Principles of Inheritance & Variation (Genetics) Questions and Answers

In fruit flies there are two common variations alleles of a particular body color gene The brown allele B is dominant to the black allele b When a pair of brown fruit flies mated their offspring included some flies with brown bodies and others with black bodies as illustrated by the colors of the flies in this Punnett square For each parent fly drag the correct pair of body color alleles to the appropriate locations in the Punnett square to show how the parent flies were able to produce both brown and black offspring Body Color Alleles BBb B B b B b b

Bl DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS 1 DOMINANT 2 RECESSIVE 3 HOMOZYGOUS 4 HETEROZYGOUS 5 GENOTYPE 6 PHENOTYPE 7 PROBABILITY COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS 8 In Rabbits black fir color B is dominant to brown fur color b Complete a punnett square for the following cross a heterozygous black rabbit is crossed with a homozygous brown rabbit List the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring GENOTYPES

Polygenic inheritance is the genetic phenomenon that results in a color continuum of skin tones lightest to the darkest skin tone relates to the amount of melanin expressed There are multiple alleles involved that mix and match creating genotypes that result in phenotypes of various skin pigmentations light dark and in between Based on the information provided this phenomenon can be attributed to Ocodominance O race inheritance patterns O epistasis O complete dominance O incomplete dominance

Which of the following statements are true about sexual reproduction Select all that apply Organisms that have the same phenotype for a gene also must have the same genotype for that gene When mammals mate and produce offspring each parent passes down one allele for each of its genes to each of its offspring Some of an offspring s traits are different from the traits of either of its parents because the offspring inherits alleles from both parents Two siblings can have different phenotypes for some traits because each sibling may inherit different alleles from the parents

06 2 SLO 11b APPLYING You count the number of cytosine C nitrogenous bases in a single DNA molecule and find that they represent 23 of the total number of nitrogenous bases What percentage of the total number of nitrogenous bases in the same piece of DNA must be adenine A A 23 B 27 C 46 D 54

A red flower with genotype of RR is crossed with a white flower with genotype of WW The first generation offspring with genotype of RW are all pink What is the most likely relationship between alleles R and W Red parents F1 R and W are incomplete dominant R and W are codominant R and W are recessive R is recessive W is dominant X All Pink White

xa a XX a X Y a xa ya x y What are the frequencies of occurrence for the allele combinations from this Punnett square Do you results agree with those from the Punnett square Why or why not

X Xo a X x x a X Y Y xa x x y 4 What are the frequencies of occurrence for the allele combinations from this Punnett square Do your results agree with those from the Punnett square Why or why not

How does a dihybrid and monohybrid cross relate to real world situations when trying to predict a specific trait for the offspring of two parents

Tally Total 9 I Tally II Total 11 Frec quency e

Mom The presence of freckles F is dominant to no freckles f Jake and his mom have freckles but his sister and Dad do not have freckles Complete the Punnett square that shows Jake s family Ff Dad ff Phenotype Probability Freckles No Freckles

I faced both dren will have Blue Face they have manue A 100 B 090 C 2590 D SOC

Explain what a complementation test is and its purpose Explain why the two parental mutations must result in a loss of function and are both recessive to the corresponding wild type allele Explain the term complementation group

Create a pedigree of your family immediately family starting with your grandparents your mother father your siblings your cousins

A woman with type A blood gives birth to a baby with type O blood Can the father have type B blood Can he have type A blood Can he have type AB blood Can he have Type O blood Select all that apply Dad can be type O Dad can be type A Dad can be type B Dad can be type AB

O All black O All white O 50 black 50 white O 3 1 black to white lack and white ons vould you expect

In tomatoes tall vines T are dominant to dwarf vines t and red fruit R is dominant to yellow fruit r A farmer mates a homozygous tall red tomato plant TTRR with a heterozygous tall red tomato plant TtRr What is the percent chance that the offspring will be dwarf plants with yellow fruit The percentage of offspring will be dwarf plants with yellow fruit i 0 TR Tr R tr TTRR TR TTRR 1TR THRR THR TT Rr T RR T Rr

A black dog and a white dog have puppies All the puppies have black fur Which trait is dominant O Black White

igen AMG ni seeming AMG to noilorul erti el sW 01 abne 15 In eukaryotes introns are removed before mRNA leaves the nucleus because a they do not code for protein b they prevent the movement of ribosomes they prevent the binding of ribosomes to mRNA the mRNA would be too long to pass through the nuclear pores if the introns remained in it they do not consist of the same bacon on t C d e

Biology Explain why the length of DNA or the number of chromosomes does not correlate with the perceived complexity of organism hint think about the amount of coding and non coding DNA

heterozygous A person with this class of genetic disease is homozygous dominant or the affected gene will be somewhere between chromosome pair 1 22 The inheritance pattern of the genetic disease based on the details provided is O autosomal dominant O sex linked Ox linked sex linked dominant O autosomal recessive Ox linked sex linked recessive

Choose all that apply OHH O Hh Ohh Question 8 s possible genotypes for this trait Suzy has a long coat which is the recessive trait h What is Suzy s genotype for the coat length trait Ohh 1 pts

Home 31 ard Not 32 Student Enzymes are not destroyed in the reactions that they catalyze Instead they are available Ora Fale Rowers can be white pink or red This is an example of O incomplete dominance Ob complete dominance Onked inheritance Od codominance

A person with this class of genetic disease is homozygous recessive Homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals are normal the affected gene will be somewhere between chromosome pair 1 22 The inheritance pattern of the genetic disease based on the details provided is O a sex chromosome abnormality an autosomal recessive disease O a X linked recessive sex linked disease O a X linked dominant sex linked disease an autosomal dominant disease

2 a Identify three types of RNA and provide a description of each and the role they play in protein synthesis 6 marks

2 Based on the following genotypes determine the phenotype T can roll 6 In humans tongue rolling is dominant to not being able to roll the tongue t not rall TT can coll Ti can roll 7 In humans mid finger hair is dominant to no mid finger hair HH finger hair 8 In humans cleft chin is dominant to no cleft chin CC cleft chin Hh finger hair 11 cannot roll H finger har h no tinger hair C cleft chichin c no Cc cleft chin no finger hair cc no cleft chin Part 3 Based on the following phenotypes determine all possible genotypes W widow s peak 9 In humans a Widow s peak is dominant to not having a Widow s peak w no widow s peak Widow s peak WW or Ww No Widow s peak WW 10 In humans having a Hitchhiker s thumb is a recessive trait No Hitchhiker s thumb tt Hitchhiker s thumb TT or It T Hitchhiker s t no hitchhiker s

Part 4 Answer each of the following questions You must include a Punnett square to support each answer 18 In fruit flies brown bodies B are dominant to black bodies b Cross a black fruit fly with a ratios 2 2 heterozygous fruit fly Determine the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of their potential offspring B B brown bodies B black bodies b phenotypic BBB BB genotypic radios BB Bb 2 2 50

b Describe two ways that errors in replication are corrected

7 NADP and ATP are important products of the light reaction phase and are needed in the dark reaction phase 8 The cyclical process of the dark reaction phase of photosynthesis produces glucose and can proceed without the photons from the sun 9 The amount of ATP and NADPH produced during photosynthesis depends on the last electron acceptor of the electron transport chain

Dr O Brien extended his findings about the delta 32 mutation by looking for the mutation in descendants of survivors of the black plague in Great Britain Because the bacterium that causes plague also begins its attack on the body by entering white blood cells O Brien wondered if this deadly disease could have selected for individuals with the mutation He tested people in a small town in England in which about half the population had never become ill when the plague struck the community in 1665 He found a much higher percentage of the townspeople had the delta 32 mutation than in the populations of other continents If O Brien is correct this mutation provided protection from an epidemic that killed 1 3 of Europeans The heterozygous condition would probably have delayed onset of symptoms William was a survivor of the plague in 1665 because he was homozygous for the delta 32 mutation D D He moved to a town in England that was unaffected by the plague and marries Elizabeth who was homozygous normal DD 7 Based upon what is now known of William and Elizabeths genotypes what is the probability they could have a child with the partial resistance phenotype Solve a Punnett Square to estimate this probability Show your work below

9 Harry has Type AB blood He marries Sally whom is heterozygous for type B blood Based upon their known genotypes what is the possibility they could have a child with Type AB blood Solve a Punnett Square to estimate this probability Show your work below I

0 00 0 21 A C B Speed 1x An allele is a variation of a gene that can be expressed as a phenotype elo An allele is a segment of a DNA molecule that controls replication of a gene pe found in a developing embryo Pau

DEFINITIONS MATCHING Each match is worth 0 5 points each This section is worth 8 points in total Match the choices below with the definitions A alleles B autosomes C dominant D genotype E heterozygous F homozygous J wild type epistasis N polygenic inheritance O pedigree P carriers G phenotype H recessive K incomplete dominance 2 Chromosomes determining maleness femaleness 3 Situation in which an individual has identical alleles for a particular trait 4 Genes not expressed unless they are present in homozygous condition 5 Expression of a genetic trait 6 situation in which an individual has different alleles making up the genotype for a particular trait 7 Genes for the same trait that may have different expressions 8 Chromosomes regulating most body characteristics 9 The more potent gene allele masks the expression of less potent allele 10 Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in two different ways 11 A chart that tracks the inheritance of certain traits I 1 Actual genetic makeup 1 sex chromosomes L codominance M 12 The phenotype most often encountered in nature 13 A phenotype that results from the additive effect of two or more genes 14 The phenotype of the offspring is somewhere in between the phenotypes of the parents 15 A heterozygote who shows a normal phenotype 16 A gene at one locus will change the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus

In a flowering plant tall T is dominant to short t and blue flowers B is dominant to white flowers b A tall plant with white flowers Ttbb is crossed with a short plant with blue flowers ttBb What is the chance that the offspring will be short with white flowers The chance that the off sping will be short with white Flowers is y T Bh Bb Tthh

How many possible open reading frames frames without stop codons exist that extend through the following sequence

An aminoacyl tRNA synthetase is responsible for charging all tRNAs True False

Sometimes there are multiple possibilities for a particular gene When there are more than 2 possible alleles the dominance relationships of all the alleles must be determined An example of a trait governed by multiple alleles is ABO blood type There are 3 alleles A B B for the gene that codes for a protein located on the surface of red blood cells I I and i I and I are co dominant I codes for the A protein while I codes for the B protein When both and I are present both proteins are made Therefore and I are co dominant Both and I are dominant over i which does not code for any membrane protein Genotypes for human blood types are shown below 11 orli AB 88 Il orli ii Type A Type AB Problem 1 ABO Blood Types 8 Peter is heterozygous for Type A blood He marries Lynn who has type O blood Based upon their known genotypes what is the possibility they could have a child with Type A blood Solve a Punnett Square to estimate this probability Show your work below Type B Type O

Give four 4 ways that mutation and DNA replication are associated

Explain three 3 general mechanisms of DNA repair

Case 2 Polycystic Kidney Disease dominant lethal allele Maria is 38 years old She and her husband Joe have 4 children Maria has been diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease She learns that cysts developing in her kic have damaged them severely The damage will continue until the kidneys stop functioning Maria faces dialysis and will eventually need a kidney transplant Maria is tested for the allele that causes the disease and learns that her form of the disease is caused by a dominant mutation on chromosome 16 Maria is heterozygous for the trait Her husband is confirmed to be homozygous recessive Maria s children offer the best hope of a match for a future kidney donation but must be free of the harmful allele 5 What is the probability of Maria and Joe s children inheriting this dominant harmful allele Solve a Punnett Square to estimate this probability Show your work below I INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE There are some situations in which the two alleles of a gene produce a blended effect in a heterozygous individual Because neither allele is dominant over the other capital

A trait in cows is determined by two alleles of a single gene allele R is dominant and al lele r is recessive What is the probability of the dominant trait being expressed in the offspring of a cross be tween one RR parent and one rr parent C 0 00 0 30 Speed 1x Paused

Alternative splicing of mRNAs may encode related but different protein products O True False

eeted but her daughter 11 2 was affected Check All That Apply 2 2 2 3 4 3 The father 1 2 was homoplasmic for mutant mtDNA The mother 1 1 was heteroplasmic for wild type and mutant mtDNA The father 1 2 was heteroplasmic for wild type and mutant mtDNA A spontaneous mutation occurred in the mtDNA of the mother s germ line cells A spontaneous mutation occurred in the mtDNA of the zygote that became individual II 2 all possible explanations of why the

The disease illustrated by the pedigree shown is due to a rare nonfunctional allele D of an autosomal gene gene D that is paternally imprinted and completely penetram What are the most likely genotypes of the following individuals 1 1 II 1 11 2 11 111 Multiple Choice DDIDDIDD O 0 0 10 0 10 0 O 0 0 1 0 0 10 o

FSS 37 draw the x G E 0 Instructions To insert a symbol to create the pedigree clicking on of the symbols in the top right It will be highlighted in green Then click at the position in the pedigree where you want to place it You can remind yourself of the symbols via the Pedigree Analysis Theory page Sif and Anton s unborn child is the person at the very bottom Anton has no siblings and Sif has one brother Sif s dad who died last summer had an aunt who died as a child from Cystic Fibrosis She was the younger sister of Sif s father s father Apart from Sif s mother her family are all deceased If you have not been told a family member was affected you can assume they were healthy RESET SUBMIT

If more than one gene is responsible for a trait for example height it is known as homozygous inheritance multiple allele inheritance polygene inheritance dominance Stry

a very thick unibrow and is worried his future children will as mother has narrow and separated eyebrows just like his wife Minju Minju s dad has a unibrow mother ty ty ty ty Ty Ttyy Ttyy Ttyy tyy Father Parent Genotypes Ityy x ttyy aniel Thick Joined mother Narrow separated Narrow separated wife father unibrow joined Ty Ttyy Ttyy Ttyy tyy ty ttyy tyyttyy tyy tyttyy tyyttyy ttyy Phenotypic Ratio 8 8 5 What is the chance that Daniel has children who look like him What is the chance they look like his wife Minju There is a 50 chance that it will have separated eyebrows 6 What is the most likely eyebrow phenotype of their offspring What is its likelihood The offspring rull 100 have thick eye brows as his has and it is t it will

The outward expression of inherited traits is called phenotype Orecessive traits genotype karyotype

Base your answers to questions 55 through 58 on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of science An equal number of two types of tomato plants a normal one and a genetically modified one were planted in five different garden plots The genetically modified plants produce a protein that kills caterpillars when the plant is eaten Each plant received the same amount of water daily The graph below shows the actual number of damaged tomatoes each of the five garden plots for both the normal plants and genetically modified plants Number of Damaged Tomatoes Number of Damaged Tomatoes 6543210 11 210 1 LL 3 Garden Plots 2 4 5 Key Normal plants Genetically modified plants 55 Explain why the genetically modified plants in the garden plots had a lower number of damaged tomatoes 1 Number of damaged genetically modified tomatoes 56 Calculate the total number of damaged tomatoes from the genetically modified plants in the five garden plots 1 57 Identify one variable other than the number of plants and the amount of water received daily that should ald constant for all of th tomat lanta in th Giun gand loto

Define homozygous vs heterozygou