Biology Questions

Which glial cells participate in the formation of the blood brain barrier microglia oligodendrocytes astrocytes ependymal cells Question 22 1 point Which glial cells makes cerebrospinal fluid microglia ependymal cells oligodendrocytes

cell bodies dendrites axons Oaxon terminals Question 18 1 point What types of ganglia can you find in the peripheral nervous system sympathetic ganglia parasympathetic ganglia posterior chain ganglia sensory

Most sensory pathways synapse in the basal nuclei Othalamus hypothalamus corpus callosum Question 12 1 point Name the 3 parts of the brain stem cerebrum cerebellum and pons globus pallidus caudate and putamen thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus medulla oblongata pons and midbrain

Where do you find bipolar neurons in special sense organs in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in the tactile corpuscles in autonomic pathways Question 10 1 point Where do you find pseudounipolar neurons as lower motor neurons connected to touch receptors in the skin in special sense organs

Upper motor neurons are fibers association projection commissural Question 16 1 point The hippocampus is part of the basal nuclei O reticular formation cerebral cortex

Which part of the brain is responsible for directing the autonomic nervous system the endocrine system and your sleep wake cycle the cerebellum the limbic system the hypothalamus the frontal lobe Question 14 1 point The corpus callosum is an example of fibers association projection

Where do you find the nucleus of a neuron in the cell body in the axon terminals in the axon in the dendrites Question 2 1 point In the Nervous System what does the word tract indicate a collection of cell bodies outside the brain or spinal cord a collection of axons within the brain or spinal cord a collection of cell bodies within the brain or spinal cord a collection of axons outside the brain or spinal cord

O at the trigger zone at the mechanoreceptors at the axon terminal at the nucleus Question 6 1 point If voltage gated calcium channels on the neuronal plasma membrane open an calcium ions enter the neuron what is the most likely next event exocytosis of vesicles containing neurotransmitter opening of ligand gated sodium channels propagation of the action potential synthesis of additional neurotransmitters

Why wouldn t it be advisable to compare growth of the organisms on each plate to each other Select all that apply a NA medium is selective for Gram positive bacteria while EMB agar is selective for Gram negative bacteria 6 NA medium is nutrient deficient and will not grow fastidious bacteria while EMB agar is enriched and therefore will support the growth of fastidious bacteria We can expect anything that grows well on NA to also grow on EMB agar d We can expect bacteria that grow well on EMB agar will also grow on NA e Barring experimental process errors a lack of growth on NA should be accompanied by a lack of growth on EMB agar

Explain how ionic compounds with polyatomic ions are both ionic and covalent in terms of their bonding

Give the name or formula for the following compounds Hint Ask yourself if it is ionic or covalent first 1 N3P4 2 Sodium chloride 3 Carbon monoxide 4 Li CO3 5 NH4Cl 6 OBr2 7 Iron III bromide 8 Gold 1 iodide 9 FeO 10 Zinc Sulfide 11 Phosphorus pentoxide 12 P 04 13 Lead IV selenide 14 Be3 PO4 2 15 Cobalt III nitrate 16 Rubidium Nitride

ces using the provided word bank Covalent High Nonmetal Anions tonic Negatively Positively Gaining Similar Electronegativities Electrostatic Attraction Liquid Delocalized Metal Transfer of electrons results in the formation of an A cation is a A covalent compound is formed when elements with nonmetal Positively An anion is a Negatively Metals usually formations Non metals usually form anions The cations and the anions in an ionic bond are held together with a strong force known as Electrostatic Attraction Ionic compounds have Ionic compounds usually An ionic bond is formed between a Covalent compounds are Sharing of electrons results in the formation of a High Dissalve lonic combine together charged ion formed by charged ion formed by conductors of electricity Cations Losing Poor Dissolve Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when they are in The free floating electrons in a metallic bonding are called Covalent melting and boiling points in water and a bond electrons bond electrons form

What is the octet rule Circle the molecules above that are exceptions to the octet rule How many electrons are shared in a single bond double bond triple bond

Catabolic metabolic pathways generating o o ATP and or synthesis of other metabolites PHA monomers PHB depolymerase Phbz Sugars fatty acids etc o Potent chemical chaperones o Substrates for synthesis of other protective metabolites Induction of ppGpp synthesis Activation of alternative sigma factors such as RPOS PHA cycle COA transferases PHA Redox Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA 3 ketothiolase PhoA Acetoacetyl CoA Decarboxylation PHA synthase PhbC Acetoacetyl reductase Phas R 3 hydroxyacyl CoA B oxidation of fatty acids K Polyhydroxyalkanoate PHA polyesters are degradable bioplastics created by a number of bacteria What type of reaction is occuring during the PHA cycle where you begin with a compound labeled R 3 Hydroxyacyl CoA Fatty acids de novo synthesis Substrate Level Phosphorylation Polymerization

D glucose a 1 4 and a 1 6 glycosidic the human body B 1 4 and B 1 6 glycosidic L glucose B 1 4 glycosidic an unbranched L fructose D fructose plants Cellulose the structural material of connected by bonds Glycogen the storage form of glucose in units connected by bonds D Review chain of polym

Once a spontaneous reaction is initiated the speed with which it reaches equilibrium without a catalyst is influenced by 1 the equilibrium constant 2 a change in free energy 3 a change in entropy 4 activation energy 5 standard free energy change

Which of the following statements concerning glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is FALSE a Two molecules of G3P condense to form a six carbon sugar Ob The 3 phosphoglycerate is reduced to G3P c One more G3P condenses with a sugar to form a larger molecule used for biosynthesis d One G3P is produced by every three turns of the cycle e G3P is reoxidized to carbon dioxide to replenish the Calvin cycle

What type of interaction would you expect between the following groups in a tertiary structure Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins Hydrophobic asparagine and tyrosine Hydrophilic alanine and proline aspartic acid and histidine phenylalanine and isoleucine Salt bridge Hydrogen bond Disulfide bond Reset

oblem 19 20 Draw the structure for methionylglutaminyllysine Express your answer as a zwitterion Draw the molecule on the canvas by choosing buttons from the Tools for bonds and charges Atom NN H 120 EXP t L CONT 1 sh H C N O S GL

Listen point Which of the following is FALSE with respect to the use of sulfate by marine archaeal and bacterial groups a Oxidized sulfur containing molecules have redox potentials lower than those of the nitrogen series b Sulfate and sulfite can receive electrons from hydrocarbons c Sulfate reducing archaea and bacteria are widespread in the ocean Oxidized sulfur molecules such as sulfate and sulfite serve as electron acceptors d undant than chloride in the ocean

19 64 Copy Draw the structural formula of each of the following amino acids at pH 11 valine Draw the molecule on the canvas by choosing buttons from the Tools for bonds charges where needed The single bond is active by default DDCOQH 12 CONT Bu H

isten In the Rhodospirillum rubrum photosystem II bacteriochloropyll weak infrared wavelengths in the range O a p800 750 800 Ob P870 800 1 100 O c P700 700 750 d 40 500 can absorb

You have a triglyceride in which the fatty acids are all saturated and each fatty acid is composed of 20 carbon atoms Assuming complete oxidation of the triglyceride which of the following is a good approximation of the amount of ATP produced For convinence we will assume that every NADH H enriches the Proton Motive force enouch to produce 3 ATP while every QH2 FADH2 from Succinate Dehydrogenase produces 2 ATP 56 950 530 495 Fatty acyl CoA A HHO CH CH C C C SCOA a HH acyl CoA dehydrogenase enoyl CoA hydratase 3 L hydroxyacyl CoA 0 Trans A2 enoyl CoA CH CH C C C SCOA 3 L hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase B ketothiolase HHO CH CH C C C SCOA 11 OH H 0 11 CH3 CH C SCOA Fatty acyl CoA B ketoacyl CoA CH3 CH2 C C C FADH H FAD OHO H O NAD NADH H SCOA HSCOA 0 H C C SCOA Acetyl CoA

Which of the following reaction types is INCORRECTLY shown a Mineral H mineral 2H SO42 4H H S 4H O Ob Mineral H organic 2CO2 4H CH3COOH 2H O O c Organic H organic Fumarate H succinate d Oxygenic photosynthesis CO2 4H2 CH4 2H O e Aerobic oxidation of H O2 2H 2H O

probia can capture energy from deep sea thermal vents using the following mechanisms EXCEPT O a A single chlorosome may contain 200 000 bacteriochlorophyll molecules which harvest photons with nearly 100 efficiency O b Chlorobium antenna complexes contain membrane compartments called chlorosomes c The reaction center RC contains bacteriochlorophyll P840 which absorbs near infrared wavelengths d Photons captured by P840 have enough energy to donate a high potential electron to the high potential phylloquinone phylloquinol e Chlorobia have two photosystems arranged in the so called Z scheme

In a redox reaction the reduction potential E depends on the ratio of product concentrations C and D to reactant concentrations A and B as per equation E E 60 mV n log C D A B What would be the effect of increasing the ratio of products to reactants by a factor of 10 a No effect E assumes concentrations of 1 M for reactants and products b The value of Ewill decrease by 60 mV decreasing energy yield c A change of 60 mV will not modify the estimate of E d The value of E will increase by 60 mV increasing energy yield e The E term is unaffected by changes in concentrations of products or reactants

Which of the following is the terminal electron acceptor in sulfate reducing bacteria a sulfite SO3 O b elemental sulfur S Oc hydrogen sulfide H S d sulfate SO4 e thiosulfate S203

The oxidizing agent during glycolysis is NAD TL pyruvate NADH oxygen Question 9 tor in lactic acid fermentation is

NADH H H 0 NAD H CH Malate CH coo Fumarate coo COO CH HC 1 coo FADH FAD COO 0 C CH coo Oxaloacetate coo CH3 Krebs Cycle Succinate CH coo GTP COA SH Both oxaloacetate and citrate will decrease COO CH H C CO CH coo Succinyl CoA coo ADP COA SH CH CH I C O S COA Both oxaloacetate and citrate will accumulate OOxaloacetate will decrease and citrate will accumulate Oxaloacetate will accumulate and citrate will decrease Citrate H 0 H 0 oo CH CH COO HO CH coo coo CH CH C 0 coo CO NAD Isocitrate NADH H NAD If pyruvate oxidation is blocked what will first happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citrate in the Krebs Cycle shown in this figure NADH H a ketoglutarate Dept Biol Penn State 02004

How do lactic acid and alcohol fermentation differ Select all that apply 50 Lactic acid fermentation produces a 3 carbon molecule and ethanol fermentation produces a 3 carbon compound Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid as a byproduct and alcohol fermentation produces ethanol Carbon dioxide is released only during alcohol fermentation Ethanol fermentation produces more ATP than lactic acid fermentation

Drugs known as uncouplers facilitate diffusion of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane in other words the membrane becomes leaky which allows protons to move back and forth across the membrane freely When such a drug is added what will happen to ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption if the rates of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle stay the same LO OLO O Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will decrease ATP synthesis will decrease oxygen consumption will increase ATP synthesis will increase oxygen consumption will decrease Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will increase ATP synthesis will decrease oxygen consumption will stay the same

on 11 The function of lactic acid or ethanol fermentation is to increase the production of ATP in the cell provide additional free energy to the cell regenerate the cell s supply of NAD produce lactate or ethanol for the cell to use immediately

Electron Transport Chain H NADH Dehyrogenase H H Restor NADH H NAD Electron donor 78967k S Dept Biol Penn State 2002 H H Carrier Proteins H H 2 H 2O Intermembrane Space Increased potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane Decreased potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane A decrease in ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation An increase in ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation H H H H H H H O ATP Synthase 1888 H H H ADP PI ATP Mitochondrial Matrix In 1982 seven people in Chicago died as a result of taking Tylenol that had been laced with cyanide which binds to the protein cyt c in the Electron Transport Chain and stops the transfer of electrons to oxygen Which of these effects would you expect to see in the mitochondria of the individuals who died in this event select all that apply

A H H M H H M Does mitochondrion A or B produce more ATP A produces more ATP H H H H H H OB produces more ATP B H H He H H H

Electron Transport Chain H NADH Dehyrogenase 578748 H REMERLY NADH H NAD Electron donor H An increase in NADH 7878780 A decrease in ATP synthesis An increase in oxygen A decrease in oxygen H H Carrier Proteins cyt c H H 2 H 2O Intermembrane Space H H H O H H H H ATP Synthase Dept Biol Penn State 2002 The voltage H gradient between the inner mitochondrial membrane and matrix is variable Which of the following conditions would lead to a decrease in voltage H H H ADP Pi ATP Mitochondrial Matrix

By the end of glycolysis most of the energy contained in the starting glucose molecule is now in NADH pyruvate ATP glucose

Question 14 In the Krebs cycle the oxidized electrons from acetyl CoA leave the cycle via carbon dioxide only NADH and FADH2 ATP only NADH only

Question 9 The final electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation is oxygen lactic acid pyruvate ONAD

Question 13 Pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol lactic acid educed electron carriers acetyl coenzyme A acetyl CoA before entering the Krebs cycle 0

Question 12 What do both glycolysis and fermentation have in common They both require oxygen They both produce ATP They both require an input of NAD O They both involve oxidation reduction reactions

To sustain high rates of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions cells require functioning mitochondria oxygen NAD oxidative phosphorylation of ATP

e image above shows a spoonful of glucose powder after it has been ignited by a match This is ne set combustion of glucose in the presence of oxygen ich of the following best describes the respective free energy changes for the one step mbustion of glucose in the presence of oxygen as compared to the multi step oxidation of Cose during cellular respiration assuming both reactions occur under identical conditions The combustion has a higher change in free energy Both reactions have the same change in free energy The combustion has a lower change in free energy

N 0000 AdenoS H2N Adenine Adenosine H 2 H4 3 The bond linking 1st phosphate to adenine Either of the bonds on the terminal phosphate H C O P 0 P H OH OH Ribose Sugar ATP hydrolysis involves the hydrolysis of what bond Triphosphate Phospate Groups O 0 The bond linking the 1st phosphate to the 2nd phosphate The bond linking the 2nd phosphate to the 3rd phosphate 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 1st 2nd 3rd Dept Biol Penn State 2002

O ne linking the 2nd phosphate to the 3rd phosphate The bond linking 1st phosphate to adenine Either of the bonds on the terminal phosphate Question 5 MA In which organisms does glycolysis occur Neither aerobic nor anaerobic organisms Both aerobic and anaerobic organisms Aerobic organisms only Anaerobic organisms only

Free energy Reactants Progress of the reaction Which of the following is true of this reaction Products It is spontaneous exergonic and has a AG It is spontaneous exergonic and has a AG It is nonspontaneous exergonic and has a AG O It is spontaneous endergonic and has a AG

Question 2 The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H O is highly exergonic AG 636 kcal mole Why does glucose spontaneously combust PM The glucose molecules lack the activation energy at room temperature There is too much CO2 in the air 0 5 CO2 has higher energy than glucose The formation of six CO molecules from one glucose molecule decreases entropy

What are the functions of 5 and 3 UTR S T P and SC in this vector design A 5 UTR Explain this figure ACMNPV genome B Bacmid C 5 KST P Kan lacz att lacZ gene ori 5 att Polyhedrin gene lacZ lacZ Kan Recombinant bacmid gene ori attR Gent gene p GOI Ampr gene 3 attl 31 E coli plasmid Transfer vector Tet gene Transposition genes Helper plasmid Gene of interest SC 3 UTR

What is the purpose of engineering disulfide bonds What is the concern about extra disulfide bonds Why do we change Asn and Gln residue Explain the creation of De Novo Proteins OOOO000000000001000 O0100000000000000003 WOOD 0010000000000000000010000 0000000000000000001408 888 Minimal medium Give examples of biomaterials for medical use that improved by protein engineering

Explain these techniques a SDS PAGE b 2D SDS PAGE c Two color 2D SDS PAGE d Western Blot What are the limitations of Genomic and Function Genomic in comparison to Proteomics

What is fusion Describe these terms protein protein tag What is it used for a Promoter b Terminator c Ribosome binding site d Signal peptide e Marker peptide f Factor Xa g Intein Explain one example of protein arrays in medical field