Endocrinology Questions and Answers
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhat is the letter name of this proposition All possums are marsupials O A OE
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology15 Which of the following accurately compares the role of glucagon and insulin in regulating blood glucose levels a The primary function of both glucagon and insulin is to facilitate the uptake of glucose into body cells b Glucagon stimulates organs and tissues to release glucose whereas insulin stimulates organs and tissues to increase their uptake of glucose c Glucagon stimulates organs and tissues to increase their uptake of glucose whereas insulin stimulates organs and tissues to release glucose d Glucagon reduces blood glucose levels via glycolysis whereas insulin increases blood glucose levels via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology11 Which of the following is a similarity between prolactin PRL and oxytocin OXT a Both target the mammary glands b Both are produced by the hypothalamus c Both target the uterus d Both are produced by the pituitary gland Submit
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology10 If your instructor asked you to identify the main target organs for the hypothalamus and pituitary hormones you could include all of the following except a Antidiuretic hormone ADH targets the kidneys b Luteinizing hormone LH targets the gonads c Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH targets the adrenal glands d Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH targets the respiratory system Submit
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology5 Which of the following accurately compares two of the types of cells found in the pancreatic islets a Beta cells produce glucagon whereas PP cells F cells produce somatostatin b Alpha cells produce glucagon whereas beta cells produce insulin c Alpha cells produce insulin whereas delta cells produce pancreatic polypeptide d Delta cells produce insulin whereas PP cells F cells produce glucagon Submit
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology4 If you were giving an oral presentation on the hypothalamus and pituitary hormones that target the reproductive system you would likely make all of the following points except a Oxytocin OXT causes smooth muscle in the uterus to contract during childbirth and stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands b Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH induces the production of milk by mammary glands c Follicle stimulating hormone FSH stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogen and produce oocytes and it stimulates sperm development in the testes d Luteinizing hormone LH stimulates the production of testosterone by the testes and it stimulates ovulation in females
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology2 When blood volume is too great the heart produces promote s water loss to decrease blood volume and pressure a Somatostatin b Mineralocorticoids c Natriuretic peptides d Antidiuretic hormone which Submit
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology1 All of the following are target organs of the anterior pituitary hormones except a the thyroid gland b the uterus c the adrenal glands d the ovaries
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyApplication Hypertension high blood pressure could possibly be caused by which of the following clinical abnormalities Select all answers that apply a Low renin levels b High renin levels Low aldosterone d High aldosterone
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyColumn I 1 LFTS 2 abdominal CT 3 cholangiography 4 stool culture 5 GI endoscopy 6 hemoccult test 7 barium tests 8 abdominal MRI 9 anastomosis 10 laparoscopic surgery Column II its description in Column A X ray examination of bile ducts B Minimally invasive surgery of the abdomen C Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract colonoscopy D Feces are placed in a growth medium and tested for microorganisms E Cholecystojejunostomy F Magnetic waves create images of abdominal organs in three planes of the body G Measurements of liver enzymes ALT AST alk phos and other substances H Feces are tested for blood stool guaiac test I Series of cross sectional x ray images show abdominal organs 231 J X ray images of the GI tract obtained after introduction of a radiopaque liquid into the rectum or mouth
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyBased on the quotations provided in the discussion above do you think that Orwell s essay What Is Science might still describe a valid perspective on science and its institutions Bear in mind that this essay was written in 1945 only a couple of months after the atomic bombings of Japan and after the US and USSR had both recruited German weapons scientists with the Nazi defeat
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinologylabeling Activity Veins of the Lower Limb 1 of 2 Femoral circumflex Common iliac Internal pudendal External iliac Femoral Lateral sacral Obturator Gluteal Deep femoral Internal iliac
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology22 Fill in the blanks An increase in prostaglandins can lead to of uterine muscles and also causes the ductus arteriosus to Typically this pleiotropic effect of prostaglandins is helpful but during preterm labor inhibiting contractions by administration of a prostaglandin synthesis blocker can also result in premature closure of the ductus arteriosus
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyIn Great Britain the citizens elect the legislature This legislature then decides who their chief executive will be Based on this description Great Britain most likely uses which system of government parliamentary O direct democracy O confederal O presidential
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology12 The graph below shows the unemployment rate in the 1930 and 1945 30 25 20 15 10 5 U S Unemployment Rate 1930 1945 0 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 States between Based on the graph what conclusion can be made about government policies in the 1930s A President Hoover s policies were more effective than the New Deal in dealing with the Depression B By 1938 the New Deal had successfully brought unemployment back down to pre Depression levels C New Deal policies failed to improve the economy because of the interference of the Supreme Court D Despite Roosevelt s New Deal policies the unemployment rate remained high throughout the 1930s
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhich of the following statem O The exocrine function of the gonads is to produce the sex hormones O The duct system is particularly extensive in the male O The exocrine function of the gonads is to produce the gametes O The female is physiologically more complex than the female O The gonads are the primary sex organs Question 78 Where in the male reproductive system do sperm become anatomically mature Prostate O Urethra Vas deferens 1 pts
Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrinology1 Use the following illustration to outline the basic mechanism responsible for maintaining stable levels of thyroid hormone in the blood 6 points
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyA drug that reminds the anterior pituitary to produce gonadotropins might be useful as a fertility treatment O contraceptive birth control O diuretic O abortion stimulant erectile dysfunction treatment
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhich of the following is true regarding the effect of FSH follicle stimulating hormone on the testes and the process of spermatogenesis O It indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis by causing Sertoli cells to release androgen binding protein O It stimulates the secretion of testosterone which is the final trigger for spermatogenesis O It provides negative feedback and its presence inhibits spermatogenesis O FSH is a hormone solely found in females it has no role in males O It directly stimulates the spermatogenesis by targeting the spematogenic cells
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhy is it that a woman must continusly breast feed or else milk production will cease?? Describe this whole process of lactation and breast feeding for extra credit.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyIn my research, I found that the levels of "gonadotropins" in the body are critical to understanding how the drugs Clomid and Ortho Tri-Cyclen work. What are gonadotropins? What role do they play in fertility?
Some of the references talk about how "negative feedback" is involved in understanding how these drugs work. Can you explain what is meant by negative feedback?
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyMy doctor also explained that birth control pills "trick the body into thinking it is pregnant." She explained that women do not normally ovulate when they are pregnant. Can you explain to me why a pregnant woman does not ovulate? How is this related to how the birth control pill works?
My doctor explained that Clomid works by "tricking the brain into thinking that estrogen levels in the body are low." She explained that this is what leads to the extra stimulation of the ovaries to encourage eggs to be released. One of the references for Clomid said this happens because there is less negative feedback. Can you explain to me how this "trick" and the decreased negative feedback are related? Why would these factors lead to the stimulation of the ovaries?
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyDoing a urinalysis what substance would be present if your patient has diabetes Mellitus and they are in Fat metablism?
l.blood
II. Ketones
III. White blood cells
IV. High pH
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyYour patient has diabetes insipidus what will be abnormal with the urine sample
I. Low specific gravity II. Low pH III. Low protein IV. Low Blood
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyDiscuss what you think urinalysis results for diabetics mellitus, diabetes insipidus, infection would be.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyIdentify the location in the body that is the source of all epinephrine (adrenalin).
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyCheck all that are ways in which the secretion of thyroid hormone is regulated.
Check All That Apply
Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated by a positive feedback loop.
Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated using a negative feedback loop.
Low body temperature would cause the hypothalamus to secrete thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH).
The anterior pituitary synthesizes and releases TSH.
Increased levels of TSH cause the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone.
As the basal body temperature rises, it causes a chain reaction, leading to an
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyCheck all that are ways in which PTH affects target organs.
Check All That Apply
PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium ions into the bloodstream.
PTH encourages the excretion of calcium ions into the filtrate that becomes urine in the kidneys.
PTH stimulates calcitriol synthesis to promote calcium absorption in the small intestine.
PTH stimulates osteoblasts to create new bone matrix using excess calcium in the blood.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyCheck all of the ways that the endocrine system changes as a result of aging.
Check All That Apply
The secretion of GH increases.
The secretion of sex hormones decreases.
Testosterone levels increase.
Estrogen levels decrease.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyCheck all of the hormones that are secreted by the gonads.
Check All That Apply
Oxytocin
FSH
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyBefore puberty, there are nearly no differences between males and females in the distribution of fat and muscle. During puberty, females grow muscle much faster than males, and males experience a higher increase in body fat.
False
True
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhich of the following is FALSE about chemical synapses?
Ligand-gated receptor channels receive messages on the postsynaptic cell
lons flow through gap junctions which contain continuous cytoplasm
An action potential in the presynaptic cell causes release of a neurotransmitter
Receptor binding results in channel opening and ion flow (EPSP/IPSP)
Chemical synapses are abundant in skeletal muscle
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyAlthough hormones circulate in blood to almost every tissue, the ability of a specific tissue to respond to a hormone depends on ___________.
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
nothing - all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are
powerful and nonspecific
the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyThe hormone PTH functions to (select all that apply)
Increase blood calcium
Inhibit osteoblast
Cause kidney to retain more calcium
Slow absorbtion of calcium in the intestines
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyJulie was diagnosed with an aggressive tumor of the thyroid.
Surgery was performed to remove the thyroid. However, post-
operatively, Julie's blood calcium levels began declining to life-
threatening levels. This decline is most likely due to
improper laboratory handling of blood samples.
damage to the anterior pituitary during surgery.
accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery.
post-traumatic stress disorder.
thyroid hormone replacement therapy after the surgery.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhich of the following is true?
Epinephrine increases GI tract activity.
Epinephrine increases blood pressure.
Epinephrine is a chemical of the parasympathetic nervous system.
The effects of epinephrine are long-lasting (days to weeks).
Epinephrine decreases heart rate.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyEndocrine System: Mechanism of Hormone Action: Direct Gene
Activation
1.a. Lipid-soluble hormones such as _________ and _________ hormones bind to receptors located _________ .
b.Once the hormone binds to the receptor, the _________ dissociates from the receptor complex.
c. The hormone-receptor complexes act as _________
_________
d. The receptor-hormone complex then binds to _________ .
e. The mRNA produces _________
that catalyze biochemical reactions in the cell.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhat role does oxytocin play in lactation?
storage of milk
production of milk
ejection of milk
stop production of milk
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyGrowth hormone
increases the use of glucose for energy.
increases amino acid uptake in cells.
decreases the use of fat as an energy source.
facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells.
decreases the synthesis and storage of glycogen.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhich of these hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?
cortisol
glucocorticoids
norepinephrine
aldosterone
androgens
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyThe hypothalamus
is also called the neurohypophysis.
is located superior to the thalamus.
regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland.
is located inferior to the pituitary gland.
rests in the sella turcica.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyTRH, GNRH, CRH, etc., are known as_______________________
hypothalamic hormones that regulate the function of the__________ pituitary. These hormones are released into capillary beds and carried directly to the pituitary by the_______ _______ _______ .
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyOsteoporosis occurs when which set of hormones decline with advanced age?
growth hormone
sex hormones
parathyroid hormone
TWO of these answers
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhich of the following produces human pheromones?
eccrine glands
apocrine glands
ceruminous glands
mammary glands
sebaceous glands
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyEffects of epinephrine and norepinephrine include all of the following except for:
A). an increase in digestive system activities.
B) dilation of respiratory airways, such as bronchioles.
C). an increase in breathing rate.
D).an increase in metabolic rate.
E). an increase in heart rate.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyConsider the thyroid and parathyroid glands together. Which of the following statements is false?
A). The thyroid gland produces calcitonin.
B). Thyroid hormone is secreted by follicular cells.
C). There are four parathyroid glands.
D). There are two thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
E) Parathyroid hormone decreases the blood level of calcium.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhen venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated. This results in
decreased vasopressin secretion.
increased glomerular filtration.
increased vasopressin secretion.
increased thirst.
decreased urine production.
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyThe main visible symptom of Cushing's syndrome is
upper-body obesity
infertility
Oloss of libido
delayed puberty
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhich hormone levels are checked using a urine pregnancy kit to confirm a pregnancy?
A. human chorionic gonadotropin
B. estrogen
C. progesterone
D. testosterone
Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWhich of the following substance is released into the bloodstream by the endocrine system?
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Prostaglandins
Enzymes