Anatomy and Physiology Questions

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a graded discussion 10 points le k 2 Discussion Post A due Feb 4 at 6pm 27 27 ssion Board Posts 25 total measure of your participation you will write 200 word minimum onses to the readings as well as responding to at least one other In these posts I want to see concrete examples where you critically ct on the readings This can include citing specific photographs and ographers theoretical connections between different ngs ideas themes and or the author s own argument Please refer y separate guide on discussion posts for full details Posts are due by projected a distinct but inverted color image onto the opposite wall that could then be traced Art historian Kenneth Clark stated that be fore Leonardo Alberti invented a device which seems to have been sort of camera obscura the images of which he called miracles of painting 8 German artist Albrecht D rer 1471 1528 was one of the first to ingeniously adapt these camera based principles of perspecti and proportion to his drawings In 1558 Giovanni Battista della Por published his treatise Magiae naturalis Natural Magic describing th camera obscura and how it could make drawing easier The manner in which one can perceive in the dark the things which on the outside are illuminated by the sun and with their colors will make possible for anyone ignorant of the art of painting to draw with a pencil or pen the image made by a camera obscura of any object whatsoever 10 blo timo printing press
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
a graded discussion 10 points le k 2 Discussion Post A due Feb 4 at 6pm 27 27 ssion Board Posts 25 total measure of your participation you will write 200 word minimum onses to the readings as well as responding to at least one other In these posts I want to see concrete examples where you critically ct on the readings This can include citing specific photographs and ographers theoretical connections between different ngs ideas themes and or the author s own argument Please refer y separate guide on discussion posts for full details Posts are due by projected a distinct but inverted color image onto the opposite wall that could then be traced Art historian Kenneth Clark stated that be fore Leonardo Alberti invented a device which seems to have been sort of camera obscura the images of which he called miracles of painting 8 German artist Albrecht D rer 1471 1528 was one of the first to ingeniously adapt these camera based principles of perspecti and proportion to his drawings In 1558 Giovanni Battista della Por published his treatise Magiae naturalis Natural Magic describing th camera obscura and how it could make drawing easier The manner in which one can perceive in the dark the things which on the outside are illuminated by the sun and with their colors will make possible for anyone ignorant of the art of painting to draw with a pencil or pen the image made by a camera obscura of any object whatsoever 10 blo timo printing press
possible Week 2 Discussion Post AV 27 27 Discussion Board Posts 25 total As a measure of your participation you will write 200 word minimum responses to the readings as well as responding to at least one other post In these posts I want to see concrete examples where you critically reflect on the readings This can include citing specific photographs and photographers theoretical connections between different readings ideas themes and or the author s own argument Please refer to my separate guide on discussion posts for full details Posts are due by at Athanasius Kircher Illustration of a large portable camera obscura from Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae The Great Art of Light and Shadow Rome 1646 page 807 Engraving In 1646 Athanasius Kircher a Jesuit scholar and professor in Rome de scribed and illustrated a portable camera obscura that could be carried by two people on poles It consisted of an opaque outer cube with a lens in the center of each wall and an inner cube of transparent paper d the device via a trandoor in the
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
possible Week 2 Discussion Post AV 27 27 Discussion Board Posts 25 total As a measure of your participation you will write 200 word minimum responses to the readings as well as responding to at least one other post In these posts I want to see concrete examples where you critically reflect on the readings This can include citing specific photographs and photographers theoretical connections between different readings ideas themes and or the author s own argument Please refer to my separate guide on discussion posts for full details Posts are due by at Athanasius Kircher Illustration of a large portable camera obscura from Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae The Great Art of Light and Shadow Rome 1646 page 807 Engraving In 1646 Athanasius Kircher a Jesuit scholar and professor in Rome de scribed and illustrated a portable camera obscura that could be carried by two people on poles It consisted of an opaque outer cube with a lens in the center of each wall and an inner cube of transparent paper d the device via a trandoor in the
ded discussion 10 points Discussion Post A due Feb 4 at 6pm 27 27 nBoard Posts 25 total ure of your participation you will write 200 word minimum to the readings as well as responding to at least one other ese posts I want to see concrete examples where you critically the readings This can include citing specific photographs and phers theoretical connections between different ideas themes and or the author s own argument Please refer parate guide on discussion posts for full details Posts are due by principles to contrive an arrangement of mirrors in order to project images of eclipses as well as street scenes and interior views of his house In Perspectiva communis 1279 John Peckham the Archbishop of Canterbury and a likely student of Bacon made remarks about ob serving a solar eclipse through a pinhole in a dark room The evolution of the camera can be linked to a new Western concentra tion on science with an increased reliance on observation during the European Renaissance a period from about the fourteenth to the sev enteenth century With new discoveries based on experimentation and observation fifteenth century artists and scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Nicolaus Copernicus provided a veritable process that meant people no longer had to accept the authority of the unprovable Instead they could look to an open system that was not predicated on belief and magic Science offered an alternative to blind faith and the foundation of belief for educated society began shifting toward objec tiu degumontablo repeatable facts In addition to praying for their
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
ded discussion 10 points Discussion Post A due Feb 4 at 6pm 27 27 nBoard Posts 25 total ure of your participation you will write 200 word minimum to the readings as well as responding to at least one other ese posts I want to see concrete examples where you critically the readings This can include citing specific photographs and phers theoretical connections between different ideas themes and or the author s own argument Please refer parate guide on discussion posts for full details Posts are due by principles to contrive an arrangement of mirrors in order to project images of eclipses as well as street scenes and interior views of his house In Perspectiva communis 1279 John Peckham the Archbishop of Canterbury and a likely student of Bacon made remarks about ob serving a solar eclipse through a pinhole in a dark room The evolution of the camera can be linked to a new Western concentra tion on science with an increased reliance on observation during the European Renaissance a period from about the fourteenth to the sev enteenth century With new discoveries based on experimentation and observation fifteenth century artists and scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Nicolaus Copernicus provided a veritable process that meant people no longer had to accept the authority of the unprovable Instead they could look to an open system that was not predicated on belief and magic Science offered an alternative to blind faith and the foundation of belief for educated society began shifting toward objec tiu degumontablo repeatable facts In addition to praying for their
s is a graded discussion 10 points sible eek 2 Discussion Post A due Feb 4 at 6pm 27 27 cussion Board Posts 25 total a measure of your participation you will write 200 word minimum ponses to the readings as well as responding to at least one other t In these posts I want to see concrete examples where you critically ect on the readings This can include citing specific photographs and tographers theoretical connections between different dings ideas themes and or the author s own argument Please refer my separate guide on discussion posts for full details Posts are due by era A primary function of visual arts originates in the desire to create a likeness of someone or something that society deemed worth com memorating Dating back to cave paintings as well as to Plato s Cave according to Susan Sontag and other critics this human urge to make pictures that augment the faculty of memory by capturing time is at the conceptual base of photography Since ancient times artists and inven tors have searched for ways to expedite the societal desire for an af fordable and repeatable picturemaking process Eventually they con centrated their technical efforts on how to automatically capture a truthful likeness directly formed by light As early as the fifth century B C E the Chinese philosopher Mo Ti dis covered that light reflecting from an illuminated object and passing through a pinhole into a darkened area would form an exact though inverted image of that object offering a prototype of the pinhole lens less camera In the West the first recorded description of the pinhole was made by the Greek philosopher Aristotle who around 330 B C E
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
s is a graded discussion 10 points sible eek 2 Discussion Post A due Feb 4 at 6pm 27 27 cussion Board Posts 25 total a measure of your participation you will write 200 word minimum ponses to the readings as well as responding to at least one other t In these posts I want to see concrete examples where you critically ect on the readings This can include citing specific photographs and tographers theoretical connections between different dings ideas themes and or the author s own argument Please refer my separate guide on discussion posts for full details Posts are due by era A primary function of visual arts originates in the desire to create a likeness of someone or something that society deemed worth com memorating Dating back to cave paintings as well as to Plato s Cave according to Susan Sontag and other critics this human urge to make pictures that augment the faculty of memory by capturing time is at the conceptual base of photography Since ancient times artists and inven tors have searched for ways to expedite the societal desire for an af fordable and repeatable picturemaking process Eventually they con centrated their technical efforts on how to automatically capture a truthful likeness directly formed by light As early as the fifth century B C E the Chinese philosopher Mo Ti dis covered that light reflecting from an illuminated object and passing through a pinhole into a darkened area would form an exact though inverted image of that object offering a prototype of the pinhole lens less camera In the West the first recorded description of the pinhole was made by the Greek philosopher Aristotle who around 330 B C E
Why are life stories and how we tell them so powerful
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Why are life stories and how we tell them so powerful
Friendship 1 Think of a specific friend who is important to you right now Why is spending time with this person so important to you 2 What do you hope does not happen to this important friendship say when there are barriers of distance or being too busy 3 What aspects of this friend are your most grateful for and why
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Friendship 1 Think of a specific friend who is important to you right now Why is spending time with this person so important to you 2 What do you hope does not happen to this important friendship say when there are barriers of distance or being too busy 3 What aspects of this friend are your most grateful for and why
Family 1 Your family beliefs values and traditions Which do you hope to keep 2 Your family beliefs values and traditions Which do you not agree with Want to develop your own perspective on 3 What aspects of your family are your most grateful for and why
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Family 1 Your family beliefs values and traditions Which do you hope to keep 2 Your family beliefs values and traditions Which do you not agree with Want to develop your own perspective on 3 What aspects of your family are your most grateful for and why
Romantic Partner 1 What do you look for in your ideal romantic partner 2 What are some of your deal breakers things that will deter you from someone 3 What are some reasons why you want a romantic partner and how might this person enh your life
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Romantic Partner 1 What do you look for in your ideal romantic partner 2 What are some of your deal breakers things that will deter you from someone 3 What are some reasons why you want a romantic partner and how might this person enh your life
Part 1 What are the top three most meaningful things in your life right now Why 1 2 3 Part 2 Ask the same question to someone who is at least twenty years older than you 1 2 3 Dart 3 Afterwards compare your answers bow
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Part 1 What are the top three most meaningful things in your life right now Why 1 2 3 Part 2 Ask the same question to someone who is at least twenty years older than you 1 2 3 Dart 3 Afterwards compare your answers bow
Women in Midlife In Western society aging for women is much more stressful than for men as society emphasizes youthful beauty and attractiveness Slevin 2010 The description that aging men are viewed as distinguished and aging women are viewed as old is referred to as the double standard of aging Teuscher Teuscher 2006 Since women have traditionally been valued for their reproductive capabilities they may be considered old once they are postmenopausal In contrast men have traditionally been valued for their achievements competence and power and therefore are not considered old until they are physically unable to work Carroll 2016 Consequently women experience more fear anxiety and concern about their identity as they age and may feel pressure to prove themselves as productive and valuable members of society Bromberger Kravitz Chang 2013 Attitudes about aging however do vary by race culture and sexual orientation In some cultures aging women gain greater social status For example as Asian women age they attain greater respect and have greater authority in the household Fung 2013 Compared to white women Black and Latina women possess less stereotypes about aging Schuler et al 2008 Lesbians are also more positive about aging and looking older than heterosexual women Slevin 2010 The impact of media certainly plays a role in how women view aging by selling anti aging products and supporting cosmetic surgeries to look younger Gilleard Higgs 2000 Religion and Spirituality ndition Grzywacz and Keyes 2004 found that in addition to personal health behaviors such as regular exercise healthy weight and not smoking social behaviors including involvement in religious related activities have been shown to be positively related to optimal health However it is not only those who are involved in a specific religion that benefit but so too do those identified as being spiritual According to Greenfield Vaillant and Marks 2009 religiosity refers to engaging with a formal religious group s doctrines values traditions and co members In contrast spirituality refers to an individual s intrapsychic sense of connection with something transcendent that which exists apart from and not limited by the material universe and the subsequent feelings of awe gratitude compassion and forgiveness Research has demonstrated a strong relationship between spirituality and psychological well being irrespective of an individual s religious participation Vaillant 2008 Additionally Sawatzky Ratner Chiu 2005 found that spirituality was related to a higher quality of life for both individuals and societies Based on reports from the 2005 National Survey of Midlife in the United States Greenfield et al 2009 found that higher levels of spirituality were associated with lower levels of negative affect and higher levels of positive affect 356 Figure 8 40 Source personal growth purpose in life positive relationships with others self acceptance environmental mastery and autonomy In contrast formal religious participation was only associated with higher levels of purpose in life and personal growth among just older adults and lower levels of autonomy In summary it appears that formal religious participation and spirituality relate differently to an individual s overall psychological well being Worldwide To measure the religious beliefs and practices of men and women around the world the Pew Research Center 2016 conducted surveys of the general population in 84 countries between 2008 and 2015 Overall an estimated 83 of women worldwide P Age Older individuals identify religion spirituality as being more important in their lives than those younger Beit Hallahmi Argyle 1998 This age difference has been explained by several factors including that religion and spirituality assist older individuals in coping with age related losses provide opportunities for socialization and social support in later life and demonstrate a cohort effect in that older individuals were socialized more to be religious and spiritual than those younger Greenfield et al 2009 Gender In the United States women report identifying as being more religious and spiritual than men do de Vaus McAllister 1987 According to the Pew Research Center 2016 women in the United States are more likely to say religion is very important in their lives than men 60 vs 47 American women also are more likely than American men to say they pray daily 64 vs 47 and attend religious services at least once a week 40 vs 32 Theories to explain this gender difference include that women may benefit more from the social relational aspects of religion spirituality because social relationships more strongly influence women s mental health Additionally women have been socialized to internalize the behaviors linked with religious values such as cooperation and nurturance more than males Greenfield et al 2009 Figure 8 41 identified with a religion compared with 80 of men This equaled 97 million more women than with lion Th men identifying with a religion There were no countries in which men were more religious than women by 2 percentage points or more Among Chri Christians women reported higher rates of weekly church attendance and higher rates of daily prayer In contrast Muslim women and Muslim men showed similar levels of religiousness except frequency of attendance at worship services Because of religious norms Muslim men worshiped at a mosque more often than Muslim women Similarly Jewish men attended a synagogue more often than Jewish women In Orthodox Judaism communal worship services cannot take place unless a minyan or quorum of
Anatomy and Physiology
General Anatomy
Women in Midlife In Western society aging for women is much more stressful than for men as society emphasizes youthful beauty and attractiveness Slevin 2010 The description that aging men are viewed as distinguished and aging women are viewed as old is referred to as the double standard of aging Teuscher Teuscher 2006 Since women have traditionally been valued for their reproductive capabilities they may be considered old once they are postmenopausal In contrast men have traditionally been valued for their achievements competence and power and therefore are not considered old until they are physically unable to work Carroll 2016 Consequently women experience more fear anxiety and concern about their identity as they age and may feel pressure to prove themselves as productive and valuable members of society Bromberger Kravitz Chang 2013 Attitudes about aging however do vary by race culture and sexual orientation In some cultures aging women gain greater social status For example as Asian women age they attain greater respect and have greater authority in the household Fung 2013 Compared to white women Black and Latina women possess less stereotypes about aging Schuler et al 2008 Lesbians are also more positive about aging and looking older than heterosexual women Slevin 2010 The impact of media certainly plays a role in how women view aging by selling anti aging products and supporting cosmetic surgeries to look younger Gilleard Higgs 2000 Religion and Spirituality ndition Grzywacz and Keyes 2004 found that in addition to personal health behaviors such as regular exercise healthy weight and not smoking social behaviors including involvement in religious related activities have been shown to be positively related to optimal health However it is not only those who are involved in a specific religion that benefit but so too do those identified as being spiritual According to Greenfield Vaillant and Marks 2009 religiosity refers to engaging with a formal religious group s doctrines values traditions and co members In contrast spirituality refers to an individual s intrapsychic sense of connection with something transcendent that which exists apart from and not limited by the material universe and the subsequent feelings of awe gratitude compassion and forgiveness Research has demonstrated a strong relationship between spirituality and psychological well being irrespective of an individual s religious participation Vaillant 2008 Additionally Sawatzky Ratner Chiu 2005 found that spirituality was related to a higher quality of life for both individuals and societies Based on reports from the 2005 National Survey of Midlife in the United States Greenfield et al 2009 found that higher levels of spirituality were associated with lower levels of negative affect and higher levels of positive affect 356 Figure 8 40 Source personal growth purpose in life positive relationships with others self acceptance environmental mastery and autonomy In contrast formal religious participation was only associated with higher levels of purpose in life and personal growth among just older adults and lower levels of autonomy In summary it appears that formal religious participation and spirituality relate differently to an individual s overall psychological well being Worldwide To measure the religious beliefs and practices of men and women around the world the Pew Research Center 2016 conducted surveys of the general population in 84 countries between 2008 and 2015 Overall an estimated 83 of women worldwide P Age Older individuals identify religion spirituality as being more important in their lives than those younger Beit Hallahmi Argyle 1998 This age difference has been explained by several factors including that religion and spirituality assist older individuals in coping with age related losses provide opportunities for socialization and social support in later life and demonstrate a cohort effect in that older individuals were socialized more to be religious and spiritual than those younger Greenfield et al 2009 Gender In the United States women report identifying as being more religious and spiritual than men do de Vaus McAllister 1987 According to the Pew Research Center 2016 women in the United States are more likely to say religion is very important in their lives than men 60 vs 47 American women also are more likely than American men to say they pray daily 64 vs 47 and attend religious services at least once a week 40 vs 32 Theories to explain this gender difference include that women may benefit more from the social relational aspects of religion spirituality because social relationships more strongly influence women s mental health Additionally women have been socialized to internalize the behaviors linked with religious values such as cooperation and nurturance more than males Greenfield et al 2009 Figure 8 41 identified with a religion compared with 80 of men This equaled 97 million more women than with lion Th men identifying with a religion There were no countries in which men were more religious than women by 2 percentage points or more Among Chri Christians women reported higher rates of weekly church attendance and higher rates of daily prayer In contrast Muslim women and Muslim men showed similar levels of religiousness except frequency of attendance at worship services Because of religious norms Muslim men worshiped at a mosque more often than Muslim women Similarly Jewish men attended a synagogue more often than Jewish women In Orthodox Judaism communal worship services cannot take place unless a minyan or quorum of
The possible problem I see with kinship studies twin studies and adoption studies is the confounding variables Twins do not necessarily have the same upbringing even when they live with the same parents As the twins become older there s a chance that their friendships interests and relationships will diverge more Another issue with twin studies and adoption studies involves generalisability Twin study findings don t necessarily apply to a larger group It s not always the case that twins represent all people Twin studies frequently use the assumption that identical and fraternal twins grow up in comparable environments For the second prompt I think Heirability is meant to be a measurement of how well variations in an individual s genes explain variations in their attributes such as height eye color and intelligence traits To a person with no background in psychology I would say that heritability is the degree to which traits are inherited or I could say heritability is the physical traits that parents pass on to their children
Anatomy and Physiology
Embryo
The possible problem I see with kinship studies twin studies and adoption studies is the confounding variables Twins do not necessarily have the same upbringing even when they live with the same parents As the twins become older there s a chance that their friendships interests and relationships will diverge more Another issue with twin studies and adoption studies involves generalisability Twin study findings don t necessarily apply to a larger group It s not always the case that twins represent all people Twin studies frequently use the assumption that identical and fraternal twins grow up in comparable environments For the second prompt I think Heirability is meant to be a measurement of how well variations in an individual s genes explain variations in their attributes such as height eye color and intelligence traits To a person with no background in psychology I would say that heritability is the degree to which traits are inherited or I could say heritability is the physical traits that parents pass on to their children
objective is just to give you an idea COURSE OBJECTIVES 1 To be familiar with several theories of human motivation 2 To learn the relationship between motivation and the human brain 3 To understand physiological psychological and social needs 4 To differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation 5 To understand the nature of emotion and its relationship to motivation 6 To be familiar with theories related to personality the self and growth motivation Homework 1 respond to the following questions Homework assignments should be a MINIMUM of 1 page in your own words Why did you enroll in this class Provide a motivational answer to explain Initiation What motivated you to take an online class in the first place Persistence Why do you continue to stay
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
objective is just to give you an idea COURSE OBJECTIVES 1 To be familiar with several theories of human motivation 2 To learn the relationship between motivation and the human brain 3 To understand physiological psychological and social needs 4 To differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation 5 To understand the nature of emotion and its relationship to motivation 6 To be familiar with theories related to personality the self and growth motivation Homework 1 respond to the following questions Homework assignments should be a MINIMUM of 1 page in your own words Why did you enroll in this class Provide a motivational answer to explain Initiation What motivated you to take an online class in the first place Persistence Why do you continue to stay
Which correctly combines the two sentences below using a coordinating conjunction She stayed up late last night She didn t have her homework done A She stayed up late last night for she didn t have her homework done B She stayed up late last night nor had her homework done C She stayed up late last night for she didn t have her homework done
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Which correctly combines the two sentences below using a coordinating conjunction She stayed up late last night She didn t have her homework done A She stayed up late last night for she didn t have her homework done B She stayed up late last night nor had her homework done C She stayed up late last night for she didn t have her homework done
O Emotional reactions based on transferential processes O The Stimulus Response Paradigm O Personality Developmental Theory Nativism Question 5 In order to test a theory one can do what All of these Conduct an experiment Create a belief system to support the theory
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
O Emotional reactions based on transferential processes O The Stimulus Response Paradigm O Personality Developmental Theory Nativism Question 5 In order to test a theory one can do what All of these Conduct an experiment Create a belief system to support the theory
An intervening variable OIs part of the design in an experiment O All of these Is the cause for selective attention O CAN be used to label the internal state of a person or an outside factor that was not anticipate influences responses that are different from other people
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
An intervening variable OIs part of the design in an experiment O All of these Is the cause for selective attention O CAN be used to label the internal state of a person or an outside factor that was not anticipate influences responses that are different from other people
A theory should do what O All of these O Provide guidance for setting up an experiement O Help you find problems in a system that is not working properly O Tell you how things look when they are working properly
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
A theory should do what O All of these O Provide guidance for setting up an experiement O Help you find problems in a system that is not working properly O Tell you how things look when they are working properly
A NATAVIST thinks which of the following O Intelligence is something acquired over time from the environment OIt is important to only purchase items from your local community O All of these are what a Nativist would think O Intelligence knowledge is something with which a person is born
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
A NATAVIST thinks which of the following O Intelligence is something acquired over time from the environment OIt is important to only purchase items from your local community O All of these are what a Nativist would think O Intelligence knowledge is something with which a person is born
This reading is brief but it is certainly dense Summarize Robinson s main points in two full paragraphs What are her main ideas How would you describe this piece to a friend This discussion board will contain three paragraphs the next is your response I d like for you to take what Robinson has written about the sacred and compare it to your experiences and ideas What do you believe that is similar or different Complete these three paragraphs in a post of approximately 500 words Note again that this post is a little longer than the one you completed the first week Read another classmate s post and see if he or she came up with the same primary points of Robinson s argument Write to that student about ways your summaries were similar or different Then respond to what they wrote about comparing Robinson s ideas to their own Your response should be approximately 200 words Note that the post requirement is about 50 words longer than previous posts You re practicing your writing skills and helping someone else flesh out their ideas for the next essay This discussion board mimics the set up of your first essay assignment which was posted last week and is available in this module as well Your first post is due by Thursday at 9pm and your response is due by Saturday at 9pm
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
This reading is brief but it is certainly dense Summarize Robinson s main points in two full paragraphs What are her main ideas How would you describe this piece to a friend This discussion board will contain three paragraphs the next is your response I d like for you to take what Robinson has written about the sacred and compare it to your experiences and ideas What do you believe that is similar or different Complete these three paragraphs in a post of approximately 500 words Note again that this post is a little longer than the one you completed the first week Read another classmate s post and see if he or she came up with the same primary points of Robinson s argument Write to that student about ways your summaries were similar or different Then respond to what they wrote about comparing Robinson s ideas to their own Your response should be approximately 200 words Note that the post requirement is about 50 words longer than previous posts You re practicing your writing skills and helping someone else flesh out their ideas for the next essay This discussion board mimics the set up of your first essay assignment which was posted last week and is available in this module as well Your first post is due by Thursday at 9pm and your response is due by Saturday at 9pm
simultaneously function as a side show for white people who look on with delight at all the differences that surround them We may be on our way to genuine hybridity multiplicity without white hegemony and it may be where we want to get to but we aren t there yet and we won t get there until we see whiteness see its power its particularity and limitedness put it in its place and end its rule This is why studying whiteness matters It is studying whiteness qua whiteness Attention is sometimes paid to white ethnicity e g Alba 1990 but this always means an identity based on cultural origins such as British Italian or Polish or Catholic or Jewish or Polish American Irish American Catholic American and so on These however are variations on white ethnicity though some are more securely white than others and the examination of them tends to lead away from a consideration of whiteness itself John Ibson 1981 in a discussion of research on white US ethnicity concludes that being say Polish Catholic or Irish may not be as important to white Americans as some might wish But being white is This then is why it is important to come to see whiteness For those in power in the West as long as whiteness is felt to be the human condition then it alone both defines normality and fully inhabits it As I suggested in my opening paragraphs the equation of being white with being human secures a position of power White people have power and believe that they think feel and act like and for all people white people unable to see their particularity cannot take account of other people s white people create the dominant images of the world and don t quite see that they thus construct the world in their own image white people set standards of humanity by which they are bound to succeed and others bound to fail Most of this is not done deliberately and maliciously there are enormous variations of power amongst white people to do with class gender and other factors goodwill is not unheard of in white people s engagement with others White power nonetheless reproduces itself regardless of in tention power differences and goodwill and overwhelmingly because it is not seen as whiteness but as normal White people need to learn to see themselves as white to see their particularity In other words whiteness needs to be made strange NOTES 1 I use the terms race and racial in this opening section in the most com mon though problematic sense referring to supposedly visibly differentiable sup posedly discrete social groupings 2 In their discussion of the extraordinarily successful TV sitcom about a mid dle class African American family The Cosby Show Sut Jhally and Justin Lewis note eople who look on with We may be on our way egemony and it may be and we won t get there ity and limitedness put whiteness matters on is sometimes paid to means an identity based h or Catholic or Jewish rican and so on These some are more securely tends to lead away from 981 in a discussion of ing say Polish Catholic ans as some might wish whiteness For those in e the human condition abits it As I suggested in white with being human power and believe that te people unable to see people s white people on t quite see that they people set standards of id others bound to fail sly there are enormous with class gender and e people s engagement i itself regardless of in vhelmingly because it is le need to learn to see other words whiteness section in the most com visibly differentiable sup ITV sitcom about a mid illy and Justin Lewis note the way that viewers repeatedly recognise the characters blackness but also feel that you just think of them as people in other words that they don t only speak for their race Jhally and Lewis argue that this is achieved by the way the family conforms to the everyday generic world of white television 1992 100 an essen tially middle class world The family is ordinary despite being black because it is upwardly mobile it can be accepted as ordinary in a way that marginalises most actual African Americans If the realities of African American experience were in cluded then the characters would not be perceived as just people 3 See for instance Bogle 1973 Hartmann and Husband 1974 Troyna 1981 MacDonald 1983 Wilson and Guti rez 1985 van Dijk 1987 Jhally and Lewis 1992 58ff Ross 1995 The research findings are generally cast the other way round in terms of non white under representation textual marginalisation and positioning as deviant or a problem Recent research in the US does suggest that African Americans but not other racially marginalised groups have become more repre sented in the media even in excess of their proportion of the population However this number still falls off if one focuses on central characters 4 The Crying Game GB 1992 seems to me to be an example of this It ex plores with fascination and generosity the hybrid and fluid nature of identity gender race national belonging sexuality Yet all of this revolves around a be mused but ultimately unchallenged straight white man it reinscribes the post tion of those at the intersection of heterosexuality maleness and whiteness as that of the one group which does not need to be hybrid and fluid REFERENCES Alba Richard D 1990 Ethnic Identity The Transformation of White America New Haven Yale University Press Bogle Donald 1973 Toms Coons Mulattoes Mammies and Bucks An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films New York Viking Press Carby Hazel V 1992 The Multicultural Wars in Dent Gina ed Black Popra lar Culture Seattle Bay Press 187 99 Dyer Richard 1993 Seen To Be Believed Problems in the Representation of Gay People as Typical in Dyer The Matter of Images Essays on Representations Lon don Routledge 19 51 Hartmann Paul and Husband Charles 1974 Racism and the Mass Media Lon don Davis Poynter hooks bell 1992 Madonna Plantation Mistress or Soul Sister and Repre sentations of Whiteness in the Black Imagination in Black Looks Race and Represen tation Boston South End Press 157 64 165 78 Ibson John 1981 Virgin Land or Virgin Mary Studying the Ethnicity of White Americans American Quarterly 33 3 284 308 Jhally Sut and Lewis Justin 1992 Enlightened Racism The Cosby Show Audi ences and the Myth of the American Dream Boulder Westview Press MacDonald J F 1983 Blacks and White TV Afro Americans in Television since 1948 Chicago Nelson Hall
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
simultaneously function as a side show for white people who look on with delight at all the differences that surround them We may be on our way to genuine hybridity multiplicity without white hegemony and it may be where we want to get to but we aren t there yet and we won t get there until we see whiteness see its power its particularity and limitedness put it in its place and end its rule This is why studying whiteness matters It is studying whiteness qua whiteness Attention is sometimes paid to white ethnicity e g Alba 1990 but this always means an identity based on cultural origins such as British Italian or Polish or Catholic or Jewish or Polish American Irish American Catholic American and so on These however are variations on white ethnicity though some are more securely white than others and the examination of them tends to lead away from a consideration of whiteness itself John Ibson 1981 in a discussion of research on white US ethnicity concludes that being say Polish Catholic or Irish may not be as important to white Americans as some might wish But being white is This then is why it is important to come to see whiteness For those in power in the West as long as whiteness is felt to be the human condition then it alone both defines normality and fully inhabits it As I suggested in my opening paragraphs the equation of being white with being human secures a position of power White people have power and believe that they think feel and act like and for all people white people unable to see their particularity cannot take account of other people s white people create the dominant images of the world and don t quite see that they thus construct the world in their own image white people set standards of humanity by which they are bound to succeed and others bound to fail Most of this is not done deliberately and maliciously there are enormous variations of power amongst white people to do with class gender and other factors goodwill is not unheard of in white people s engagement with others White power nonetheless reproduces itself regardless of in tention power differences and goodwill and overwhelmingly because it is not seen as whiteness but as normal White people need to learn to see themselves as white to see their particularity In other words whiteness needs to be made strange NOTES 1 I use the terms race and racial in this opening section in the most com mon though problematic sense referring to supposedly visibly differentiable sup posedly discrete social groupings 2 In their discussion of the extraordinarily successful TV sitcom about a mid dle class African American family The Cosby Show Sut Jhally and Justin Lewis note eople who look on with We may be on our way egemony and it may be and we won t get there ity and limitedness put whiteness matters on is sometimes paid to means an identity based h or Catholic or Jewish rican and so on These some are more securely tends to lead away from 981 in a discussion of ing say Polish Catholic ans as some might wish whiteness For those in e the human condition abits it As I suggested in white with being human power and believe that te people unable to see people s white people on t quite see that they people set standards of id others bound to fail sly there are enormous with class gender and e people s engagement i itself regardless of in vhelmingly because it is le need to learn to see other words whiteness section in the most com visibly differentiable sup ITV sitcom about a mid illy and Justin Lewis note the way that viewers repeatedly recognise the characters blackness but also feel that you just think of them as people in other words that they don t only speak for their race Jhally and Lewis argue that this is achieved by the way the family conforms to the everyday generic world of white television 1992 100 an essen tially middle class world The family is ordinary despite being black because it is upwardly mobile it can be accepted as ordinary in a way that marginalises most actual African Americans If the realities of African American experience were in cluded then the characters would not be perceived as just people 3 See for instance Bogle 1973 Hartmann and Husband 1974 Troyna 1981 MacDonald 1983 Wilson and Guti rez 1985 van Dijk 1987 Jhally and Lewis 1992 58ff Ross 1995 The research findings are generally cast the other way round in terms of non white under representation textual marginalisation and positioning as deviant or a problem Recent research in the US does suggest that African Americans but not other racially marginalised groups have become more repre sented in the media even in excess of their proportion of the population However this number still falls off if one focuses on central characters 4 The Crying Game GB 1992 seems to me to be an example of this It ex plores with fascination and generosity the hybrid and fluid nature of identity gender race national belonging sexuality Yet all of this revolves around a be mused but ultimately unchallenged straight white man it reinscribes the post tion of those at the intersection of heterosexuality maleness and whiteness as that of the one group which does not need to be hybrid and fluid REFERENCES Alba Richard D 1990 Ethnic Identity The Transformation of White America New Haven Yale University Press Bogle Donald 1973 Toms Coons Mulattoes Mammies and Bucks An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films New York Viking Press Carby Hazel V 1992 The Multicultural Wars in Dent Gina ed Black Popra lar Culture Seattle Bay Press 187 99 Dyer Richard 1993 Seen To Be Believed Problems in the Representation of Gay People as Typical in Dyer The Matter of Images Essays on Representations Lon don Routledge 19 51 Hartmann Paul and Husband Charles 1974 Racism and the Mass Media Lon don Davis Poynter hooks bell 1992 Madonna Plantation Mistress or Soul Sister and Repre sentations of Whiteness in the Black Imagination in Black Looks Race and Represen tation Boston South End Press 157 64 165 78 Ibson John 1981 Virgin Land or Virgin Mary Studying the Ethnicity of White Americans American Quarterly 33 3 284 308 Jhally Sut and Lewis Justin 1992 Enlightened Racism The Cosby Show Audi ences and the Myth of the American Dream Boulder Westview Press MacDonald J F 1983 Blacks and White TV Afro Americans in Television since 1948 Chicago Nelson Hall
what did we learn about race socially constructed identity largely on someone s physical appearance Cphenotype Not genetic geography is Created to oppress people instead the western Concept of teac be understood a based 1 must a classification system the Spanish Colonial context 1493 1898 Enslavement of indigenous and African Origin people occurs accepting spanish rule meant that Indians because subordinate workers or slaves and probably lost their indigenous identities Valerio Jimenez 2012 18 Caste Sustem emerges racial mixing prevalent The British Anglo Colonial Context 1601 1997
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
what did we learn about race socially constructed identity largely on someone s physical appearance Cphenotype Not genetic geography is Created to oppress people instead the western Concept of teac be understood a based 1 must a classification system the Spanish Colonial context 1493 1898 Enslavement of indigenous and African Origin people occurs accepting spanish rule meant that Indians because subordinate workers or slaves and probably lost their indigenous identities Valerio Jimenez 2012 18 Caste Sustem emerges racial mixing prevalent The British Anglo Colonial Context 1601 1997
Racism imagery representation of people along racial lines Normativity Hegemony or cultural hegemony both terms refer to the norm that which is considered the standard version of something in a given cultural context Hegemony is prevalent because it helps human beings make sense of the world Hegemonic norms examples gender male sexuality race religion christianity According to Dyer whiteness is the racial norm in the West As long as race is something only applied to non white peoples as long as white people are not racially seen and names they we function as a human norm Other people are raced we are just people p 10 Only those in the position of the norm that get to speak for the rest and for humanity The claim to power is the claim to speak for the commonality of humanity Raced people can t do that they can only speak for they race p 10 Example Hunger Game fans upset that character of Rue is black Little Mermaid Director on Racist Backlash It Feels So Small Minded A Call to White People It s important to study whiteness Name whiteness be okay talking about your own race His use of They we in writing does this It is part of the goal of ending racism We may be on our way to genuine hybridity multiplicity without white hegemony and it maybe pron t there yot and we won t get there until we see whiteness
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Racism imagery representation of people along racial lines Normativity Hegemony or cultural hegemony both terms refer to the norm that which is considered the standard version of something in a given cultural context Hegemony is prevalent because it helps human beings make sense of the world Hegemonic norms examples gender male sexuality race religion christianity According to Dyer whiteness is the racial norm in the West As long as race is something only applied to non white peoples as long as white people are not racially seen and names they we function as a human norm Other people are raced we are just people p 10 Only those in the position of the norm that get to speak for the rest and for humanity The claim to power is the claim to speak for the commonality of humanity Raced people can t do that they can only speak for they race p 10 Example Hunger Game fans upset that character of Rue is black Little Mermaid Director on Racist Backlash It Feels So Small Minded A Call to White People It s important to study whiteness Name whiteness be okay talking about your own race His use of They we in writing does this It is part of the goal of ending racism We may be on our way to genuine hybridity multiplicity without white hegemony and it maybe pron t there yot and we won t get there until we see whiteness
D Whiteness The Power of Invisibility ontinuing to ignore white racial imagery As long as race is something nly applied to non white peoples as long as white people are not racially en and named they we function as a human norm Other people are ced we are just people There is no more powerful position than that of being just human he claim to power is the claim to speak for the commonality of humanity aced people can t do that they can only speak for their race But non ced people can for they do not represent the interests of a race The bint of seeing the racing of whites is to dislodge them us from the posi on of power with all the in quities oppression privileges and sufferings its train dislodging them us by undercutting the authority with which ey we speak and act in and on the world The sense of whites as non raced is most evident in the absence of ref ence to whiteness in the habitual speech and writing of white people in e West We whites will speak of say the blackness or Chineseness of ends neighbours colleagues customers or clients and it may be in the ost genuinely friendly and accepting manner but we don t mention the miteness of the white people we know An old style white comedian will ten start a joke There s this bloke walking down the street and he rets this black geezer never thinking to race the bloke as well as the ezer Synopses in listings of films on TV where wordage is tight e less squander words with things like Comedy in which a cop and his ack sidekick investigate a robbery Skinhead Johnny and his Asian lover mar set up a laundrette Feature film from a promising Native Ameri n director and so on Since all white people in the West do this all the me it would be invidious to quote actual examples and so I shall con e myself to one from my own writing In an article on lesbian and gay reotypes Dyer 1993 I discuss the fact that there can be variations on a De such as the queen or dyke In the illustrations which accompany this int I compare a fashion queen from the film Irene with a black queen m Car Wash the former white image is not raced whereas all the vari on of the latter is reduced to his race Moreover this is the only non ite image referred to in the article which does not however point out at all the other images discussed are white In this as in the other white amples in this paragraph the fashion queen is racially speaking taken being just human This assumption that white people are just people which is not far off ing that whites are people whereas other colours are something else is demic to white culture Some of the sharpest criticism of it has been med at those who would think themselves the least racist or white su emacist bell hooks for instance has noted how amazed and angry ite liberals become when attention is drawn to their whiteness when y are seen by non white people as white Often their rage erupts because they believe that all ways of looking that highlight difference subvert the liberal belief in a universal as race is something people are not racially rm Other people are of being just human monality of humanity r their race But non terests of a race The iem us from the posi ivileges and sufferings authority with which in the absence of ref ing of white people in ess or Chineseness of 3 and it may be in the we don t mention the e white comedian will Iwn the street and he e bloke as well as the vordage is tight none In which a cop and his iny and his Asian lover omising Native Ameri he West do this all the es and so I shall con le on lesbian and gay can be variations on a which accompany this te with a black queen 1 whereas all the vari this is the only non ot however point out as in the other white cially speaking taken which is not far off are something else is ticism of it has been st racist or white su amazed and angry heir whiteness when I ways of looking f in a universal Dyer The Matter of Whiteness 11 subjectivity we are all just people that they think will make racism disappear They have a deep emotional investment in the myth of sameness even as their actions reflect the primacy of whiteness as a sign informing who they are and how they think hooks 1992 167 Similarly Hazel Carby discusses the use of black texts in white class rooms under the sign of multiculturalism in a way that winds up focusing on the complexity of response in the white reader student s construc tion of self in relation to a black perceived other We should she ar gues recognise that everyone in this social order has been constructed in our political imagination as a racialised subject and thus that we should consider whiteness as well as blackness in order to make visible what is rendered invisible when viewed as the normative state of existence the white point in space from which we tend to identify difference Carby 1992 193 The invisibility of whiteness as a racial position in white which is to say dominant discourse is of a piece with its ubiquity When I said above that I wasn t merely seeking to fill a gap in the analysis of racial imagery I re produced the idea that there is no discussion of white people In fact for most of the time white people speak about nothing but white people it s just that we couch it in terms of people in general Research into books museums the press advertising films television software repeatedly shows that in Western representation whites are overwhelm ingly and disproportionately predominant have the central and elabo rated roles and above all are placed as the norm the ordinary the standard Whites are everywhere in representation Yet precisely because of this and their placing as norm they seem not to be represented to themselves as whites but as people who are variously gendered classed sexualised and abled At the level of racial representation in other words whites are not of a certain race they re just the human race We are often told that we are living now in a world of multiple identi ties of hybridity of decentredness and fragmentation The old illusory unified identities of class gender race sexuality are breaking up some one may be black and gay and middle class and female we may be bi poly or non sexual of mixed race indeterminate gender and heaven knows what class Yet we have not yet reached a situation in which white people and white cultural agendas are no longer in the ascendant The media politics education are still in the hands of white people still speak for whites while claiming and sometimes sincerely aiming to speak for humanity Against the flowering of a myriad postmodern voices we must also see the countervailing tendency towards a homogenisation of world culture in the continued dominance of US news dissemination popular TV programmes and Hollywood movies Postmodern multiculturalism may have genuinely opened up a space for the voices of the other chal lenging the authority of the white West cf Owens 1983 but it may also
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
D Whiteness The Power of Invisibility ontinuing to ignore white racial imagery As long as race is something nly applied to non white peoples as long as white people are not racially en and named they we function as a human norm Other people are ced we are just people There is no more powerful position than that of being just human he claim to power is the claim to speak for the commonality of humanity aced people can t do that they can only speak for their race But non ced people can for they do not represent the interests of a race The bint of seeing the racing of whites is to dislodge them us from the posi on of power with all the in quities oppression privileges and sufferings its train dislodging them us by undercutting the authority with which ey we speak and act in and on the world The sense of whites as non raced is most evident in the absence of ref ence to whiteness in the habitual speech and writing of white people in e West We whites will speak of say the blackness or Chineseness of ends neighbours colleagues customers or clients and it may be in the ost genuinely friendly and accepting manner but we don t mention the miteness of the white people we know An old style white comedian will ten start a joke There s this bloke walking down the street and he rets this black geezer never thinking to race the bloke as well as the ezer Synopses in listings of films on TV where wordage is tight e less squander words with things like Comedy in which a cop and his ack sidekick investigate a robbery Skinhead Johnny and his Asian lover mar set up a laundrette Feature film from a promising Native Ameri n director and so on Since all white people in the West do this all the me it would be invidious to quote actual examples and so I shall con e myself to one from my own writing In an article on lesbian and gay reotypes Dyer 1993 I discuss the fact that there can be variations on a De such as the queen or dyke In the illustrations which accompany this int I compare a fashion queen from the film Irene with a black queen m Car Wash the former white image is not raced whereas all the vari on of the latter is reduced to his race Moreover this is the only non ite image referred to in the article which does not however point out at all the other images discussed are white In this as in the other white amples in this paragraph the fashion queen is racially speaking taken being just human This assumption that white people are just people which is not far off ing that whites are people whereas other colours are something else is demic to white culture Some of the sharpest criticism of it has been med at those who would think themselves the least racist or white su emacist bell hooks for instance has noted how amazed and angry ite liberals become when attention is drawn to their whiteness when y are seen by non white people as white Often their rage erupts because they believe that all ways of looking that highlight difference subvert the liberal belief in a universal as race is something people are not racially rm Other people are of being just human monality of humanity r their race But non terests of a race The iem us from the posi ivileges and sufferings authority with which in the absence of ref ing of white people in ess or Chineseness of 3 and it may be in the we don t mention the e white comedian will Iwn the street and he e bloke as well as the vordage is tight none In which a cop and his iny and his Asian lover omising Native Ameri he West do this all the es and so I shall con le on lesbian and gay can be variations on a which accompany this te with a black queen 1 whereas all the vari this is the only non ot however point out as in the other white cially speaking taken which is not far off are something else is ticism of it has been st racist or white su amazed and angry heir whiteness when I ways of looking f in a universal Dyer The Matter of Whiteness 11 subjectivity we are all just people that they think will make racism disappear They have a deep emotional investment in the myth of sameness even as their actions reflect the primacy of whiteness as a sign informing who they are and how they think hooks 1992 167 Similarly Hazel Carby discusses the use of black texts in white class rooms under the sign of multiculturalism in a way that winds up focusing on the complexity of response in the white reader student s construc tion of self in relation to a black perceived other We should she ar gues recognise that everyone in this social order has been constructed in our political imagination as a racialised subject and thus that we should consider whiteness as well as blackness in order to make visible what is rendered invisible when viewed as the normative state of existence the white point in space from which we tend to identify difference Carby 1992 193 The invisibility of whiteness as a racial position in white which is to say dominant discourse is of a piece with its ubiquity When I said above that I wasn t merely seeking to fill a gap in the analysis of racial imagery I re produced the idea that there is no discussion of white people In fact for most of the time white people speak about nothing but white people it s just that we couch it in terms of people in general Research into books museums the press advertising films television software repeatedly shows that in Western representation whites are overwhelm ingly and disproportionately predominant have the central and elabo rated roles and above all are placed as the norm the ordinary the standard Whites are everywhere in representation Yet precisely because of this and their placing as norm they seem not to be represented to themselves as whites but as people who are variously gendered classed sexualised and abled At the level of racial representation in other words whites are not of a certain race they re just the human race We are often told that we are living now in a world of multiple identi ties of hybridity of decentredness and fragmentation The old illusory unified identities of class gender race sexuality are breaking up some one may be black and gay and middle class and female we may be bi poly or non sexual of mixed race indeterminate gender and heaven knows what class Yet we have not yet reached a situation in which white people and white cultural agendas are no longer in the ascendant The media politics education are still in the hands of white people still speak for whites while claiming and sometimes sincerely aiming to speak for humanity Against the flowering of a myriad postmodern voices we must also see the countervailing tendency towards a homogenisation of world culture in the continued dominance of US news dissemination popular TV programmes and Hollywood movies Postmodern multiculturalism may have genuinely opened up a space for the voices of the other chal lenging the authority of the white West cf Owens 1983 but it may also
Racial imagery is central to the organisation of the modern world At what cost regions and countries export their goods whose voices are lis tened to at international gatherings who bombs and who is bombed who gets what jobs housing access to health care and education what cultural activities are subsidised and sold in what terms they are validated these are all largely inextricable from racial imagery The myriad minute deci sions that constitute the practices of the world are at every point informed by judgments about people s capacities and worth judgements based on what they look like where they come from how they speak even what they eat that is racial judgements Race is not the only factor governing these things and people of goodwill everywhere struggle to overcome the prejudices and barriers of race but it is never not a factor never not in play And since race in itself insofar as it is anything in itself refers to some intrinsically insignificant geographical physical differences between people it is the imagery of race that is in play There has been an enormous amount of analysis of racial imagery in the past decades ranging from studies of images of say blacks or Ameri can Indians in the media to the deconstruction of the fetish of the racial Other in the texts of colonialism and post colonialism Yet until recently a notable absence from such work has been the study of images of white people Indeed to say that one is interested in race has come to men that one is interested in any racial imagery other than that of white people Yet race is not only attributable to people who are not white nor is imagery of mon white people the only racial imagery This essay is about the racial imagery of white people not the images of other races in white cultural production but the latter s imagery of white people themselves This is not done merely to fill a gap in the ana tic literature but because there is something at stake in looking at or 9
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Racial imagery is central to the organisation of the modern world At what cost regions and countries export their goods whose voices are lis tened to at international gatherings who bombs and who is bombed who gets what jobs housing access to health care and education what cultural activities are subsidised and sold in what terms they are validated these are all largely inextricable from racial imagery The myriad minute deci sions that constitute the practices of the world are at every point informed by judgments about people s capacities and worth judgements based on what they look like where they come from how they speak even what they eat that is racial judgements Race is not the only factor governing these things and people of goodwill everywhere struggle to overcome the prejudices and barriers of race but it is never not a factor never not in play And since race in itself insofar as it is anything in itself refers to some intrinsically insignificant geographical physical differences between people it is the imagery of race that is in play There has been an enormous amount of analysis of racial imagery in the past decades ranging from studies of images of say blacks or Ameri can Indians in the media to the deconstruction of the fetish of the racial Other in the texts of colonialism and post colonialism Yet until recently a notable absence from such work has been the study of images of white people Indeed to say that one is interested in race has come to men that one is interested in any racial imagery other than that of white people Yet race is not only attributable to people who are not white nor is imagery of mon white people the only racial imagery This essay is about the racial imagery of white people not the images of other races in white cultural production but the latter s imagery of white people themselves This is not done merely to fill a gap in the ana tic literature but because there is something at stake in looking at or 9
Discussion Board Posts 25 total As a measure of your participation you will write 200 word minimum responses to the readings as well as responding to at least other post In these posts I want to see concrete examples where you critically reflect on the readings This can include citing spe photographs and photographers theoretical connections between different readings ideas themes and or the author s own argum Please refer to my separate guide on discussion posts for full details Posts are due by Sunday 6pm almost every week There will
Anatomy and Physiology
General Anatomy
Discussion Board Posts 25 total As a measure of your participation you will write 200 word minimum responses to the readings as well as responding to at least other post In these posts I want to see concrete examples where you critically reflect on the readings This can include citing spe photographs and photographers theoretical connections between different readings ideas themes and or the author s own argum Please refer to my separate guide on discussion posts for full details Posts are due by Sunday 6pm almost every week There will
Suppose someone makes the following argument The role of the state is to ensure basic negative freedom and maintain an orderly environment for market transactions as long as they are free of force or fraud Any state role beyond this infringes on people s rights Thus the state should not provide medical care as a positive right for example by funding healthcare access via taxation Which of the following theories of justice is the basis for this argument O Prioritarianism O Utilitarianism O Resource egalitarianism Libertarianism
Anatomy and Physiology
Abdomen
Suppose someone makes the following argument The role of the state is to ensure basic negative freedom and maintain an orderly environment for market transactions as long as they are free of force or fraud Any state role beyond this infringes on people s rights Thus the state should not provide medical care as a positive right for example by funding healthcare access via taxation Which of the following theories of justice is the basis for this argument O Prioritarianism O Utilitarianism O Resource egalitarianism Libertarianism
Which of the following is the best example of someone fulfilling a residual duty O You are a physician who had two patients both with equally serious injuries arrive in the E R at the same time At the time you were the only available physician and you knew that you could not treat both patients you would have to give one your attention You decide to try one more time to find another available physician Losing no time you request urgently that another physician be paged Luckily this physician is able to get to the E R very quickly to treat the other patient After you have finished treating your patient you make sure to check how the other patient is doing and to thank the physician for helping out on short notice No answer text provided O You are a physician who had two patients both with equally serious injuries arrive in the E R at the same time You were the only available physician and you could not treat both patients You treated patient A and because of the delay patient B who was not treated until another physician became available while you were treating patient A is left with a life altering mobility problem that may not have arisen if they had been treated sooner As soon as possible after this incident you sit with patient B and their loved ones explain what happened apologize and work with them to secure the assistance they need O No answer text provided
Anatomy and Physiology
General Anatomy
Which of the following is the best example of someone fulfilling a residual duty O You are a physician who had two patients both with equally serious injuries arrive in the E R at the same time At the time you were the only available physician and you knew that you could not treat both patients you would have to give one your attention You decide to try one more time to find another available physician Losing no time you request urgently that another physician be paged Luckily this physician is able to get to the E R very quickly to treat the other patient After you have finished treating your patient you make sure to check how the other patient is doing and to thank the physician for helping out on short notice No answer text provided O You are a physician who had two patients both with equally serious injuries arrive in the E R at the same time You were the only available physician and you could not treat both patients You treated patient A and because of the delay patient B who was not treated until another physician became available while you were treating patient A is left with a life altering mobility problem that may not have arisen if they had been treated sooner As soon as possible after this incident you sit with patient B and their loved ones explain what happened apologize and work with them to secure the assistance they need O No answer text provided
In the story of Tia Fuller she faced negative feedback when she received a D in the yearlong course on the African diaspora at Spelman College This grade devastated her and made her feel defeated However instead of letting this setback define her or discourage her Tia took the feedback as an opportunity for growth and improvement She didn t blame external factors or make excuses for her grade Instead she took responsibility for her learning and sought help from her professor Tia actively worked on improving her writing skills seeking feedback from friends and constantly questioning and refining her thinking She embraced the challenge of improving her writing and used it as motivation to become a better student Tia s response to the negative feedback
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
In the story of Tia Fuller she faced negative feedback when she received a D in the yearlong course on the African diaspora at Spelman College This grade devastated her and made her feel defeated However instead of letting this setback define her or discourage her Tia took the feedback as an opportunity for growth and improvement She didn t blame external factors or make excuses for her grade Instead she took responsibility for her learning and sought help from her professor Tia actively worked on improving her writing skills seeking feedback from friends and constantly questioning and refining her thinking She embraced the challenge of improving her writing and used it as motivation to become a better student Tia s response to the negative feedback
Chapter 18 of the book is laden meaning filled with many outside texts places The purpose of including so many of these references is to the connections of what is happening in the story references to What is are the potential meaning s of this poem and what evidence supports that idea How do you think the poem s title connects with Holden Caulfield In what ways does Holden connect with or seem similar to the main character in the war movie
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Chapter 18 of the book is laden meaning filled with many outside texts places The purpose of including so many of these references is to the connections of what is happening in the story references to What is are the potential meaning s of this poem and what evidence supports that idea How do you think the poem s title connects with Holden Caulfield In what ways does Holden connect with or seem similar to the main character in the war movie
Her soru i in size 15 dakikal k s re verilecek Bu s re i erisinde z m n foto raf n y klemeli ve gerekli alanlar doldurmal s n z Bir soruyu tamamlad ktan sonra kar s n za kan b Soru Bekleme Ekran nda b b ptal Butonuna b basarak di er soruya ge i yapmadan teste ara verebilirsiniz Haz r oldu unuzda teste kald n z yerden devam edebilirsiniz Testi en iyi ekilde tamamlayabilmeniz i in l tfen kendinize dikkatinizin da lmayaca olabildi ince sessiz bir ortam yarat n
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Her soru i in size 15 dakikal k s re verilecek Bu s re i erisinde z m n foto raf n y klemeli ve gerekli alanlar doldurmal s n z Bir soruyu tamamlad ktan sonra kar s n za kan b Soru Bekleme Ekran nda b b ptal Butonuna b basarak di er soruya ge i yapmadan teste ara verebilirsiniz Haz r oldu unuzda teste kald n z yerden devam edebilirsiniz Testi en iyi ekilde tamamlayabilmeniz i in l tfen kendinize dikkatinizin da lmayaca olabildi ince sessiz bir ortam yarat n
10 How did Henry Ford contribute to changes in transportation in the early 20th century a Ford perfected the interchangeable tire making road travel easier b Ford invented the first car and it quickly became the number one choice for transportation c Ford invented the electric motor thus allowing cars to travel over longer distances across country d Ford perfected the assembly line driving the cost of cars down thus making them affordable to most people
Anatomy and Physiology
G.I Tract
10 How did Henry Ford contribute to changes in transportation in the early 20th century a Ford perfected the interchangeable tire making road travel easier b Ford invented the first car and it quickly became the number one choice for transportation c Ford invented the electric motor thus allowing cars to travel over longer distances across country d Ford perfected the assembly line driving the cost of cars down thus making them affordable to most people
Use the following poster to answer question THE RED MENACE IS REAL Which of the following best summarizes the poster a The Red Scare b American Expansionism c Ku Klux Klan d Patriot Act
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Use the following poster to answer question THE RED MENACE IS REAL Which of the following best summarizes the poster a The Red Scare b American Expansionism c Ku Klux Klan d Patriot Act
Which of the following best describes the Harlem Renaissance a The rehabilitation of a decaying urban area b The beginning of the NAACP c An outpouring of Black artistic and literary creativity d The establishment of the back to Africa movement
Anatomy and Physiology
Brain
Which of the following best describes the Harlem Renaissance a The rehabilitation of a decaying urban area b The beginning of the NAACP c An outpouring of Black artistic and literary creativity d The establishment of the back to Africa movement
9 Which of the following best completes the graphic organizer Underconsumption Overproduction Stock Market Crash of 1929 a Reason for World War II b Causes of Great Awakening c Causes of the Great Depression d Reason for Spanish American W
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology
9 Which of the following best completes the graphic organizer Underconsumption Overproduction Stock Market Crash of 1929 a Reason for World War II b Causes of Great Awakening c Causes of the Great Depression d Reason for Spanish American W
5 Which group of immigrants had the greatest reduction in numbers from 1907 to 1914 Immigration and the Quota Laws Immigrants from northem and western Europe Average annual fox 176 983 1907 1914 Quotas under Act of 1921 198 082 Quotas under Act of 1924 143 999 Immigrants from other countries orincicaly southem and eastem Europe 685 531 158 367 21 847 Source Thomas A Baley et al The American Pageart D C Heath and Co 1998 adapled a Immigrants from northern and western Europe b Immigrants for southern and western Asia c Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe d Immigrants from northern and western Africa
Anatomy and Physiology
Histology
5 Which group of immigrants had the greatest reduction in numbers from 1907 to 1914 Immigration and the Quota Laws Immigrants from northem and western Europe Average annual fox 176 983 1907 1914 Quotas under Act of 1921 198 082 Quotas under Act of 1924 143 999 Immigrants from other countries orincicaly southem and eastem Europe 685 531 158 367 21 847 Source Thomas A Baley et al The American Pageart D C Heath and Co 1998 adapled a Immigrants from northern and western Europe b Immigrants for southern and western Asia c Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe d Immigrants from northern and western Africa
How did the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 affect the United States a by placing term limits on the presidency b by guaranteeing women the right to vote c by prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcohol d by allowing citizens to directly elect their senators
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology
How did the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 affect the United States a by placing term limits on the presidency b by guaranteeing women the right to vote c by prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcohol d by allowing citizens to directly elect their senators
4 Which action by the United States government best reflects the philosophy expressed in this cartoon a Enactment of the Lend Lease Act b Rejection of the Fourteen Points by Congress c Approval of the Treaty of Versailles d Passage of legislation restricting immigration
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
4 Which action by the United States government best reflects the philosophy expressed in this cartoon a Enactment of the Lend Lease Act b Rejection of the Fourteen Points by Congress c Approval of the Treaty of Versailles d Passage of legislation restricting immigration
The Sedition and Espionage Acts were used by President Woodrow Wilson administration during World War I to a Discourage congressional support for the war effort b Remove Communist from government positions c Place German Americans in Internment camps d Silence critics of the war effort
Anatomy and Physiology
Embryo
The Sedition and Espionage Acts were used by President Woodrow Wilson administration during World War I to a Discourage congressional support for the war effort b Remove Communist from government positions c Place German Americans in Internment camps d Silence critics of the war effort
2 Which of the following best summarizes the map a Great Migration Dustbowl b c Battle of Yorktown Manifest Destiny d
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
2 Which of the following best summarizes the map a Great Migration Dustbowl b c Battle of Yorktown Manifest Destiny d
the excerpt to answer the question s that follow The people of the United States are drawn from many nations and chiefly from the nations now at war It is natural and inevitable that there should be utmost variety of sympathy and desire among them with regard to the issues and circumstances of the conflict Some will wish one nation others another to succeed in the momentous struggle The United States must be neutral in fact as well as in name during these days that are to try men s souls President Woodrow Wilson 1914 1 Which development caused the United States to change the foreign policy supported by President Wilson in the quotation a Russia and China withdrew its military forces from the conflict b The Central Powers began to use poison gas on the battlefield c German submarines attacked U S merchant ships and the Zimmerman Telegram d Hitler s use of mass production to kill off the Jewish population
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
the excerpt to answer the question s that follow The people of the United States are drawn from many nations and chiefly from the nations now at war It is natural and inevitable that there should be utmost variety of sympathy and desire among them with regard to the issues and circumstances of the conflict Some will wish one nation others another to succeed in the momentous struggle The United States must be neutral in fact as well as in name during these days that are to try men s souls President Woodrow Wilson 1914 1 Which development caused the United States to change the foreign policy supported by President Wilson in the quotation a Russia and China withdrew its military forces from the conflict b The Central Powers began to use poison gas on the battlefield c German submarines attacked U S merchant ships and the Zimmerman Telegram d Hitler s use of mass production to kill off the Jewish population
The following are all used in applications to obtain estimates of the numbers of cells in a given sample such as food culture flask or soil Sort the items depending on whether the resulting data would represent direct or indirect counts Items 8 items Drag and drop into the appropriate area below Protein levels Categories Petroff Hausser chamber Pour plates Indirect counts Fluorescence activated cell sorter FACS Dry weight Direct counts Spread plating Optical densi
Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to Physiology
The following are all used in applications to obtain estimates of the numbers of cells in a given sample such as food culture flask or soil Sort the items depending on whether the resulting data would represent direct or indirect counts Items 8 items Drag and drop into the appropriate area below Protein levels Categories Petroff Hausser chamber Pour plates Indirect counts Fluorescence activated cell sorter FACS Dry weight Direct counts Spread plating Optical densi
Topographic Map Figure 17 shows the topographic map we used in Example 8 of this section Recall that Stacey is at position S and Amy is at position A In Figure 19 Travis a third hiker is at position T 17 If the distance between A and T on the map in Figure 19 is 0 5 inch find each of the following a The horizontal distance between Amy and Travis b The difference in elevation between Amy and Travis c The angle of elevation from Travis to Amy 0001 1546 Bishop Peak 1 in 1600 ft 1200 1600 O Contour interval 40 ft FIGURE 17
Anatomy and Physiology
Infex
Topographic Map Figure 17 shows the topographic map we used in Example 8 of this section Recall that Stacey is at position S and Amy is at position A In Figure 19 Travis a third hiker is at position T 17 If the distance between A and T on the map in Figure 19 is 0 5 inch find each of the following a The horizontal distance between Amy and Travis b The difference in elevation between Amy and Travis c The angle of elevation from Travis to Amy 0001 1546 Bishop Peak 1 in 1600 ft 1200 1600 O Contour interval 40 ft FIGURE 17
Q4 1 1 Point We want to remove Land bubble up from H and L to K What color does H become red black double black negative red Save Answer Last saved on Jan 29 at 12 58 PM Q4 2 1 Point What color does K become red black double black negative red Save Answer Last saved on Jan 29 at 12 59 PM Q4 3 1 Point After the double black elimination shown at the beginning of thi question what is the parent of L J H G Q4 4 1 Point Now let s remove L Is the result a valid red black tree Yes No Save Answer
Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to Physiology
Q4 1 1 Point We want to remove Land bubble up from H and L to K What color does H become red black double black negative red Save Answer Last saved on Jan 29 at 12 58 PM Q4 2 1 Point What color does K become red black double black negative red Save Answer Last saved on Jan 29 at 12 59 PM Q4 3 1 Point After the double black elimination shown at the beginning of thi question what is the parent of L J H G Q4 4 1 Point Now let s remove L Is the result a valid red black tree Yes No Save Answer
Rome laws literature women architecture decline China rise to empire tombs philosophy Confucius landmarks Research using book or internet and describe these concepts of these two Empires from their early beginning Write complete paragraphs Include wo Work should include introduction to Rome and China information found closing paragraphs
Anatomy and Physiology
General Anatomy
Rome laws literature women architecture decline China rise to empire tombs philosophy Confucius landmarks Research using book or internet and describe these concepts of these two Empires from their early beginning Write complete paragraphs Include wo Work should include introduction to Rome and China information found closing paragraphs
For this assignment please write a response to the following question Your response should be a minimum of 2 paragraphs and include at least 2 examples of positive incentives and 2 examples of negative incentives you avoid In general why do people approach positive incentives and avoid negative ones Why do people do this almost at the same time What are two things you like for incentives and two things you try to avoid
Anatomy and Physiology
General Anatomy
For this assignment please write a response to the following question Your response should be a minimum of 2 paragraphs and include at least 2 examples of positive incentives and 2 examples of negative incentives you avoid In general why do people approach positive incentives and avoid negative ones Why do people do this almost at the same time What are two things you like for incentives and two things you try to avoid
because there the most sensitive Explain your answer Hearing is the most senso a lot of ways to hurt your hearing are 2 Identify one or more ways that each of your senses helps you move through and experience the world around you
Anatomy and Physiology
General Anatomy
because there the most sensitive Explain your answer Hearing is the most senso a lot of ways to hurt your hearing are 2 Identify one or more ways that each of your senses helps you move through and experience the world around you
stion 1 Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease resulting from a copying error for the DNA sequence that codes for Beta hemoglobin the molecule that assists red blood cells with transporting oxygen The mutated mRNA sequence has the nucleotide uracil instead of adenine in the seventh codon as illustrated in the sequence below Apply your knowledge of transcription translation and mutations to answer the following questions a Is sickle cell anemia created by a point or frameshift mutation b What are the coding and template strands of DNA that correspond to the provided mRNA sequence 5 AUG GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GUG GAG AAG 3 B 1 EE T U T T 0 Word s
Anatomy and Physiology
General Anatomy
stion 1 Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease resulting from a copying error for the DNA sequence that codes for Beta hemoglobin the molecule that assists red blood cells with transporting oxygen The mutated mRNA sequence has the nucleotide uracil instead of adenine in the seventh codon as illustrated in the sequence below Apply your knowledge of transcription translation and mutations to answer the following questions a Is sickle cell anemia created by a point or frameshift mutation b What are the coding and template strands of DNA that correspond to the provided mRNA sequence 5 AUG GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GUG GAG AAG 3 B 1 EE T U T T 0 Word s
1
Anatomy and Physiology
General Anatomy
1
Erik Erikson s Theory of Psychosocial Development O Connects earlier and late life development Starts at the very beginning of life O Builds upon development that occurs after traditional adulthood O None of the statements are correct All first three statement are correct
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology
Erik Erikson s Theory of Psychosocial Development O Connects earlier and late life development Starts at the very beginning of life O Builds upon development that occurs after traditional adulthood O None of the statements are correct All first three statement are correct
From the life course perspective which research method design is most appropriate for investigating the changes individuals experience as they age O Longitudinal design O Quasi experimental environmental controlled design O Generalized experimental laboratory controlled design O Cross section design System review shifts design Life sustainability cohort
Anatomy and Physiology
Brain
From the life course perspective which research method design is most appropriate for investigating the changes individuals experience as they age O Longitudinal design O Quasi experimental environmental controlled design O Generalized experimental laboratory controlled design O Cross section design System review shifts design Life sustainability cohort
Match the following research methods Quantitative Qualitative Ethnography Biomarkers Choose Choose Words Symptoms Observations Numbers Saliva and Blood Choose Choose
Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to Physiology
Match the following research methods Quantitative Qualitative Ethnography Biomarkers Choose Choose Words Symptoms Observations Numbers Saliva and Blood Choose Choose