Principles of Inheritance & Variation (Genetics) Questions and Answers

Which evidence best supports the claim that mutations are a source of inheritable genetic variation? (1 point) Mutations affect protein synthesis which impacts the way traits are expressed. Mutations can only happen during meiosis because genes are inherited. Mutations affect the way DNA is created through transcription. Mutations are not inheritable from gametes because they are given from each parent.

Note: Blood type is controlled by 3 alleles of gene I: I^, P and i, Both alleles and I are dominant to allele I and are co-dominant to each other a) What are the two genotypes possible for a person who as A blood? b) What genotype does a person with AB blood have? c)What genotype does a person with O blood have? d) What are the two genotypes possible for a person who as B blood?

A) During meiosis, sister chromatids may exchange sections of DNA leading to genetic diversity. What is this process called? (1 point) independent assortment karyotypes crossing-over nondisjunction

2. A male rabbit with the genotype GGbb is crossed with a female rabbit with the genotype ggBb. The square is set up below. Fill it out and determine the phenotypes and proportions in the offspring. How many out of 16 have grey fur and black eyes? How many out of 16 have grey fur and red eyes? How many out of 16 have white fur and black eyes? How many out of 16 have white fur and red eyes?

Gregor Mendel examined simple patterns of inheritance in his work with pea plants. Unlike pea plants, many human traits have complex patterns of inheritance. For example, some traits are controlled by several genes together. What is a trait that probably has a complex pattern of inheritance? Explain your response.

What type of glycosidic linkages are broken by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase during glycogen degradation? beta-1,6 linkages alpha-1,4 linkages alpha-1,6 linkages beta-1,4 linkages

Flower color in snapdragons is controlled by incomplete dominance. Regarding the gene for flower color, there are two alleles CR and CW. Heterozygotes have pink flowers, whereas the two homozygotes have red flowers or white flowers. When plants with red flowers are crossed with plants with pink flowers, what proportion of the offspring is expected to have pink flowers?

In cattle, an autosomal mutation called Dexter produces calves with short stature and short limbs. Embryos that are homozygous for the Dexter mutations have severely stunted development and either spontaneously abort or are still-born. What are the expected proportions and phenotypes of the viable progeny if you cross two Dexter cows? 3/4 Dexter : 1/4 normal 2/3 Dexter: 1/3 normal 1/2 Dexter : 1/2 normal 3/4 normal: 1/4 Dexter 1/3 Dexter: 2/3 normal

Use the FOIL method to determine the genes for the gametes that would go on the outside of a punnett square in a dihybrid cross. Do this for one parent with this genotype "EeGG". What are the 4 gene combinations for the gametes? * EG, EG, eG, eG EE, ee, GG, GG

You are replicating Gregor Mendel's famous experiment with sweet peas. The genotype for dominant smooth-seeded parent is designated AA, while the genotype for the wrinkled-seeded parent is aa. Using a punnet square predict the first generation for this cross. What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios? SHOW ALL WORK.

What must be true for an XX female to express a recessive sex-linked trait? a X chromosome inactivation b a Y chromosome c two recessive alleles for the trait d two dominant alleles for the trait

According to Mendel's law of segregation, a. when two different alleles occur together one allele is complete expressed the other is hidden. b. organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes. c. different alleles of a gene can never be found in the same organism. d. genes for more than one trait are located on different chromosomes.

You are interested in tracking inheritance of a suite of traits in the blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii), a bird that is native to Pacific Coast of North, Central, and South America. You cross a male with the genotype AAbbCcDd with a female with genotype aabbCcDd. What is the expected probability of each of the following scenarios? Show all work to receive full credit. (2 points each for 10 total points) (a) chick that exhibits a dominant phenotype at all four loci (b) a chick that exhibits a phenotype like its father (c) a chick that exhibits a phenotype like its mother (d) a chick that exhibits a dominant phenotype at the first three loci, and a recessive phenotype for the last one (e) a chick that exhibits a recessive phenotype at all four loci

Having two eyebrows is dominant (E) over having one large eyebrow (e). Also having six fingers (F) is dominant over having five fingers (f). What is the probability of each phenotype if a man that has one eyebrow and twelve fingers total (heterozygous), has children with a woman that is heterozygous for both traits?

(6.5) In the parental (P) generation, two purebred pea plants having contrasting forms for flower color were cross-pollenated. After allowing the first filial (F₁) generation pea plants to self- pollenate, 705 purple-flowering pea plants and 224 white-flowering pea plants were observed in the second filial (F₂) generation. What are the genotypes of the parental (P) pea plants? a purple = PP and white = pp b purple = P and white = p c purple Pp and white = Pp d purple Pp and white = pp

In order to come to reliable conclusions about pillbug preferences, you needed to use the Multiple Choice modular data method. experimental design method. hypothetical method. pretty graphs and charts. scientific method.

(6.5) A fish farmer produces rainbow trout for stocking by private land owners and fishing clubs. His particular breed of trout occur in two different phenotypes; black and gold. The farmer knows the black trait is recessive in rainbow trout. When performing a test cross, the farmer crosses a gold individual with an unknown genotype with several recessive individuals. From this cross the farmer observes the gold phenotype in all 140 offspirng. What is the most likely genotype of the offspring? c purebreds b homozygous dominant c heterozygous dominant d homozygous recessive

A segment of DNA which provides the instructions for making a protein is called a(n): plasmid chromosome gene mRNA none of the above

A group of scientists are studying the genome of the Drosophila Fly. In these flies, the allele for long wings is dominant over the allele for short wings. What phenotype would a heterozygous genotype have? A. LL B. Long wings C. Short wings D. LI

You are a clinical geneticist and have a patient that is phenotypically female and has some developmental delays and a history of a congenital heart defect. To begin your diagnosis, you perform a Barr body test and find that the patient has no Barr bodies. What genetic condition is this patient likely to have? a. Edward's syndrome b. Klinefelter syndrome c. Patau Syndrome d. Unable to determine with the given information. e. Turner Syndrome

For the mating below, indicate whether nondisjunction occurred in the mother, father, both or cannot be determined: XBA xba x xba y-> xba xba y a. Cannot be determined b. Father C. Both d. Mother

In pea plants Red (R) flower color is dominant over white (r) flower color and green seeds (G) are dominant over yellow seeds (g). (7) A farmer has a pea plant with red flowers and green seeds What are the possible genotypes of this plant? He crossed this plant with another plant that has white flowers with yellow seeds. Genotype of this plant is . Such a cross is called He obtained 5500 plants. 1400 of the off springs had red flowers with green seed and the 1385 of them had red flowers with yellow seeds and 1375 of the off springs had white flowers with green seeds and 1340 had white flowers with yellow seeds. What is the genotype of the pea plant that the farmer had? Explain your results with Punnett square?

Approximately where is gene a located along the chromosome? about one-third of the distance from the maroon-eye locus to the black-body locus about two-thirds of the distance from the maroon-eye locus to the cinnabar-eye locus about two-thirds of the distance from the maroon-eye locus to the vestigial-wing locus locus equidistant between the maroon-eye locus to the cinnabar-eye locus

What protein usually helps RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter? a. Activator O b. Corepressor O c. Terminator O d. Repressor

The most important factor determining the direction and strength of sexual selection is: Offspring size O Offspring relatedness Inbreeding coefficient Parental investment

You perform a cross between two plants, one MmPp and one mmpp, and obtain offspring with the following phenotypes: 42 MP; 374 Mp; 367 mP; 27 mp. What can you conclude from these data? ONLY PICK ONE OF THE ANSWERS: A. The M and P genes are on different chromosomes B. The recombinant progeny are mP and Mp C. The M and P genes are far apart on the same chromosome D. The recombinant progeny are MP and mp

Fill in the space__ repeats are structural motifs found in many proteins, and they consist of a hairpin loop followed by a helix-turn-helix.

Northern blot hybridization is based on: A. DNA and RNA. B. DNA and DNA. C. RNA and lipid. D. RNA and protein

In cocker spaniels, solid color (A) is dominant over spotted (a), and black coat color (B) is dominant over red (b). If a solid red male was crossed with a solid black female to produce a spotted red puppy, the genotypes of the parents (with male first) would be aa bb x Aa Bb AA bb x AA Bb Aa Bb x Aa Bb Aa bb x Aa Bb Aa Bb x aa Bb

In Jimson weed, the allele for violet petals (A) is dominant over allele for white petals (a). The allele for prickly capsules (B) is dominant over the allele for smooth capsules (b). A plant with white petals and prickly capsules was crossed with one that had violet petals and smooth capsules. The F1 generation had 47 white, prickly plants; 45 white smooth plants; 50 violet prickly plants, and 46 violet smooth plants. What were the genotypes of the parents? AA BB x aa bb Aa bb x aa Bb Aa Bb x Aa Bb AA bb x aa BB

In pea seeds, round (R) is dominant to wrinkled (r) and yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y). What percentage of round yellow seeds is expected from the cross: RrYY x RRYY? O 50% 100% 0% 25% 75%

The color of chickens is determined by gene B, such that BB- black, Bb = gray, and bb = white. A second gene R controls comb shape, with dominant rose and recessive single comb. If a white single-combed chicken is mated with a gray chicken that is heterozygous for rose comb, what fraction of the offspring will be gray with rose comb? 1/4 1/16 1/8 9/16 3/8

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an autosomal recessive disorder. Doug has SCA, but his wife is homozygous dominant. What is the chance that their child will have sickle cell anemia? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Tay Sachs is a lysosomal storage disease that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Individuals with Tay Sachs have a defect in the gene encoding hexosaminidase A, a lysosomal enzyme that breaks down cell membrane components called gangliosides. The inability to break down gangliosides causes harmful quantities of this lipid to accumulate in nerve cells of the brain, eventually leading to premature death of affected cells. There is no known cure for the disease, and death usually occurs by age 4. Jack and Jill have a child who has Tay-Sachs. What do you know about the genotypes of Jack and Jill? (T= dominant allele; t = recessive allele) offspring? O Both areheterozygous One is TT and the otheris tt Both are TT Both are tt O Its impossible to tell. Sinceboth are adults, they do not have the disease. But, they could either beTT or Tt

In a Punnett square where are the gametes listed? O In the boxes of the square O Along the top and left side of the square O On the bottom and right sides of the square O On the left and right sides of the square

If short hair (L) is dominant to long hair (1), then what fraction of the offspring produced by a cross of LI x II will be homozygous recessive? 1/2 1/4 none of the answer choices are correct 1/3 zero ( no chance of this offspring)

In pea plants, the allele for tall (T) is dominant to the allele for short (t). The genotype for a short pea plant is Tt or tt Tt tt TT or tt

If a parent has genotype "Aa", then through normal meiosis, he would produce gametes with all gametes with only "A" allele some gametes with "a" and some gametes with "A" all gametes with only "a" allele all gametes have both "Aa" alleles

Familial intestinal polyposis results in multiple fingerlike growths (polyps) from the lining of the large intestine. Polyposis is inherited as a dominant trait (A). If both parents are Aa and the couple has 16 children, how many would be expected to have the familial intestinal polyposis phenotype? 0 8 16 04 12

In guinea pigs, black is dominant over white. A black guinea pig would be O homozygous recessive O homozygous recessive or heterozygous O homozygous dominant or heterozygous O heterozygous O homozygous dominant

Mendel's laws derive from processes unique to pea plants. mitosis. calculus and algebra. meiosis.

In peas, the allele for tall plants is completely dominant over the allele for short plants. The quickest way to determine whether a tall pea plant is homozygous or heterozygous is to cross it with another plant which is: There is no way to determine this. O homozygous tall O like itself O short O heterozygous tall

Tay-Sachs is an autosomal recessive disease, which causes deterioration of the nervous system and ultimately death in affected toddlers. Amniocentesis reveals that a fetus has Tay-Sachs disease. What are the genotypes of the parents if both parents are phenotypically normal? O Tt X Tt O TTXTT O tt X tt O Tt x tt O TTx Tt

In humans, red hair is recessive to dark hair. Dark-haired Sue is married to dark- haired Mike. Sue's father and Mike's mother have red hair. What is Sue's genotype? rr either RR or Rr Rr either Rr or rr RR

Which of the following genotypes is homozygous? RY Yy RR Rr

In humans, brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. A blue-eyed child has the genotype Bb BB bb either Bb or BB impossible to tell

Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. Is it possible for one albino parent and one pigmented parent to produce a normal-pigmented child? Yes Absolutely not No, unless there was a brand new mutation in the albino parent's gamete.

Domestic dogs can have either dominant straight (S/-) or curly hair (s/s), which can be dominant black (B/-) or yellow (b/b) in colour. Two dogs with the following genotypes were mated: S/s; B/b x s/s; b/b. (i) What is the probability of this cross producing an offspring that will phenotypically resemble either parent? Show your work. (ii) How many phenotypically different kinds of progeny could result from this cross? Show your work.

Which of the following are genetic disorders that affect human growth and development? Select all the correct options. a) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome b) Down's Syndrome c) Fragile X Syndrome d) Cystic Fibrosis

By conducting the given experiment, teacher can conclude that A.Genes for eye colour and body colour are linked. B.Genes for eye colour and body colour show complete linkage. C.Linked gene remain together and are inherited. a. A and B only b. B only c. A and C only d. A, B and C