sensory systems.

Myelinated axons of neurons are especially abundant in the gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord. all areas of the brain and spinal cord. white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord. gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord. white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord.

The term central nervous system refers to the brain and spinal cord sensory (afferent) nerves somatic nerves spinal nerves

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the postsynaptic cell? Chemically gated sodium channels will open. Chemically gated chloride channels will open. Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed. Chemically gated potassium channels will open.

Order the events for muscle contraction: opening of sodium ions channel in sarcolemma calcium ions bind to troponin, shifting tropomyosin, uncovering myosin- binding sites in the actin molecules. motor neuron action potential Acetylcholine release Contraction occurs through the overlapping of thin and thick filaments and muscle fiber shortening. action potential travels down T tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium through voltage-gated channels

Put the following events in order as neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal and excite the synapsed cell. i. Calcium entry triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents. ii. An action potential depolarizes the axon terminal. iii. The depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and Ca²+ enters the cell. iv. Neurotransmitter binding initiates a response in the postsynaptic cell. v. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind with receptors on the postsynaptic cell. ii, iii, i, v, iv ii. i. iii, v, iv iv, v, i, iii, ii v, iv, ii, iii, i

Functional classification of neurons is based on whether the signal carried is traveling toward or away from the CNS the length of the axon the number of processes coming off the cell body. the shape of the neuron

Action potentials are considered "all-or-nothing" because: the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential. only motor stimuli can activate action potentials. all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce action potentials of identical magnitude. all stimuli will produce identical action potentials.

Indicate if the structure/function is part of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, or both divisions. short preganglionic neurons short postganglionic neurons has thoracic origin acetylcholine released at target unmyelinated postganglionic neurons releases acetlycholine from preganglionic neurons sympathetic parasympathet both both parasympathet sympathetic

Myelin is important in insulating axons and increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials absorbing damaged tissue or invading organisms maintaining the ionic balance in the environment surrounding the axon allowing electrical signals to be transferred from one axon to another adjacent axon

The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically- gated ion channels. The first statement is true but the second statement is false. Both statements are false. Both statements are true. The first statement is false but the second statement is true.

descend to the spinal cord without synapsing and regulate skill movements: - ascending tracts - lower motor neurons - pyramidal tracts - indirect pathways

Neurologic deficits can manifest as A. Gait abnormalities B. Memory loss C. All of the above D. Problems with speech