Principles of Inheritance & Variation (Genetics) Questions and Answers

5 Examine the results of the testcross on the previous page Predict whether these traits are on separate chromosomes or the same chromosome Why Support your prediction using the data 6 Using the data chart on the previous page label the offspring as parental phenotypes or recombinant phenotypes 7 Using the observed data calculate the recombination frequency of recombinants total offspring Show your work in the space below 8 Does the recombination frequency you calculated in the previous question support or reject your prediction as to whether these traits are on the same or separate chromosomes n 9 Recombination frequencies can be used to map genes on chromosomes because the frequency represents the relative distance between genes the greater the distance the greater the chance of a crossing over event that can occur between the genes In what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur 10 What happens during a crossing over event Draw an example of a crossing over event in the space below

DNA sequences from an ancestral species and four modern species that evolved from it are shown below Common ancestor Cat Goldfish Pigeon Rhinoceros A Rhinoceros Based on these sequences which organism is most closely related to the common ancestor B Cat C Goldfish CCGTACAATTCA CCGTACATTTCA D Pigeon CGCTACTATTGA CGGTACATTTGA CCGTACATTTAA

genes are not affected by crossing over or independent assortment A Mutant B Wild type C Dominant D Linked

In a pedigree a female is represented as a square and a male is represented as a circle A True B False

genes what is the average length of an E coli gene 3 DNA strands are antiparallel Why is this important for PCR 4 Six enzymes are needed for DNA replication in cells How many are needed for DNA s thesis in a tube

15 Some types of muscular dystrophy are X linked recessive disorders A mother who is a carrier for muscular dystrophy has children with a father who doesn t have muscular dystrophy a What percentage of their sons will have the disease and what percentage of their sons will be carriers b What percentage of their daughters will have the disease and what percentage of their daughters will be carriers Show your work with a Punnett Square using XD to represent the allele not associated with muscular dystrophy and Xd to represent the allele associated with muscular dystrophy You can copy paste the blank table below or create a table in the submission box to complete the Punnett square

What advantage does a sea turtle have by laying a large number of eggs rather than just a few It requires less energy from the individual sea turtle parent It increases the chances that some of the offspring will survive It increases the number of times the turtle needs to reproduce It increases the amount of care the eggs will need when they hatch Which define an allele a chromosome a version of a gene O a genome a trait Define genetic variation in your own words 2

TRUE or FALSE The process of RNA synthesis DNA RNA involves complementary base pairing A TRUE B FALSE C I don t know

For a recessive disease the heterozygous carriers are 1 50 Determine the frequency of the disease and the frequency of the recessive allele q

In a population the frequency of a recessive disease is 1 10000 Determine the frequency of the recessive allele and the frequency of the heterozygous carriers Maximum number of characters including HTML tags added by text editor 32 000 Show Rich Text Editor and character count

In a population in HW equilibrium the frequency of hemophilia an X linked trait is 1 1000 Determine the frequency of the carriers and of the homozygous affected females

What is the probability for two individuals to have a child with an autosomal recessive disease X that has the frequency of the recessive allele q equal to 1 20 They are not related to each other and there is no family history for that condition

4 A european woman has a child with cystic fibrosis from a previous marriage She marries a first degree cousin what is their probability of having a child with eystic fibrosis Draw the pedigree and calculate the recurrence risk in this pregnancy

3 In this family segregates alcaptonuria what is the most probable mendelian transmission a What is the probability of 1 4 to be a carrier b What is the probability of III 1 to be a carrier e What is the probability of II 5 of not being a carrier 11 d If 11 6 marries II 1 what is the

Please pay attention to the question being asked Is it a molecule organelle or vocabulary word 1 A nucleotide is made up of 3 parts and a A and a 2 DNA nucleotide base pairings Thymine pairs with with that form the backbone 2 words Cytosine pairs

A snapdragon plant with red flowers mates with a snapdragon plant with white flowers incomplete dominance What percentage of offspring will have pink flowers

A man without freckles mates with a woman who is heterozygous for freckles a What percentage of their children will be homozygous dominant b What percentage of their children will have freckles

You discover a new sunflower that has blue flowers When you cross this blue variety with a common yellow variety you get blue and yellow speckled offspring What type of inheritance pattern does this gene exhibit simple Mendelian inheritance codominance sex influenced dominance O either incomplete dominance or codominance incomplete dominance

A woman with curly hair mates with a male with straight hair incomplete dominance What is the probability the child will have straigh hair O 100 75 25 50 0

2 The proband III 1 has cystic fibrosis DNA analysis suggests that III 1 is homozygous for a specific mutation but is grand mother 1 2 she is homozygous wild type Carriers of cystic fibrosis are 1 25 a What is the probability of I 1 to be carrier of CF b What is the probability of II 5 to be carrier of CF c What is the probability of III 2 to be affected by CF 1 11 DO do I

tills family segregates a rare autosomal recessive condition 100 penetrant The disease is present at birth and does not affect fitness There is no locus heterogeneity What is t probability of IV 1 to be affected I 11 III IV A Emphasis Heading 1 Normal AaBbCcDdi Strong AaBbCeDdEd Subtitle Styles Dictate Pane Sensitivity

For natural selection to cause evolutionary changes in a character in a population the character must show Select one O a variation due to the influence of environmental factors on the development of individuals O b variation due to heritable differences between individuals O C O d no variation any kind of variation

Questions 4 6 refer to Figure 1 bas Iesing 4 How could you tell that HD is an autosomal dominant disease just by looking at the pedigree 5 In the first generation what is the genotype of the father 6 In the second generation what is the genotype of the son Questions 7 8 refer to Figure nunuli natsusan badoo fla 7 What happens to the age of onset as the triplet expansion lengthens To znojen ud animiqab sangiba ve znam Indroya bobeds A salem 8 Why might the error bars be larger for the data including triplet repeats of 56 60 B minitw 1st tadi arab atom orit 20 216 Sill Logman

2 In a population of 250 guinea pigs 160 have rough coats while the remaining has smooth coats Note smooth coat is recessive a Calculate the allele and genotype frequencies Hint which value should you first calculate 160 250 90 250 b How many guinea pigs are expected to be homozygous for rough coat Give the actual count

The autoradiogram shown was obtained from a DNA sequencing method called Sanger sequencing or dideoxy sequencing The arrow shows the direction of migration of he DNA samples during electrophoresis Determine the sequence of the DNA template strand in the 5 to 3 direction from this data 5 3 ddATP ddCTP

44 2 In Mendelian garden pea experiment yellow seed color Y was dominant and green seed color y was recessive Also in terms of seed texture round seed texture R was dominant over wrinkled seed r texture Answer the following questions i Explain clearly and concisely the dihybrid cross between YYRR and yyrr using punnet square to get the F1 generation ii Supposing selfing of two individuals from F1 generation occurs use punnet square to explain the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of F2 generation 6pts

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1 On a nice sunny spring day you decide to go for a walk where you notice a field of flowers There are three colors visible red pink and white You know from you BIO 101 class that this could be the result of incomplete dominance of the red R and white r alleles for the gene encoding flower color a 3 points You decide to do an experiment and count the number of flowers of each color There are 49 red flowers 42 pink flowers and 9 white flowers Assuming that the population of flowers is not currently undergoing microevolution use the Hardy Weinberg equations p q 1 and p 2pq p 1 to determine the frequency of the red and white alleles in the population Show your work b 3 points Next year you continue your experiment and go back to the same field of flowers This time you count 36 red flowers 48 pink flowers and 16 white flowers What are the frequencies of the red and white alleles now Show your work c 2 points Has the field of flowers undergone microevolution Explain how you know this d 3 points Assuming that there is no natural selection pressure on these flowers what other source s of evolution might have acted on the flower population Give an example of what might have

Which can form entirely new alleles sexual reproduction O mutation O genetic drift O natural selection

P wild type x sepia eye se If the F2 result of the cross above reveals a 3 1 ratio wild sepia what did the cross of F look like Se Se B Se Se Se Se

Observed value o Expected value e Deviation o e or d Deviation d d e Smooth Rough Smooth Rough Chi square X d e If you have a ratio of 9 3 3 1 then to calculate the percentage you have to add the total sum of the groups 16 and that is your denominator and then each group is the numerator For example 9 16 is 56 3 16 is 19 3 16 is 19 and 1 16 is 6 which equal 100 12 What is your p value Notes regarding calculating the chi square number Obtain your observed values from Table 5 Calculate your expected e values based on your predicted phenotypic ratio and using the total number of kernels calculated in Table 5 Use your X number to determine your p probability value Use the Chi square table Table 4 to assist you in your calculations 11 What is your degree of freedom value 13 What are your conclusions based on your calculations Based on your experiment state which phenotypes are dominant and which are recessive Are there any significant differences between your observed and expected values and is your hypothesis supported

LAB ACTIVITY 2 INHERITANCE OF THE CORN COLOR AND CORN TEXTURE GENES The corn used for this experiment F2 was obtained when purple and smooth textured corn of the F1 generation were crossed with each other The F1 corn was obtained by crossing true breeding purple smooth textured corn with true breeding yellow rough textured corn In this exercise you will be given a corn cob and you will count the number of corn kernels that have the following phenotypes purple smooth purple rough yellow smooth and yellow rough The corn kernels represent the individuals of the F2 generation From this experiment you will be able to determine how the corn texture and corn color traits are inherited 7 Write a hypothesis about how you think these traits are inherited in your statement include whether these traits are inherited according to Mendel s laws and which phenotypes are dominant vs recessive 8 Write a statement if then predicting your results based on your hypothesis hint in your statement predict what the phenotypic ratio will be based on your hypothesis 9 In the table below record the number of corn kernels that are smooth and yellow smooth and purple rough and yellow and rough and purple Note These are your observed values Table 5 Number of kernels Texture Purple smooth Purple rough Yellow smooth Yellow rough Total Number of kernels 44 id 24 IDE 10 Compare your observed and expected results doing the Chi square test Table 6

Prompt 1 Deborah Tannen 2013 2006 1990 Report Talk Rapport Talk LRS 2018 282 284 Course Handout 7 5 a Review Tannen s definitions of report talk and rapport talk How have the evolving gender roles within the IIS since 1990 affected the distinctions made

7 In mice red eyes are dominant over black eyes Show a cross between two black eyed mice P R Black op Genotypic ratio Phenotypic ratio

chances their offspring will have white flowers 9 A father has blood type AB If a child has blood type AB what are the possible genotypes and blood types of the mother 10 A woman with blood type B carries the recessive allele mates with a man with blood type AB What are the porcible

10 A woman with blood type B carries the recessive allele mates with a man with blood type AB What are the possible genotypes and blood types their children can have

will not have the condition 5 Parents who do not have cystic fibrosis have a child with cystic fibrosis autosomal recessive disorder What are chances the next child will have cystic fibrosis What are the chances the next child will not have cystic fibrosis W are the chances the next child will be a carrier

ces the child will have straight hair 8 A male plant has red flowers and a female plant has white flowers incomplete dominance What are the chances their offspring will have red flowers What are the chances their offspring will have pink flowers What are the chances their offspring will have white flowers 9 A father has blood type AB If a child has blood type AB what are the possible genotypes and blood types of the

4 A woman with Huntington Disease reproduces with a man without the condition Huntington Disease is an autosomal dominant disorder What are the chances the child will have the condition What are the chances the child will not have the condition Darents who do not have cystic fibrosis have a child with cystic fibrosis autosomal recessive disorder What are the child will not have cystic fibrosis What

the next child will be a carrier 6 A woman who is colorblind mates with a man that is not colorblind X linked recessive disorder What are the chances the child will be colorblind What are the chances the child will not be colorblind 7 One parent has curly hair incomplete dominance and the other parent has wavy hair What are the chances the child will b

Morgan s fruit flies had F2 generations with 3 1 red to white eye ratios but only the had white eyes A females C mutants B wild types D males

3 A homozygous dominant female mates with a homozygous recessive male Freckles are dominant over no freckles What are the chances the child will have freckles 4 A woman with Huntington Disease reproduces with a man without the condition Huntington Disease is an autosomal domin

2 Black hair is dominant over blonde hair A heterozygous male reproduces with a female with blonde hair What the chances the child will have black hair What are the chances the child will have blonde hair

Note that only one letter g side or the top of the Punn Next all you have to do is into the empty squares Th the offspring each time rep

Looking at the map and the Punnett square below how do you th changed as slaves were forced to come work in the Untied States Kaysemel ABC ABc AbC Abc aBC aBc abC abc ABC a AABECC AAEBCcJAABOCC AAECA BBCC AF AABBCc AABBcc JAABbCc AABbc ASEBCA AABOCC AABOCCLAAbbCC AAbbCc AECC A3 AABoCk AABock AAbbCC AAbbee AaBbCc Al AaBBCC Aa BBCc AaBbCC Aa Bb Cc aaBBCC B ABEC AEBck A BoCc AaBbee BBCc 2a E A BUCC AnFoCc AabbCC AabbCc aBbCC AbbCc Abbee ABOCK AzBock aaBb Cc ABc AbC Abc aBC 33B 1 6 15 20 15 6 228 to villidi Today we live in an era of mass globalization meaning people co interacting on an international scale People are also leaving thei persecution Many other times throughout history large groups

1 2 Albinism has two alleles for skin color N dominance 1 Based on the following Punnett Square hom

Question 4 of 10 Which statement describes how the process shown in the diagram results in new inheritable genetic combinations Egg Offspring nucleus 9 Sperm Zygote Gamete nuclel A Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles that are passed to offspring B Conjugation allows for the transfer of genes into new cells C Independent assortment produs random combinations of chromosomes that are passed to offspring D Fertilization produces new combinations of alleles in offspring as gametes from two individuals combine

1 The F8 gene codes for a protein that is necessary for blood clotting and is made mainly by liver cells The bloodstream normally contains inactive F8 along with another inactive coagulation factor called F9 In injured tissues the F8 and F9 proteins interact to form an active complex that initiates a chain of reactions that lead to the formation of a blood clot Deficiencies in F8 or F9 cause hemophilia a failure of the blood to clot normally You can find more information about the F8 gene here http ghr nlm nih gov gene F8 https www genecards org cgi bin carddisp pl gene F8 and the F9 gene here https ghr nlm nih gov gene F9 normalfunction https www genecards org cgi bin carddisp pl gene F9 keywords f9 Coagulation factors F8 and F9 are also known as Factor VIII and Factor IX respectively a What can you find out about the size of the F8 and F9 genes from the websites above Where are these gene located see gene cards links and scroll down b Draw the two X chromosomes of a female and the X and Y of a male Label the approximate locations of the F8 and F9 loci If you need a brief refresher on X linked inheritance see here https www cancer gov publications dictionaries genetics dictionary def x linked recessive inheritance

A small population of a specific plant species is found in a grassland habitat Each plant bears flowers that are either white or dark purple The color of the plant s flowers does not affect the plant s chance of survival or its reproductive success A wildfire that occurs in the habitat kills all of the plants with dark purple flowers as well as many of the plants with white flowers This causes the gene for dark purple flowers to be lost from the population Which of the following processes caused the loss of the gene for dark purple flowers from this population OA adaptation OB genetic drift OC speciation OD natural selection

One of the basic principles of genetics is that the alleles for a given trait are not inherited with the alleles for another trait This explains why two cats that are heterozygous for the traits of hair length and agouti banded coloring can have a kitten with any combination of these traits That is a cross between these two heterozygous cats could result in a kitten with long haired agouti fur short haired agouti fur long haired non agouti fur or short haired non agouti fur The example above describes which of the following OA theory of evolution OB law of dominance OC law of segregation OD law of independent assortment