Human Physiology - Neural Control & Coordination Questions and Answers

A young man suffers a spinal cord injury while diving at the community pool. He reports that he cannot feel his arms or legs, and he is unable to move his extremities. One week later, he can wiggle his fingers and toes and has regained some sensation. Which of the following best explains this patient's improvement? A. His initial presentation was due to spinal shock B. He never had a spinal cord injury, a cerebral contusion had been interfering with his body getting messages to his brain C. He had a complete spinal cord injury which partially healed (to the point of now being an incomplete spinal cord injury) D. There is no medical explanation for his recovery

Select the true statements (more than one) about the characteristics of sensory neurons in the stretch reflex. A. These sensory neurons typically transmit efferent impulses toward antagonist muscles. B. These sensory neurons transmit efferent impulses to antagonist muscles. C. These sensory neurons transmit activating impulses via interneurons. D. These sensory neurons transmit afferent impulses toward the spinal cord (CNS). E. When a stretch activates the muscle spindle, these sensory neurons transmit impulses at a higher frequency.

Which of the following is true about the corpus callosum? A thicker corpus callosum allows for a more lateralized brain It is thicker in female brains It is thicker in male brains This structure is 15% smaller in females by the age of 6 Male brains have larger symmetry

To improve productivity, a local bakery rents a machine that mixes, partitions, and then bakes dough for a variety of pastries. The machine costs the business $2,500 per month to rent and operate, regardless of output. The cost of renting the machine is classified as (1 point) O a fixed cost O marginal cost O a variable cost O marginal revenue

Identify the INCORRECT statement regarding action potentials: The frequency of action potentials change depending on stimulus intensity. The greater the membrane resistance, the greater the conduction speed. Action potentials do not degrade over distance. Action potentials can summate via the process of temporal summation.

Selena has been asked to create a neuron with the fastest possible conduction velocity but it needs to have an unmyelinated axon. Assuming that the Selena's neuron will be exposed to the same conditions as a naturally occurring neuron within the brain, which one of the following statements would apply best for her fast, but unmyelinated neuron? It should have an axon with a largest possible diameter. It should have the smallest possible Rm value as possible. It should have the largest possible Ri value as possible. It should have a small length constant compared to other neurons.

Which one of the following statements about inhibitory synapses is FALSE? The postsynaptic cell is less likely to generate an action potential. The membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell can be hyperpolarized. Opening of chloride channels can generate an EPSP. Opening of potassium channels can generate an IPSP.

Which of the following are examples of fine motor skills? Select all the correct options. a) Lifting a heavy weight b) Knitting a quilt c) Playing the piano d) Swimming laps e) Texting on a cell phone

According to Fitts and Posner, which of the following are stages to learning a new skill? Select all the correct options. a) Social b) Associative c) Automatic d) Cognitive e) Autonomous

What is another name for the neurohypophysis What organs does the follicle stimulating hormone act on (this is a word that can be used for both males and females)?

You can help less sensitive toddlers by A. drawing their attention to details. B. waiting for them to notice colors, textures, and smells on their own. C. criticizing them for missing details. D. nagging them until they increase their attention to detail.

People who have Alzheimer's disease experience an increasing loss of brain function and cognition over time. Alzheimer's is characterized by a buildup of abnormal protein fragments that damage brain cells. Recently scientists have discovered an enzyme, BACE2, that decreases these abnormal protein fragments in the brain of a person with Alzheimer's disease. Which statement explains how BACE2 most likely works? BACE2 is a reactant that combines with the abnormal protein fragments. BACE2 speeds up the reaction that breaks down the abnormal protein fragments. BACE2 molecules link several abnormal protein fragments together, forming a complete protein. BACE2 breaks down into smaller pieces that react with the abnormal protein fragments forming more complex molecules.

Which of the following occurs when muscles begin to spasm or tighten when the body loses excessive amounts of fluids and electrolytes? Heat exhaustion Heat stroke Heat cramps Heat loss

Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms? atypical antidepressants tricyclics selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors MAOIs

Neurons in both ischemic and hemorrhage strokes die from understimulation. depleting the glutamate supply available to neurons. overactivating the sodium-potassium pump. overstimulation

You mechanically voltage-clamping isolate an ipRGC from the retina. While this cell at +70 mV, you present a 1- minute light to it. Which of these recordings would you expect? A B C

A whisper is spoken into your ear, but your auditory sensory neurons don't quite reach threshold of excitation. Thus, you hear: nothing. a softer version of the person's voice. an amplified, intense scream. auditory hallucinations.

Read the following passage from The Grapes of Wrath and answer the question that follows. His was a long head, bony; tight of skin, and set on a neck as stringy as a celery stalk. His eyeballs were heavy and stuck out. The lids stretched to cover them, and the lids were raw and red. His cheeks were brown and shiny and hairless and his mouth full. The nose, beaked and hard, stretched the skin so tightly that the bridge showed white. What type of characterization is the author using in this type of passage? direct characterization indirect characterization

Suppose a single neuron, with lots of input from other neurons, determines if we post something on Instagram or not. That "decision" will be based on: the combined effects of EPSPs and IPSPs only the number of IPSPs converging on the dendrites summation effects of IPSPs only. only the number of EPSPS converging on an axon

At the beginning of the falling phase of the action potential, what is the relative voltage driving force for Na+ and K+? a. there is O voltage driving force for both b. there is equal voltage driving force c. potassium higher voltage driving force than sodium d. sodium higher voltage driving force than potassium

The autonomic division of the nervous system Is involved in conscious thought Controls voluntary muscles Controls unconscious life-sustaining activities Is involved in learning

Some athletes can have a resting heart rate of 50 beats per minute compared to 70-80 beats per minute. This decreased heart rate is partly due to sympathetic activity becoming more active and parasympathetic activity becoming less active at rest increases in both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity parasympathetic activity becoming more active and sympathetic activity becoming less active at rest decreases in both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity

If you are lying stationary on horizontal bed in complete darkness, which of these sensors will tell you whether you are lying on your back or on your side? cochlea semicircular canal utricle organ of Corti

Yasaman has isolated a typical neuron in her lab and observed that the membrane potential is sitting at +100mV. Having taken PSL300, you are aware that chloride's equilibrium potential is -70mV. Identify the correct statement. Chemical force for chloride is directed inward and the electrical force is directed outward Chemical force for chloride is directed outward and the electrical force is directed inward Chemical force for chloride is directed inward and the electrical force is directed inward Chemical force for chloride is directed outward and the electrical force is directed outward

The tension produced during skeletal muscle contraction can be increased by all of the following EXCEPT: increasing the frequency of action potentials in the motor neuron innervating the muscle increasing the load on the muscle increasing the frequency of action potentials in the muscle fiber increasing the recruitment of motor units

When you carry an object in your hand, activity in which receptors tells you that you haven't lost your grip on it? Pacinian corpuscles free nerve endings Meissner corpuscles Merkel disks

The direction of change in the membrane potential, in response to stimulus that initiates a graded potential, is dependent on the gating of sodium channels only the changes in ion concentration across the membrane the ion channels that are opened or closed the membrane's threshold potential

In a hypothetical experiment, human subjects were placed in a room, the temperature of which was higher than body temperature (37°C). At the same time, blood, cooler than 37 °C, was infused into the subjects. Choose the correct effect of this experiment on the subjects. Subject removes clothing Perspiration evaporates from the skin No effect is noticed by the subject Subjects begin to shiver and hair elevates

In a paraplegic with autonomic dysreflexiá, the heart rate will decrease because: a. The SNS is activated b. The baroreceptors detect high blood pressure c. The brain is not able to detect the high blood pressure d. The spinal injury has cut off nervous system control of the heart

A client with a spinal injury has suffered postural hypotension because: Select one: a. the brain can no longer turn on the SNS in the body below the lesion b. the brain can no longer tun off the SNS below the lesion c. Spinal shock has made the SNS stop working d. Renal failure is a common complication, and has caused blood volume to decrease

Triggering of a neuromuscular response that can be evaluated on EMG as the point of onset of a perturbation in balance to the onset of myoelectric activity or a twitch: agility selective attention vestibular input reaction time

If you would like to see all the four ventricles of the brain in one single section, which plane do you need to use to make the section? A parasagittal plane A transverse plane A frontal plane A midsagittal plane

Though the brain represents less than 2 percent of your body weight, it uses 25 percent of the oxygen you breathe and 70 percent of your glucose supply. The brain has five basic regions: Cerebellum - Coordinates body movement. Brain stem - Responsible for basic life functions such as blood pressure and breathing. Thalamus - A Grand Central relay station for incoming data from all the senses except smell. Hypothalamus - A regulator of hunger, thirst, sleep, sexuality, and emotions. Cerebrum - Our gray matter, home to thought, vision, language memory, emotions. It's divided into hemispheres. If you're right-handed, odds are the right hemisphere is where you make sense of music, images, space, emotions. Your left hemisphere is apt to focus on math, language, speech. In left-handed people, tasks are usually reversed. The brain works via the communication of nerve cells along complicated circuit patterns that register on encephalograms as brain waves, including the relaxed "alpha waves" so beloved by meditators. What conclusion can you draw from the information provided about the brain? A. An injury to the brain stem may result in sensory dysfunction. B. Eating disorders do not involve testing on any regions of the brain. C. All regions of the brain are essential for normal human function. D. The brain uses a higher percentage of oxygen than any other organ. E. The cerebrum is the most essential region of the brain.

The action potential is: A graded depolarization response that depends on the synaptic input strength. An "all-or-none" depolarization response trigged when the membrane potential crosses the threshold. An "all-or-none" hyperpolarization response trigged when the membrane potential crosses the threshold. A graded hyperpolarization response that depends on the synaptic input strength.

Which type of memory is used for skills, habits, and behaviors? a. Working memory b. Declarative memory c. Long-term memory d. Procedural memory

a) Imagine you are conducting an experiment to measure the resting potential of a nerve cell. One input to the recording device is from the probe that gets inserted into the cell. Why is it necessary that the other input be connected to the wire sitting in the saline in which the cell is immersed? b) What change in the saline solution could cause the membrane potential to be reduced (made less negative)? c) Plot a typical trace, just as you would see on the measuring device during the experiment, showing the period just before and as your -probe enters the nerve cell. Label the axes of this plot.

SDS NONE OF THESE colors proteins for visualization. ALL OF THESE reduces disulfide bonds. denatures proteins

Nociceptors (pain receptors) have been shown to not adapt. Why might it be good that they don't adapt?

Which of the following is the organ system that transports signals from the brain to the muscles? O Endocrine system. O Respiratory system. O Digestive system. O Nervous system.

What are the three parts to a feedback loop? O Stimulus, sensor, and response. O Positive, negative, and neutral pathways. O Input, output, and direction of signal. O Receptors, producers, and transmitters.

Describe how the behavior of voltage gated Na+ ion channels and voltage gated K+ channels each contribute to the rapid recovery of resting membrane potential after an action potential occurs. For each channel, you should explain how it behaves during an action potential and why that behavior contributes to the recovery of resting membrane potential.