Biology Questions

Hemoglobin is a protein which binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the capillaries Interestingly your body controls this intake and drop off of oxygen by having different pH s at the two locations Instructions walk the audience through how oxygen binds to heme and if any structural changes occur along with explaining the binding capacity of oxygen to heme in the lungs and how that differs from that in the capillaries Also explain how Co intorn

A significant amount of methane CH4 is trapped as a solid underground or under marine sediments and is referred to as inorganic carbon O natural gas O liquid methane methane hydrates

Plants and fungi also have haploid gametes and diploid zygotes but because of differences in the order in which meiosis fertilization and growth and development take place they have different life cycles Fungi undergo meiosis rather than growth and development immediately after fertilization so the zygote is the only stage of the life cycle that is diploid 2N and all other stages are haploid N Fungi thus have a haploid life cycle Plants undergo growth and development after meiosis and after fertilization so have multicellular stages that are haploid and multicellular stages that are diploid and their life cycle is referred to as alternation of generations you will learn more about plant life cycles in BIOL 2120 During meiosis the number of chromosomes in a diploid cell is halved haploid cells never undergo meiosis This process has both a random and a non random component In meiosis homologous chromosomes line up and then are separated This is the non random component of meiosis because assuming no errors occur each gamete gets one and only one of the chromosomes from each pair of homologous chromosomes The random part of meiosis is in the combinations of different chromosomes that each gamete receives You probably remember some of the different relationships that genes on homologous chromosomes can have with each other such as dominance co dominance etc For today s lab we will not worry about these relationships too much as what we are doing is general to homologous chromosomes regardless of their relationships Meiosis splits homologous chromosomes This means that if we look at genes for a single trait with two alleles call them A and a we can graphically represent what happens Figure 1 What are the possible gamete genotypes Parent Cell 2N Aa Daughter Cells N Meiosis Possible gamete genotypes Figure 1 The results of meiosis for a single gene with 2 alleles A and a Notice that Figure 1 is a bit simplified What also must have happened to progress from a single 2N parental cell to 4N daughter cells After meiosis fertilization occurs In fertilization the diploid condition is restored Two gametes each with a single chromosome from each of their parent s homologous pairs fuse The resulting cell now has the same number of chromosomes as the parent 2N and homologous chromosomes are again paired up However the identity of those chromosomes is not the same as either parent An important point is that genes on different chromosomes move from one generation to the next completely independently of one another This is called the principle of independent assortment Although this is certainly not always the case for today s lab we will deal only with genes that assort independently

The Punnett square is a simple simulation of sexual reproduction meiosis followed by fertilization Punnett squares allow you to predict the likely results of sexual reproduction for both individuals and populations Today s lab will help you set up and solve some simple Punnett squares at the level of the individual The first step of doing a Punnett square is to determine the likely gametes that can be produced by the individual parents i e determine the possible results of meiosis For a single parent and considering a single gene on two homologous chromosomes this is straightforward The gametes that result from meiosis of the haploid cell can have either the allele on one chromosome or the allele on the other there are no other options Genotypes of diploid cells are generally denoted with simple abbreviations For example for a species with only two alleles for a given gene the Alleles can be represented by any letter using different cases For example we can let A represent one allele and a represent a second allele for the same gene we could use A A a a etc to represent more alleles as needed Below are three different possible genotypes for a diploid individual using this system of representation For each determine the possible haploid genotypes of Gametes that meiosis could produce MONOHYBRID CROSS Determining the possible gamete genotypes each diploid can produce Diploid genotype AA Aa Parental description Homozygous A 2 identical A alleles Heterozygous 2 different alleles Homozygous a 2 identical a alleles aa Parental description Homozygous B 2 identical B alleles Heterozygous 2 different alleles Possible gamete haploid genotypes A A or a To keep track of separate genes we can simply use different letters For example if A and a represent different alleles for hair color then we might use B and b to represent alleles for eye color Diploid genotype a With your group determine the possible gamete genotypes each diploid individual can produce Possible gamete haploid genotypes List all

2 AaBBx AABb a Possible gamete genotypes for AaBB b Possible gamete genotypes for AABB c Punnett square d Offspring genotype ratio You can go further If you know the total number of offspring that result from the mating you can determine how many of them should have a specific genotype assuming that your understanding of the genetic system is correct For example if a pair of fruit flies following this genetic system had 40 offspring we would expect that 40 0 25 10 of the offspring would have genotype AA We can use this to test hypotheses about the relationships between different genes alleles and even to determine possible parent genotypes In fact this is the basic logic of paternity tests used in courts of law tabloid talk shows STATISTICALLY COMPARING GENOTYPES The chi square test The chi square x pronounced kai square test is very useful in Mendelian genetics Categorical data are usually counts of occurrences in different mutually exclusive categories Each genotype is a category as are phenotypes Thus these are categorical data and a chi square test is appropriate This chi square test uses the observed numbers and the numbers expected if the results follow the hypothesis predicted by the Punnett Square which follows Mendelian principle of independent assortment to calculate the probability that the observed results could have occurred by chance The chi square test is statistically testing these hypotheses when analyzed with Mendelian genetics ratio data Ho The observed ratio is not different from the expected ratio as predicted by Mendelian genetics Ha The observed ratio is different from the expected ratio as predicted by Mendelian genetics

Part C Directions For 3 5 answer the question Are the observed offspring the result of the parents using chi square statistics Include a copy of your calculations when you submit your assignment You can copy and paste your table from Excel below Make sure to answer the questions 3 Observed offspring AA 40 Aa 45 aa 0 Mating Aa x Aa 1 pt Are the observed offspring the result of the parents using chi square statistics 4 Observed offspring BB 25 Bb 15 bb 2 Mating Bb x BB 1 pt a This is a special case Do you need statistics to rule out this possibility Why or why not Are the observed offspring the result of the parents using chi square statistics 5 Observed offspring see below Mating AaBb x AaBb 1 pt AABB 5 AABb 10 AAbb 6 AaBB 15 AaBb 30 Aabb 13 aaBB 8 aaBb 11 aabb 2

Part A Directions Use the genetic information from the child you produced with your partner in lab to draw what your child would look like on a separate piece of paper You will need to finish filling out the table for your child s phenotype if you did not in lab Include the finished table and your drawing to this post lab exercise when you submit it You will not be graded on your artistic ability however you must attempt to seriously draw your child to reflect their genotype Please color your answers as red 4 pt Part B Directions For each question below determine the parent s genotypes the sperm and ova gametes and create the appropriate Punnett square Answer the question for each word problem Do not delete the questions Use the following genetic information to answer the questions in this section In humans Brown eye color B is dominant over the allele for blue eye color b Double jointedness J is dominant over the allele for normal joints j Dimples D is dominant to the allele for no dimples d 1 Mike is heterozygous for both eye color and double jointedness Kathy has blue eyes and is normal jointed What is the probability that their daughter will have blue eyes and be double jointed 1 pt Mike s genotype Kathy s genotype Child s probability 2 Bob has blue eyes and no dimples Helen is heterozygous for eye color and homozygous dominant for dimples What s the probability that their child will have blue eyes and no dimples 1 pt Bob s genotype Helen s genotype Child s probability

Which of the following is NOT part of a ger stop promoter

With respect to the previous question in what sort of deposits are these early fossil assemblages found O stromatolites O volcanic ash O massive beds of mudstone O sandstone

A stromatolite resembles an onion in that it is composed of multiple fine layers laminations In a living stromatolite where in this structure is the bacterial matt O in the middle layers only protected from the outside environment O for every layer there is a corresponding matt Oon the bottom layer only on the top layer only

What is the evidence for the early earth being anoxic O volcanic activity would have burned all the oxygen O pyrite minerals susceptible to breakdown by oxygen are abundant in early Archean sediments O it wasn t anoxic all life requires oxygen therefore oxygen had to have been present since the earliest known lif

The diagram shows the release of a neurotransmitter across a synapse Presynaptic neuron X Neurotransmitter a ldentify the structure labelled X 1 4Outline the role of the sodium potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential of a neuron 2 5 Compare and contrast hormonal and nervous communication 7

The diagram shows the side view of the human elbow Which structure is the radius A A B C 2 The electron micrograph shows sarcomeres in myofibrils of striated muscle during muscle contraction T lines P Q and R S show two regions of one sarcomere C D D How would regions P Q and R S change when the muscle relaxes WasaKENDOS P Q wider B narrower wider no chango R S narrower wider One sarcomere no change P Q RS Name A alenn

Practice Pedigrees Determine the inheritance pattern of each of the following pedigrees Then label the genotypes of each individual in the pedigrees I 606 2017 od 4

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What does this symbol mean A Layers dipping 30 northeast B Layers dipping 30 southeast C Layers dipping 30 southwest D Layers dipping 30 northwest E Layers dipping 45 north 30 N

Now label the branches for these groups in your phylogeny with these ages 2 Discuss whether the first appearance data support the Land Plant phylogeny that we are using The plant phylogeny is constructed based on various lines of evidence like fossil record and genet data and so much more

Examine the Perch skull Looking at the rear of it notice how there is a small braincase housed within an outer skull Draw a cross section of the Perch skull from this perspective This is the primitive condition for many vertebrates Tetrapods included It is called the anapsid condition a braincase a complete outer skull with a space between them 6 On your drawing label the parts that correspond to the braincase holds the brain and sensory organs

2 Discuss whether the first appearance data support the Land Plant phylogeny that we are using

1 Do some basic research and find the age of the earliest known fossils for Bryophytes sometimes called Bryopsids Tracheophytes Seed plants Angiosperms Use simple search terms like earliest known Bryophyte or oldest Bryophyte fossil Cite your sources Now label the branches for these groups in your phylogeny with these ages

5 Ground truthing the Land Plant phylogeny Phylogenies are fundamentally just hypotheses For example no one was present during the hundreds of millions of years over which land plant evolution took place No one watched it happen and documented the branching pattern of their evolutionary history The Land Plant phylogeny that we use in this class is a conjecture based on cladistic analysis and other phylogeny reconstruction techniques It is definitely a conjecture that makes sense but did plants really evolve in the exact order that the phylogeny depicts How can we ever know for sure Is there any independent way to assess it Using first appearance data can help evaluate a phylogenetic hypothesis The term first appearance means the age of the oldest known fossil in a given group The branching sequence on a phylogeny proceeds through time from the bottom upward Theoretically then organisms on branches lower on the tree should have appeared first in time and should have an older fossil record compared to organisms to belong to branches higher on the tree

1 Mioplusus and Coelocanthus Mioplusus is a Tertiary ray fin fish Coelocanthus is a living lobe fin fish This is a scale model of Coelocanthus What primary feature distinguishes ray fin fishes from lobe fin fishes Sketch an example of a fin from each to highlight your description

Exercise 3 Questions Question 1 How are karyotypes used to screen for genetic disease E E T T B I U I 0 10000

7 Cycas a cycad is another seed plant that was very common in the Mesozoic Describe very briefly the foliage of both Cycas and Araucaria X Although there were softer plants living at the time e g ferns the abundance of the above two plants and their close relatives dictates that herbivorous dinosaurs must have been eating them ouch

3 Equisetum Calamites and Annularia are members of the Sphenopsids They have a unique anatomy stellar organization meaning they are composed of bundles of tissue arranged in a circle see figure below They also display jointing in the stems very obvious in Equisetum Sketch Calamites a Carboniferous sphenopsid some of which reached over 10 meters in height and identify on your sketch the bundles of tissue and if you can find it a characteristic joint where the tissue bundles pinch out and then expand

and their close relatives dictates that herbivorous dinosaurs must have been eating 8 Angiosperms are more commonly known as the flowering plants and include most of the plants that you are probably familiar with minus the conifers and the ferns Examples include any plant trees included with a flower plus grasses and many shrubs From your notes describe why double fertilization with respect to seed development is a major advantage over the way that conifers produce seeds

5 Archaeopteris This Late Paleozoic specimen foliage only and its near relatives collectively called the Progymnosperms represent close relatives of the seed plants although they themselves unfortunately lacked the seed habit What are two great advantages that seed plants have compared to Progymnosperms and other plants that lack seeds 1

Ferns were also extremely diverse and abundant during the late Paleozoic and into the Mesozoic Some of them evolved a tree form which reached heights of 10 meters Briefly describe the reproductive strategy of ferns as well as the other land plants you have examined so far questions 1 3 You may express your explanation in the form of a diagram if that s easier

2 Sigillaria Members of Lycopoda were the dominant land plants during the Carboniferous In fact most of the coal on earth was formed from the remains of Carboniferous forests which were filled with Lycopods A few surviving members exist but are very small Look at the Sigillaria fossil This fossil is a piece of bark from an arboraceous tree like Lycopod Sketch in detail a portion of it The strange H shaped marks you see are called leaf scars and show where the leaves attached directly to the stalk

algac 1 Identify place the following evolutionary novelties on the tree below either at the correct node or next to the correct name gametophyte completely parasitic on sporophyte xylem and phloem tissue gametophyte growth reduced to four cells one of which is the egg lignin in some tissues Land Plant diversification Bryophytes Lycopods Ferns and allies land plants Conifers Progymnosperms Sphenopsids Tracheophytes vascular plants Gingkoes Cycads and allies seed plants Ang

1 Moss a member of Bryopsida Moss is restricted to growing in very moist areas In addition the individual stalks never grow very high What is it exactly about moss anatomy that limits it from growing tall and living in drier regions

Ming evolutionary novelties on the tree below either at the correct node or next to the correct name notochord muscular appendages modified brachial arches clamp together paired appendages myomeres bony ray like appendages cartilaginous skeleton Pikea Early Chordate diversification lamproy Heterostracans earliest vertebrates Vertebrates Osteostracans Placoderms ray fins Actinopterygians Chondrichthyes jawed vertebrates Gnathostomes lobe fins Sarcopterygians

In the following pedigree of an autosomal recessive disorder what is the probability that IV 1 will be affected I II III IV 2 3 O 1 2 O 3 4 1 12 Rr 1 1 Rr 2 R R R3 2 3 1 RR 3 R rr 1 5 Rr 4 2

the following subclasses of Gastropods with the correct characteristic V show complete detorsion sea slugs sea hares sea butterflies loss of ancestral ctenidia vascularized mantle wall evolved into lung gills lie in front of heart mantle cavity anterior as a result of torsion 1 Prosobranchs 2 Opisthobranchs 3 Pulmonates

DELLE 1 2 Description 1 2 Description TWIDE 3 Figure 1 10 in the textbook 3 Figure 1 11 in the textbook

34 1 2 V SYNTHESIS DESCRIBING FINDINGS EXERCISE 1 Now it s your choice For the following you can label all of the sketches at once and then go back and label corresponding structures within each image with your lab partner or work with an image and its accompany ing sketch at the same time Either way the goal is to label all of the sketches correctly and carefully com pare the sketch with the sonographic image Description Figure 1 7 bottom in the textbook LIVER 3 2 Please review the section in your textbook titled Ho to Describe Ultrasound Findings Use your textbord below each image and accompanying sketch Reme and write a description of the ultrasound findings differentiate abnormal echo patterns from norma ber that you want to echo patterns document any differences in echo pattern appear ance and describe any difference in echo pattern appearance using sonographic terminology Figure 1 9 in the textbook I

Each color is characteristic of a distinct visible light color of an object is because the object does not wavelength absorb reflect wavelength We can see the that particular light

What is the Stress type Compression Tension or Shear What is the Strain type Elastic Plastic or Brittle What is the Fault type Normal Reverse Thrust or Strike

3 What do you see What is the Stress Compression Tension or shede What is the Strain type Elasto Plastic or Bris ELE What is the Fault type Normat Reverse Thruster Strike On outcrop in Nevada

1 What do you see What is the Stress type Compression Tension or Shear What is the Strain type Elastic Plastic or Brittle What is the Fault tyne 2 Normal Reverse Thrust or Strike

Step 01 Find an article in the popular press that addresses any areas of social determinants of health for American Indian Alaska Native health Create your own outline of what you will talk about these are your private notes of main points questions you have etc Link off of some type of evidence in this article to another resource What does this article tell you Why is it important Does it help you understand the main points the issue etc Do you agree or disagree What s your opinion now Write and post a 1 2 page blog about the article that you found including a short summary evidence and your opinion Make sure you provide a link or source to the article just Respond to other student posts by Friday Feb 23 2024 at 1159pm

What is the instrument used for cell counting called O Barometer O Countingmeter O Thermometer

O Extension O Annealing O Denaturation O Translation Question 10 How does DNA travel from negative to positive By car From cathode to anode From anode to cathode

What is the difference between direct and indirect immunocytochemistry O Indirect immunocytochemistry does not use use antibodies O Indirect immunocytochemistry uses a secondary antibody O Direct immunocytochemistry can tell you directions to the mall O Indirect immunocytochemistry uses a primary antibody that is directly conjugated to a label

Used to detect proteins or antigens using a chemistry formula O Used to measure the amount of sugar in the body Used to detect specific proteins or antigens within cells using antibodies O Used to detect any proteins and any antigens within a cell using antibodies

What is live cell imaging O Looking at the cell behavior once they are dead Printing a picture of a cell It is a technique used to visualize and study the behavior of living cells in real time It is a technique used to amplify a DNA segment

Pathway Sample Organisms Electron Carrier Used in the Pathway Initial Carbon Compound Net Yield carbon red carriers ATP EMP 4 ED PP 13 3 When we discussed the ELVIS case study we learned that the microbes broke polyurethane down into citrate for entry into central metabol dropping into central metabolism as citrate or catechols etc for toluene degradation impact the overall energy yield for the cell

How does the removal of CO2 correlate to the reduction of electron carriers

HHMI Biointeractive Winogradsky Columns 2 How do Winogradsky Columns illustrate the diversity microorganisms on Earth and the niches they occupy How do they reflect life on early Earth

Live Describe the distribution of oxygen and its metabolic roles throughout asky In what region s does Sulfur cycling play a critical role What types of sulfur metabolism is involved Purple Sulfur PSB and Green Sulfur Bacteria GSB both use sulfide to support photosynthesis GSB tolerate higher sulfide levels than PSB How does that tolerance relate to where they congregate in the column Where would you predict to find PSB and