Principles of Inheritance & Variation (Genetics) Questions and Answers

For shorthorn cattle the mating of a red bull and a white cow produces a calf that is described as roan Roan is intermingled red and white hair Many matings between roan bulls and roan cows produce cattle in the following ratio 1 red 2 roan 1 white Is this a problem of codominance or multiple al eles Explain your answer

In horses the trotter characteristic is the pacer characteristic A male trotter mates with three different females and each female produces a foal The first female a pacer gives birth to a foal that is a pacer The second female also a pacer gives birth to a foal that is a trotter The third female a trotter gives birth to a foal that is a pacer Determine the genotypes of the male all three fomaler and the three foals sired

What is the eukaryotic telomere shortening problem and how is it solved

15 The factor s most involved in translation termination is are A EF G B IF1 IF2 IF3 C Release Factor and ribosome recycling factor D EF Tu E 50S subunit

11 Human growth hormone receptor is a A catalyst B prosthetic group C coenzyme D cofactor E cell surface protein

The trait represented by the colored circles and squares below is inherited as a dominant allele This is not a sex linked trait Shaded individuals show the dominant trait 3 7 4 8 1 2 5 9 O There is not enough information to tell Yes The trait is a dominant trait 6 Are there any homozygous dominant individuals in the pedigree above 10 No There are homozygous recessive offspring

Suppose it was possible to use genetic engineering to make people more intelligent Do you think this should be allowed Explain your answer

15 2 points Which of the following does NOT describe one of Darwin s postulates the criteria for evolution by natural selection A Some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce than others B Individuals in a population must vary in the presence of the trait in question C All offspring of individuals must survive and reproduce D The trait in question must be heritable

4 Which of the following correctly describes Mendel s Law of Segregation a Alleles on different chromosomes assort independently of each other b During gamete formation each gamete contains only half of the chromosomal alleles c Both A and B d Neither A nor B

10 Spot size on ladybugs is controlled by one gene In a certain population of ladybugs you observe some individuals with small spots other individuals with medium spots and still other individuals with large spots You breed two homozygous ladybugs one ladybug has small spots and the other ladybug has large spots All the offspring from this cross cross 1 have medium spots Based on this result you hypothesize that the alleles that affect spot size are interacting in a particular way To test this hypothesis you take two of the offspring from cross 1 with medium spots and breed them From this second cross cross 2 you get 54 ladybugs with small spots 120 ladybugs with medium spots 46 ladybugs with large spots Use this information to answer the following questions Formatting rules for numerical answers enter probabilities as frequencies for example 0 14 enter numbers of individuals as whole numbers for example 5 round chi square values category values and test statistic to the hundredth decimal place for example 0 76 The DOMINANT phenotype s is are Medium spots The RECESSIVE phenotype s is are Small spots Large spots The most logical hypothesis is the alleles are interacting through incomplete dominance If the alleles are interacting in the way that you hypothesize then the probability of getting offspring with SMALL spots from cross 2 is 0 25 The probability of getting offspring with MEDIUM spots is 0 50 The probability of getting offspring with LARGE spots is 0 25 The probability of getting offspring with a combination of LARGE AND SMALL spots is 0 0 From cross 2 the expected number of offspring with SMALL spots is 55 The chi square value for this category is 0 02 The expected number of offspring with MEDIUM spots is 100 The chi square value for this category is The expected number of offspring with LARGE spots is 55 The chi square value for this category is 1 47 The chi square test statistic for this experiment is 4

Spot size on ladybugs is controlled by one gene In a certain population of ladybugs you observe some individuals with small spots other individuals with medium spots and still other individuals with large spots You breed two homozygous ladybugs one ladybug has small spots and the other ladybug has large spots All the offspring from this cross cross 1 have medium spots Based on this result you hypothesize that the alleles that affect spot size are interacting in a particular way To test this hypothesis you take two of the offspring from cross 1 with medium spots and breed them From this second cross cross 2 you get 54 ladybugs with small spots 120 ladybugs with medium spots 46 ladybugs with large spots Use this information to answer the following questions Formatting rules for numerical answers enter probabilities as frequencies for example 0 14 enter numbers of individuals as whole numbers for example 5 round chi square values category values and test statistic to the hundred th decimal place for example 0 76 The DOMINANT phenotype s is are Osmall spots medium spots Clarge spots a combination of large and small spots The RECESSIVE phenotype s is are small spots medium spots large spots a combination of large and small spots The most logical hypothesis is the alleles are interacting through total dominance complete dominance incomplete dominance co dominance If the alleles are interacting in the way that you hypothesize then the probability of getting offspring with SMALL spots from cross 2 is 0 25 the probability of getting offspring with MEDIUM spots is 0 50 the probability of getting offspring with LARGE spots is 0 25 and the probability of getting offspring with a combination of LARGE AND SMALL spots is

Question D A true breeding purple flowered plant is crossed with a true breeding white flowered plant of the same species In the F1 generation all lavender flowered plants are seen Two lavender flowered plants are crossed together What is the genotypic ratio of their offspring What is the phenotypic ratio of their offspring 5 pts

Exchange of genetic material between 2 different strands of DNA is called: NONE OF THESE mutation recombination dimerization modification

For species that do have different sexes, sex is not determined the same way-give examples of how sex can be determined in ways other than through the XY chromosomal system found in humans (give at least one other chromosomal system and one environmental system).

Hemophilia in humans is an X-linked recessive trait. Which of the following statements is CORRECT about a man who has hemophilia and whose wife does not have the disease and who does not have any relatives with the disease? All his sons will be carriers daughters will have the disease daughters will be carriers sons will have the disease

The condition of being a Guevedoce is recessive. Describe what must be true about the parents for a person to inherit the condition. The parents must each have at least one recessive allele (g) to have a child who is a Guevedoce. (So each parent has to either be gg or Gg.) The parents must both be homozygous dominant (GG) to have a child who is a Guevedoce. The parents must both be homozygous recessive (gg) to have a child who is a Guevedoce. The parents must each have at least one dominant allele (G) to have a child who is a Guevedoce. (So each parent has to either be GG or Gg.)

In rabbits, gray hair is dominant to white fur. Also in rabbits, black eyes are dominant to red eyes. What are the phenotypes of rabbits that have the genotype: Ggbb gray fur and red eyes white fur and black eyes gray fur and pink eyes white fur and red eyes gray fur and black eyes

You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 41 %. Using that 41%, calculate the following: A. The frequency of the "aa" genotype: B. The frequency of the "a" allele: C. The frequency of the "A" allele: D. The frequencies of the genotypes "AA" and "Aa":

In pea plants, round seed shape is dominant to wrinkled seed shape. What is the probability of obtaining a wrinkled seed plant from a monohybrid cross?

a. Which sex is typically assigned at birth to an individual with XXY chromosomes? b. If a person with Klinefelter's syndrome wanted to look more like an average male, what medical treatment could help accomplish this?

Which of the following would be considered sex-chromosomes? A. only chromosomes in the 23rd pair B. all of the odd numbered pairs of chromosomes C. pairs 1-22 D. all chromosomes are sex chromosomes

Use the key below to complete the two punnett squares for the colour of cats. For each, show the punnett squares as well as indicate the genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring. KEY: X'- yellow fur colour, X-black fur colour, XYX-tortoiseshell (mixed) fur colour a) Black male and yellow female: b) Yellow male and Tortoiseshell

Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder and more frequently affects men. True False

What will be the chance for a woman, whose father was colourblind and who is married to a man with normal vision, to have a colour blind child? Assume: XB is normal vision and XU is colour blind vision.

In mammals, males often have greater variance in reproductive success than females, as a result of sexual selection. How will this alter the effective levels of allelic variation in genes on the autosomes, the X chromosome, the Y chromosome and the mitochondrial genome?

Given a cross between these two parents: BbCcDDEEFfGgHhjj x BbCcddEeFfGgHHjj where traits B, E, H, J exhibit Mendelian inheritance; C, and F exhibit incomplete dominance; D, and G exhibit co-dominance answer the following: 1. What proportion of the offspring will genotypically resemble the second parent?

A deletion mutation of three nucleotides results in a frameshift mutation. True False

Genetic bottlenecks and founder effect both... Tend to reduce genetic diversity Involve migration Tend to increase genetic diversity Involve the killing of large numbers of the population.

2. Sex linked traits such color blindness or hemophilia affect males more because The Y chromosome is longer than the X chromosomes, and hence has more genes The Y chromosome is shorter than the X, so the male is stuck with what he gets from mom There is a higher chance the allele is on the Y chromosome than the X The Y chromosome has more defective alleles than the X

If one parent has blood type AB, and the other has blood type O, what is the probability they would have a child with blood type A? 50% 75% 0% 25%

Which of the following is an example of an extended phenotype? Height in humans Red Eye vs White Eye phenotype in fruit flies The size of the gall made by the gallfly eggs deposited in the stem of a goldenrod Cystic fibrosis phenotype which depends on both a primary gene and the influence of other secondary genes

the expression of a regulated gene is turned OFF in prokaryotic cells. This means... the protein specified by the gene is made cell needs the protein specified by the gene translation occurs replication occurs transcription does NOT occur transcription occurs

What is a likely consequence of this type of mutation? A. The gene would result in a shorter protein, possibly causing problems. B. The gene would have a protein that was too long, possibly causing problems. C. The gene would be unaffected. D. This would most likely be a positive change.

Imagine 2 plants are crossed. The dominant flower color is red (R) and the recessive flower color is white (r). a. For a heterozygous parent (they have one of each allele), what is the probability that they will pass the white (r) allele on to their offspring? Express your answer as a fraction. b. For a heterozygous parent, what is the probability that they will pass the red (R) allele to their offspring? Express your answer as a fraction. Draw a Punnett square of two parents that are heterozygous for flower color:

Sickle-call anemia is an interesting genetic disease. Normal homozygous individuals (55) have normal blood cells that are easily infected with the malarial parasite. Thua, many of these individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuala homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (as) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (58) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these "partially defective" red blood cells. Thus, heterozygotes tend to survive better than either of the homozygous conditions. A. If 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (as), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are heterozygous (Ss) for the sickle-cell gene?

The following pedigree shows a person affected with the sex chromosome aneuploidy called Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). Recall that human aneuploidy is caused by nondisjunction during meiosis. A and B are two codominant alleles of an X-linked gene; the phenotypes of individuals for this X-linked gene are shown. In which parent of the affected person did nondisjunction occur, and was the nondisjunction event in meiosis I or meiosis II? Check all that are possible. Check All That Apply Father, Melosis I Father, Meiosis II Mother, Melosis I Mother; Melosis

Competent cells allow for what critical step of DNA cloning? Introducing the DNA of interest into a plasmid. Transforming the recombined DNA plasmid into the host cell line. Cutting different pieces of DNA Nothing. What are competent cells?

A chromosomal mutation is best described as an amino acid substitution that changes all of the subsequent protein codes on the chromosome a change in the genetic make-up of an organism that causes speciation to occur in a population mutations that involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes in a cell or organism changes in the "reading sections" of a protein code frame that affect the subsequent amino acids

Assuming eye color (w/w+) and wing size (m/m+) are X-linked, predict F1 offspring from a cross between a double mutant female and a wild type male. Show the X and Y chromosomes and predict genotypes, phenotypes, and gender with percentages, for the offspring.

In the cross between two individuals heterozygous for two different traits, it is expected that a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes will occur in the offspring. Yet, a ratio of 6:6:2:2 might indicate (A) pleiotropy. (B) genomic imprinting. (C) incomplete dominance. (D) X-linkage. (E) gene linkage.

Four o'clock plants exhibit incomplete dominance that express the following: FF- red flower Ff- pink flower ff-white flower If we cross the parents: White x Pink, what is/are the genotype(s) of the offspring? FF and Ff, 3:1 all Ff all ff Ff and ff, 3:1 Ff and ff, 1:1

Match the disease with its type of inheritance. Sickle Cell Disease Huntington's Disease Cystic Fibrosis

In humans, hemophilia is a sex-linked trait. Females can be normal, carriers, or have the disease. Males will either have the disease or not (but they won't ever be carriers). A man who has hemophilia is crossed with a woman who is a carrier. How many of their children will have the disease? all of the children 1 out of 4 children none of the children 2 out 4 children

You breed a plant that has purple flowers with a plant that has orange flowers and the resulting offspring has purple and orange stripe flowers. What type of heredity does flower color exhibit in these plants? heterozygous alleles co-dominance incomplete dominance homozygous recessive alleles

In some breeds of cats, there are alleles for black color and tan color. Neither of these alleles is dominant over the other. When a cat of one of these breeds has both of these alleles, its color is black-and-tan striped (which is also called tabby). If a striped cat is bred with a striped cat, the phenotypes of the offspring will occur in what ratio? (Hint: Construct a Punnett square to help you answer this question.) A 1:1 ratio of striped and tan A 1:2:1 ratio of black, striped, and tan A 1:1 ratio of black and striped A 1:3 ratio of tan and black In these breeds of cats, the alleles for color are an example of

The pH of muscle/meat is a measurement of acidity. In a normal living muscle the pH is approximately 7.2. A low pH results in meat proteins having decreased water-holding capacity and a lighter color. A higher pH will give a darker color and less drip loss. What does the changes in muscle/meat best demonstrate? o. Gene expression can be affected by the environment p. Meat genetics are influenced by phenotypes q. Muscle genetics are influenced by genetics r. Genes controlling muscle expression are co-dominant.

Howard has brown eyes (Bb) and Bernadette has blue eyes (bb). Their daughter also has brown eyes (Bb). What term describes the genotype of Howard and Bernadette's daughter? Homozygous Recessive Homozygous Dominant Dihybrid Cross Heterozygous

In a laboratory, a scientist gathered identical E. coli cells and grew them in separate petri dishes labeled as population A, population B, and population C. With plenty of food and the right temperature, all E. coli cells in each population increased by reproducing every 20 minutes. However, populations A, B, and C were introduced to antibiotic 1 (Penicillin) and antibiotic 2 (amoxicillin). After one hour, the scientist observed each population under the microscope and noticed that population A died after receiving both antibiotics, population B survived but was not able to reproduce again, and population C survived and reproduced more abundantly by overtaking population A and B in the next generation. What mechanisms would BEST explain how population C developed an antibiotic resistance or acquired adaptations or features that made it well-suited to its immediate environment? Natural selection and Mutation Natural selection and Hybridization Polyploid and Recombination Polyploid and Migration

you perform a test-cross with a pea plant with the genotype Yy, count 1000 offspring, and get 670 plants with yellow seeds and 330 plants with green seeds. What are your expected # offspring for each phenotype? What is your x² value? What is your degree of freedom? What is your p-value? Do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?

A scientist isolated DNA from a particular bacterium and decided to analyze it. The sequence of the bacterial DNA is ATGGGCTAGTCTT. What will the complementary strand be? A TACCCGATCAGTTA B. TACCCGATCAGAA C TACCCGAGGCGAA D. TACAAGATCAGAA