Principles of Inheritance & Variation (Genetics) Questions and Answers

In a population of 1000 individuals there are 600 with an MN phenotype 250 with an N phenotype and the remaining with an M phenotype The blood group MN is co dominant determine the allelic frequencies of M N and the frequencies of the corresponding genotypes

Fruit color in tomatoes is determined by a single gene The allele for red fruit R is dominant to the allele for yellow fruit r The Punnet square below shows a cross between two tomato plants OB 100 R 20 OC 25 R RR r Rr What percentage of the offspring resulting from this cross would be expected to produce red fruit OA 50 r Rr rr

10 Explain the genotypic and phenotypic ratios predicted when performing a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross of heterozygotes

11 How can you use the product rule and sum rule to calculate the probability of a particular genotype resulting from crossing parents of specific genotypes

9 How can Mendel s ideas about segregation and independent assortment be explained by meiosis 10

1 How do you read a sequence of DNA template or non template strand to convert it to an mRNA sequence and to a protein

a The following mRNA is given Write out the complimentary polypeptide 3 AUG CUG CAA UGU CCA CCC GGC GUA 5 N terminus MET ARG PRO THR C terminus ALWAYS READ mRNA FROM 5 TO 3 b in which site of the ribosome will the start codon going to be read in a ribosome P site c what about the second codon What happens to join the two amino acids First letter U A U UUU1phe UUC P UUA UUG Leu CUU CUC CUA CUG Leu GUU GUC Second letter C Val UCU UCC UCA UCG AUU ACU AUC lle ACC CCU CCC CCA CCG ACA AUA AUG Met ACG GCUT GCC Ser P10 Thr Ala A UAU UGUT UAC Tyr UGC Cys UAA Stop UGA Stop A UAG Stop UGG Trp CAUT CAC CGU His CGC CAGGIn CGG G AAU Asn AAC AAA LYS AAGJ GAU GAC Asp Arg AGU AGC J AGA Arg AGGJ GGU GGC Ser EGY DUAG UCAG C SCAO U C

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is FALSE An amino acid may be coded by more than one set of triplet codon This is a correct statement A stop codon will end the process of protein synthesis and release the new polypeptide from the ribosomal apparatus The same codon which codes for the amino acid methionine also serves as a start codon The genetic code is virtually universal for animals and there is a similar code for plants

The cells of living organisms store genetic information in the form of DNA which can be transcribed into RNA RNA can then be anslated to form protein products The genetic code that determines the sequence of DNA nucleotides that results in specific rotein products is the same for all organisms on Earth Which of the following does this provide evidence for All species have existed for the same amount of time All species have the same number of chromosomes All species have identical phenotypes All species share a common ancestor O A OB O C SOD

The diagram below shows the structure of a segment of DNA DNA Structure POPU PI Which of the following best describes the component of DNA labeled with an x in the diagram OA chromosome pairs OB nitrogenous bases OC sugar and phosphate OD a series of codons

66 Ultraviolet UV light can be used to estimate protein solution concentrations because A aromatic amino acids absorb at 280 nm B all the amino acids absorb UV light C tryptophan and tyrosine absorb at 280 nm D phenylalanine absorbs at 260 nm E All of the above 66

59 A helical wheel can be used to show A the pitch of a helix structure C DNA binding B the amphipathic nature of a helix D pleated sheets 59

itical Thinking Assignment Chapter 11 o species of fish had recently undergone sympatric speciation Th llution made the lake so cloudy it was hard for females to distingu Jabl

A RrYy x RrYy round and yellow are dominant Considering the P1 above what are the chances that the F1 generation will have yellow round seeds 0o B 9 C 1 16

A Which of the following is not part of an actual Chi Square test Determining the degrees of freedom B 0 0 C A 100 confidence interval

4 OBJECTIVES 2 What is the difference between homologous chromosomes Step 3 and sister chromatids Step 6 in activity 1 3 What region of the onion root tip has highly mitotically active cells 4 Why do sex cells contain half the number of chromosomes daughter cell Explain the roles of DNA Define the terms chromosome gametes homologous chromosomes centromere diploid and haploid Differentiate mitosis from meiosis and describe the type of cells where these processes take place Describe and identify the phases of mitosis and meiosis Understand how the process of cross over results in genetic variation of offspring INTRODUCTION In modern biology our understanding of a cell as the basic building block of life is outlined by the Cell Theory which was established by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838 The Cell Theory states 1 All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2 Cells are the basic building blocks of all life 3 All cells are descended from a preexisting cell

The allele for brown eyes is dominant to the allele for blue eyes Which of the following best explains how two brown eyed parents could produce a blue eyed child Eye color is a sex linked trait and male children could have only the allele for blue eyes Each parent must be carrying the recessive allele for blue eyes Mutations after fertilization could alter gene sequences and change alleles One parent must have had only blue eyed parents

stion 2 th of the following refers to the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer naturally lation Generalized transduction Conjugation specialized transduction Transformation DNA replication

4 Transcribe the DNA nucleotides from the parent strand onto the mRNA stra GATA

ses SC BIOL1000 N Biology I Cells Mole rabbits the homozygous CC is normal Cc re rown fur and bb white fur

n 1 ed out of question A female with the genotype RRMM Which of the following shows a dih Select one O a RrMm x RrMm

Critical Thinking Use what you have learned in this chapter to answer each of the following 14 Cause and Effect Why is it difficult to determine the genotype of an organism in which one form of a trait is dominant over the other 15 Infer Why are sex linked traits observed more often in males than in females 16 Relate How has selective breeding been used in farming

Answer each of the following in a sentence or brief paragraph 8 In pea plants green pods G are dominant over yellow pods g Compare the genotype and BANO phenotype of a plant that is Gg for this trait with plants that are GG and gg 9 In pea plants yellow seeds are dominant over seeds Two homozygous parents one green with yellow seeds and one with green seeds are crossed What percent of the offspring will display the recessive trait Use a Punnett square to find the answer 10 Describe homologous chromosomes and relate them to the parents of an organism 11 Discuss how mitosis and meiosis are both essential to multicellular organisms that carry

Short Answer each of the following in a sentence or brief paragraph 8 In pea plants green pods G are dominant over yellow pods g Compare the genotype and phenotype of a plant that is Gg for this trait with plants that are GG and gg Ton NO

2 Practice Pedigrees Determine the inheritance pattern of each of the following pedigrees Then label the genotypes of each individual in the pedigrees 1

O O 5 What do the circles represent on a pedigree 6 What do the squares represent on a pedigree 7 What does shaded represent 8 What does unshaded represent 9 What does a horizontal line represent 10 What does a vertical line represent 11 How can a pedigree be a useful tool for geneticists 12 How many generations are shown in the pedigree in 4 Label them 13 Number the family members in this pedigree from oldest to youngest Then tell me how person 9 is related to person 2 10 14 Explain how person 9 is related to person 7 lain how person 15 is related to person 16

Question Predict the frequency of the game an individual of genotype A1B2C2 Note The notation signifies that the

Question 3 1 point We are studying the fur color in a hypothetical of a single gene with two alleles gold and purp you performed many crosses with them A striking observation you made was that the lit

Question 2 1 point Achondroplastic cats are with tails but have called Munchkin cats Manx cats are of norm autosomal dominant mutation Please note th

Guppies are small fish that live in freshwater streams There are many different variants of guppies Colorful male variants are more likely to attract both females and predators Less colorful variants are less likely to attract females and predators Which two statements describe how a population of guppies is likely to change if their main predator is removed from the stream A The colorful variant will decline because they are less likely to reproduce B The dull variant will increase because they are more likely to reproduce C The colorful variant will increase because they are more likely to reproduce D The dull variant will decline because they are less likely to reproduce

A given sequence of bases in an mRNA will code for one and only one sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide if the reading frame is specified From a given sequence of amino acid residues in a protein such as cytochrome c can we predict the base sequence of the unique mRNA that encoded it Why or why not No because the sequence of the introns will be unknown Yes because a given codon only codes for a single amino acid No because some amino acids have multiple codons Yes because there are 20 amino acids and 20 possible codons

Using a Punnett square predict the probability of having a yellow pea produced by crossing a homozygous yellow pea plant with a heterozygous green plant given that yellow is recessive 0 25 100

For a tetrahybrid cross between individuals that are heterozygotes for all four genes and in which all four genes are sorting independently and in a dominant and recessive pattern what proportion of the offspring will be expected to have the dominant phenotype at all four loci 9 16 81 256 64 256 27 256

The diagram below represents possible evolutionary pathways of certain organisms Which species is most closely related to species L Present time 25 million years ago 50 million years ago 75 million years ago 100 million years ago O Species I O Species G O Species E O Species F H C K G D B A M E F 0 N P

According to Mendel s one copy of a gene is passed randomly from each parent to their offspring This is why gametes have half the usual number of chromosomes The states that different genes are not connected In other words the gene for eye color is not influenced by nor does it influence the gene for hair color This allows gametes to form with a random mixture of traits The cell division that creates gametes according to these principles is known as O Law of Independent Assortment Law of Segregation mitosis O Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment meiosis O Law of Independent Assortment Law of Segregation meiosis O Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment mitosis

A aniridia blindness M migraine a normal vision m no headaches You are a genetic counselor The man is blind with aniridia but his mother I was not blind He has no headaches The wife is not blind She has headaches but her father did not What is the chance that they could I have a child without blindness or migraines if it is possible Show

and family In a pedigree females are represented by circles and indicate individuals who have the trait being studied Activity Utilize your textbook and the information given to analyze the following pedigree and to answer the questions Widow s peak is caused by a dominant allele W whose trait appears as a pointed peak in the hairline on the forehead The following pedigree displays three generations of a family 2017 Pearson Education Inc What is the familial relationship between these two women What are the possible genotypes of the woman pictured on the left What are the possible genotypes of the woman pictured on the right

Law of dominance Law of independent assortment Law of segregation Genes do not influence each other with regard to sorting of alleles into gametes every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur Genes segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting any combination of factors In a heterozygote one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristic

Pedigrees Practice Human Genetic Disorders In humans albinism is a recessive trait The disorder causes a lack of pigment in the skin and hair making an albino appear very pale with white hair and pale blue eyes This disorder can also occur in animals a common albino found in a laboratory is the white rat The pedigrees below trace the inheritance of the allele that causes albinism 1 Given the following genotypes describe the phenotypes normal or albino AA Aa aa Moracal Melmal albino Fill out the blanks on the pedigree a How many children does the couple have 3 b What is the sex of the oldest child make c How many grandchildren does the couple have 2 Fill out the blanks of the pedigree AA Aa or aa a How many children did the original couple have b How many grandchildren c How many of their randchildren are albino Create an extension to the digree to show the albino addaughter marrying and ng a son who is NOT albing AA qa Aa Ak aa

According to the pedigree 1 2 is affected with a rare X linked recessive mutation 3 marks III IV 2 3 1 2 1 3 4 a What are the chances that III 2 is heterozygote 1 mark b What are the chances that III 4 is heterozygote 1 mark

Gene A is paternally imprinted Gene B is maternally imprinted In each case the gene is methylated and not expressed denotes the alleles inherited from the father Expression of the dominant allele for A AND expression of the dominant allele for B are needed for the wild type phenotype Otherwise the individual will show a mutant phenotype AaBb AaBb 2 O A aBb A aBb A aB b Aa B b

Mutations in the SLC26A2 gene causes disastrophic dysplasia an autosomal recessive condition Mutations in the FGFR3 gene causes achondroplasia an autosomal dominant condition that is also lethal in the homozygous state Mary who suffers from anchondroplasia has a father who has diastrophic displasia and a mother with achondroplasia marries James who suffers from achondroplasia has a mother who has diastrophic dysplasia and a father with achondroplasia What is the chance that Mary and James will have a girl with only achondroplasia Provide a clearly labelled step by step account of your calculations DO NOT provide the pedigree 4 marks

The allele for tall pea plants is dominant over the allele for short pea plants In a cross between a homozygous tall pea plant and a short pea plant what are the possible phenotypes of the offspring A 100 tall pea plants 100 short pea plants B C 50 tall and 50 6 short pea plants 75 tall and 2596 short pea plants

Complete the table that compares RNA a The table co Nitrogenous bases

Which of the following points to the plasmid M an Source artneatly blogspot com E O Large loose circular structure in the cytoplasm OSmall loose circular structure in the cytoplasm OSmall circular in folding structure in the cytoplasm OSmall hair like structures on the capsule s perimeter

estion 7 function of the mRNA is to To supply the amino acids during protein synthesis Attach the amino acids to each other in protein synthesis Supply the copy of the gene to the other molecules processing the protein synthesis estion 8 mplete the table that compares RNA and DNA The table compares the DNA and RNA molecules DNA Nitrogenous bases Select V Select R

5 the nucleus to bring the coding DNA into the cell s machin

he DNA complementary sequence based on the ATT CGT V Select

The last product in a reaction pathway often regulates the activity of the first enzyme in the branch of the pathway that is unique to its production when the concentration of the product gets very high Because the structure of the product is very likely to differ substantially from that of the the enzyme s normal substrate this type of regulation is most likely Competitive inhibition Allosteric activation Covalent modification O Allosteric inhibition O Competitive activation

What is the Ratio of phenotypes for these in B B BB b Bb