Solid state Questions and Answers
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateSelect the class of solids to which brass belongs O Molecular O Network Olonic Metallic
Physical Chemistry
Solid state11 What is radioactivity 12 What is half life 13 If we start with 400 atoms of a radioactive substance how many would remain after one half life after two half lives after four half lives after three half lives 14 A paleontologist discovered fossil remains of ancestral mammal and in order to have basis of comparison to other ancestral mammals he needed the age of the fossil The carbon 14 analysis indicates that only half of the original amount is present How old is this fossil 15 The half life of hydrogen 3 is 12 3 years Given 100 g of hydrogen 3 how many grams will be left after 5 half lives 16 A patient is administered 20 mg of iodine 131 How much of this isotope will remain in the body after 40 days if the half life for iodine 131 is 8 days 17 The mass of cobalt 60 in a sample is found to have decreased from 0 8 g to 0 2 g in a period of 10 5 years From this info calculate the half life of cobalt 60 18 The three most common states of matter are 19 The kinetic theory states that the higher the temperature the faster slower the particles that make up a substance move 20 As a sample of matter is cooled its particles move more slowly quickly 21 The particles that make up a solid move 22 Matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is a 23 Matter that has a definite volume and a definite shape is a 24 If you move a substance from one container to another and its volume changes the substance is a than do the particles that makes up a gas Melting and Boiling Points of Some Substances Substance Melting Point Boiling Point Hydrogen 259 3 C 252 9 C Nitrogen 210 0 C 195 8 C Acetic Acid 16 6 C 117 9 C Gold 1064 2 C Substance B Substance A 25 In the above picture which substance is a liquid 26 In the above picture which substance is a solid 27 In the above picture which substance is a gas 28 In the above picture which substance are the forces of attraction among the particles so weak that they can be ignored under ordinary conditions Substance C 2856 C the table above the melting point of acetic acid is
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateIron sulfide has a _ melting and
boiling points.
fixed
variable
fixed and variable, respectively
fixed or variable
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateWhich of the following is an example of a solid?
Iron rod
Ice
Diamond
All of the choices
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateWhat are the typical properties of substances held together with ionic bonds, such as NCCI?
they have high melting points
when dissoved in water, ionic compounds conduct electricity
they have low melting points
they do NOT conduct heat nor electricity when in solution
they do not dissolve in water
they form crystals
they dissolve in water (dissolve means ions can break away from the crystal and move freely within the solution)
they form amorphous solids
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateNitrogen has two isotopes. One has an atomic mass of 14.003 amu and a relative abundance of 99.63% while the other isotope has an atomic mass of 15.000 amu and a relative abundance of 0.37%. What is the average atomic mass for nitrogen?
a. 14.993 amu
b. 14.778 amu
c. 14.007 amu
d. 14.456 amu
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateThe atomic radius of metal X is 1.30 x 102 picometers (pm) and a crystal of metal X has a unit cell that is face-centered cubic.
Calculate the density of metal X (atomic weight = 42.3 g/mol).
Physical Chemistry
Solid state5) A gas sample occupies 3.50 liters of volume at 20. °C. What volume will this gas occupy at 100°C (reported to three significant figures)?
A) 0.224 L
B) 2.75 L
C) 4.46 L
D) 17.5 L
E) none of the above
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateChoose the sentence that is capitalized correctly.
The meaning of Stonehenge was first discussed around 1139 in the book History of
the Kings of Britain.
The meaning of stonehenge was first discussed around 1139 in the book "History of the
Kings of Britain."
The meaning of Stonehenge was first discussed around 1139 in the book "History of the
kings of britain."
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateIdentify the definition for each of the terms.
coordination number:
unit cell:
crystalline solid:
Answer Bank
the smallest dimensions of a crystal that can be measured with a microscope
the number of atoms (or ions) bordering a cavity (or interstice) in a crystal lattice
a solid that lacks a regular, three-dimensional arrangement of atoms (e.g., glass)
the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid
a solid that possesses long-range order (e.g., table salt)
the number of atoms (or ions) surrounding an atom (or ion) in a crystal lattice
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateGermanium is doped with 5 x 1015 donor atoms per cm³ at T = 300 K. The dimen-
sions of the Hall device are d = 5 x 10³ cm, W = 2 x 102 cm, and L = 10-¹
10¹ cm.
The current is I, = 250 μA, the applied voltage is V, = 100 mV, and the magnetic flux
density is B₂ = 500 gauss = 5 x 10-2 tesla. Calculate: (a) the Hall voltage, (b) the
Hall field, and (c) the carrier mobility.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateA student thinks that 1s³ is the electron configuration for lithium. They also thinks that 1s4 is the electron configuration for beryllium. Write a brief note to the student that explains why they are incorrect.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateThe reaction of rubidium with iodine is similar to that of sodium with iodine. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of rubidium with iodine. Include phase symbols.
chemical equation:
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateImagine you are handed a mineral sample. It breaks with a conchoidal fracture but displays no cleavage. It does not react with hydrochloric acid, is a light pink color, and has a nonmetallic luster. It is harder than a streak plate, and has a specific gravity of 2.65. What mineral is it?
quartz
potassium feldspar
olivine
calcite
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateWhich phrase describes radioactive decay?
the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller nuclei
the spontaneous emission of radiation
the joining of small nuclei into a larger nucleus
the triggering of one reaction by the products of another
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateCopper crystallizes in the body-centered cubic unit cell with an edge length 390 pm.
What is he density of Copper in g/cm3? (atomic weight of copper = 63.45 amu)
A. 3.56 g/cm³
B. 3.90 g/cm³
C. 1.78 g/cm³
D.4.65 g/cm³
E. 7.12 g/cm³
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateWhen silicon is doped with antimony, antimony contributes __
lons
holes
free electrons
charges
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateWhich of the following is not a characteristic of the solid state?
particles are moving very fast
has a definite shape
particles are in fixed positions
has a definite volume
particles are close together
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateUsing your examples, compare solids, liquids, and gases in terms of the following characteristics: structure, compressibility, shape, and volume. (4 points) Imagine that you have a sample of each material in front of you that you can examine, and then describe how one characteristic compares across all three samples.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateIdentify the following statements as applying to ionic (I) or covalent (C) bonds and their resulting compounds(opt).
a. When this bond forms electrons are shared between atoms. ___
b. The formation of this bond results in charged particles. ___
c. Compounds have very high melting points and boiling points. ___
d.Compounds do not conduct electricity in any form. ____
e. Forms between two or more non-metals. __
f. Frequently dissociate in water.__
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateHow do colloids differ from suspensions?
A colloid particle is crystalline, while a suspension particle is amorphous.
A colloid particle is smaller than the ones found in suspensions.
A colloid particle is amorphous, while a suspension particle is crystalline.
A colloid particle is bigger than the ones found in suspensions.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateWhat is the smallest portion of a crystal which when repeated in different directions generates the entire crystal?
A. lattice point
B. crystal lattice
C. unit cell
D. interstitial site
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateWhich of the following statements is the best reason for why sodium chloride is a crystal?
A. It is made of ions.
B. lons are strongly attracted to each other.
C. Electrons are freely moving.
D. lons are in a repeating pattern.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateUsing the following data, estimate AHf° (in kJ/mol) for potassium
chloride: K(s) + ½ Cl₂(g) → KCI(s).
Lattice energy
of Ko
lonization energy
of K
Electron affinity
of Cl
Bond dissociation
energy of Cl₂
Enthalpy of
sublimation for K
-690 kJ/mol
419 kJ/mol
-349 kJ/mol
239 kJ/mol
90 kJ/mol
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateA piece of metal has a volume of 8.59 x 103 cm³. The density of the metal is 2.98 g/cm³. What is the mass of the metal, in mg?
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateIf the density of tin is 7.26 g/cm³, what is the thickness of a piece of tin foil that measures 5.00 cm by 5.00 cm and has a mass of 2.722 g?
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateA first-order (n = 1) reflection from the plane of a cubic crystal was observed at a glancing angle of 11.2° when Cu Ka X-rays (λ = 154 pm) were used. What is the interatomic distance between the atoms in the unit cell in pm?
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateA manufacturing company is trying to produce a lightweight but strong cart for use by home gardeners.
Explain which metal titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), or zinc (Zn)-would be the best for this application and
why?
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateA certain metal M crystallizes in a lattice described by a face-centered cubic (fcc) unit cell. The lattice constant a has been measured by X-ray crystallography to be 563. pm, Calculate the radius of an atom of M. Be sure your answer has 3 significant digits, and be sure it has the correct unit symbol.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateThree quantum numbers are derived from Schrodinger's equation that describe the probability of finding an electron around a nucleus: the principal quantum number, the angular momentum quantum number, and the magnetic quantum number. Explain each quantum number, including associated shapes, numbers, letters, and values.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateSilver ß is a solid phase of silver still unknown to science. The only difference between it and ordinary silver is that Silver ß forms a crystal with a bcc unit cell and a lattice constant a=0.334 nm. Calculate the density of Silver ß.
Round your answer to 3 significant digits.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateThe distance between the red and green balls at the corners of this cube is 0.36 nm;
Calculate the distance between the red and blue balls.
Round your answer to 2 significant digits, and be sure it has the correct unit symbol.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateAt normal temperatures and pressures a certain metal element M forms a crystal with a bcc unit cell and lattice constant a=0.330 nm. The density of Mis measured to be 16.65 g/cm³.
Using only this information, identify the element M and write its chemical symbol below.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateIridium ß is a solid phase of iridium still unknown to science. The only difference between it and ordinary iridium is that Iridium ß forms a crystal with a bcc unit cell and a lattice constant a=314. pm. Calculate the density of Iridium ß.
Round your answer to 3 significant digits.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateAn element crystallises in cubic lattice with the lattice constant 4.0 A. Which of the following should not be the permissible atomic radius of element according to Bravais Lattices
20 A
√2A
√3A
2√2A
Physical Chemistry
Solid state16.2 g of an ionic solid (100% dissociated in water) is dissolved in 1L water. The osmotic pressure at 27° C for the solution is 60 R(R is universal gas constant). Assume the density of cubic unit cell of ionic solid is 40 g/cm³ and anion form the lattice in which octahedral void at body centre is vacant and cell is electrically neutral. If edge length of lattice of ionic solid is 3 A and molar
mass 162 g/mol, select incorrect statement(s) (Use NA = 6 × 1023).
100% tetrahedral voids are occupied
100% octahedral voids are occupied
50% tetrahedral voids are occupied
50% octahedral voids are occupied
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateWhich of the following statements about solid copper, with a face-centered cubic unit cell, is
incorrect?
There are two atoms per unit cell.
The length of a face diagonal is four times the radius of copper
The solid has a cubic closest-packed structure
The number of atoms surrounding each copper atom is 12
It will conduct electricity
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateA solid calcium boride CaBx has a density of 2.45 g/cm³. It has a primitive cubic lattice with an edge
length equal to 415 pm and with one calcium atom per unit cell. What is the value of x? (1 pm = 10
12 m)
2
1
6
8
4
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateOur bodies sweat so that energy from our body can be used to change the liquid into
gas. This reduces the energy inside our body and therefore lowers our body
temperature. This is one way our body is able to cool itself down so we don't get
overheated.
After sweating, your body transfers 214054 J of energy into the sweat to cause it to
evaporate. Assuming NO temperature change, calculate the mass of water that
evaporates.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateMetallic strontium crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice. The volume of the unit cell is 2.25*108 pm³. What is the density of strontium metal in g/cm³? (1 pm = 10-12 m)
4.53 g/cm3
0.648 g/cm3
2.59 g/cm3
1.30 g/cm3
5.18 g/cm3
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateSolid calcium occurs as either cubic closest packing or hexagonal closest packing. What
is the most significant difference between these two structures?
A) The placement of layers of calcium atoms
B) The distance between calcium atoms in a single layer
C) The distance between calcium atoms in adjacent layers
D) The coordination number of the calcium atoms in a single layer
E) There is no difference between these two solid structures.
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateClassify the following solids as molecular, ionic, or atomic:
Kr (s)
H₂O (s)
I2 (s)
Si (s)
KI (s)
Physical Chemistry
Solid stateThe conductivity of intrinsic semiconductors, such as silicon and germanium, can be increased when small amounts of group 3A or group 5A elements are added, a process called doping. The resulting semiconductors are called either p-type or n-type semiconductors. Classify the type of doping condition and diagrams depicting the electron population of molecular orbital energy-level bands as p-type or n-type semiconductors.