Statistics Questions and Answers

Identify the W s name the variables specify for each variable whether its use indicates that it should be treated as categorical or quantitative and for any quantitative variable identify the units in which it was measured in performing research for an ecology class students at a college in upstate New York collect data on streams each year They record a number of biological chemical and physical variables including the stream name the substrate of the stream limestone shale r mixed the acidity of the water pH the temperature C and the BCI a numerical measure of biological diversity Identify the When in this situation Choose the correct answer below OA The first day of class OB One week in November and one week April OC One day in December and one day in May OD Over the course of the entire semester OE The When is not specified Identify the Where in this situation Choose the correct answer below OA Upstate New York OB The college s athletic center pool OC The classroom OD The Where is not specified Identify the Why in this situation Choose the correct answer below OA To mine for precious stones OB To reduce the acidity of New York s streams D

The accompanying dotplot shows the carbohydrate content of 77 breakfast cereals in grams Complete parts a and b Click the icon to view the dotplot a Describe the distribution The distribution of cereal carbohydrates is with grams The data range from gram s to gram s with most c grams Type integers or decimals Do not round Use ascending order b Given what you know about breakfast cereals what additional variable do you think would help describe the shape you see on this graph OA Cereals have very specific government mandates requirements before they can be sold which probably explains the small spread B Very few cereal manufacturers take consumer health into account which probably explains the low number of dots below 10 grams C Cereals made for kids can be high in sugar and carbohydrates which probably explains the high number of dots at 21 grams D A lot of cereals are exactly the same which probably explains the number of tall columns of dots

Identify the W s name the variables specify for each variable whether its use indicates that it should be treated as categorical or quantitative and for any quantitative variable identify the units in which it was measured In performing research for an ecology class students at a college in upstate New York collect data on streams each year They record a number of biological chemical and physical variables including the stream name the substrate of the stream limestone shale or mixed the acidity of the water pH the temperature C and the BCI a numerical measure of biological diversity Identify the Why in this situation Choose the correct answer below O A To mine for precious stones OB To reduce the acidity of New York s streams OC To increase biological diversity OD The Why is not specified Identify the How in this situation Select all that apply OA Mixing several different stream waters together and watching for a reaction OB Swimming in the streams OC Gathering sample water from each stream and studying it back at the campus CCID

Shown to the right are the histogram and summary statistics for the number of camp sites at public parks in a particular state Use this information to complete parts a through d below a Which statistics would you use to identify the center and spread of this distribution Why Because the distribution is skewed the median b How many parks would you classify as outliers Explain 300 250 m A There are two outliers because two data values are more than 3 standard deviations from the mean B There are three outliers because three data values are more than 3 standard deviations from the mean C There are three outliers because three data values are either more than 1 5 IQRs below Q1 or more than 1 5 IQRS above Q3 D There are two outliers because two data values are either more than 1 5 IQRs below Q1 or more than 1 5 IQRS above Q3 E There are no parks that would be classified as outliers c Create a boxplot for these data Choose the correct boxplot below OA O B Q 300 250 m T Q should be used to describe the center and the quartiles and IQR should be used to describe the spread C 300 250 of Parks PAPP mm HO U 150 200 of Sites Park Q 100 O D 300 4 250 250 300 son HO a o Count 42 Mean 60 Median 44 StdDev 53 2 Min 0 Max 265 Q1 28 Q3 73

A medical researcher measures the increase in heart rate of patients who are taking a stress test What kind of variable is the researcher studying Choose the correct answer below O Quantitative variable Identifier variable Ordinal variable Categes Wahl

Given are histograms and the five number summaries for the average windspeeds in a particular region for the year 2011 and the year 2016 Compare these distributions and be sure to address shape including outliers if there are any center and spread Click the icon to view the histograms and five number summaries The distribution for 2011 is unimodal and skewed to the right while the distribution for 2016 is unimodal and skewed right buffess so than for 2011 There are for both distributions The center of the distribution for 2011 as measured by the is of the distribution for 2011 as measured by the is the spread of the distribution for 2016 Histograms and Five number Summaries of Days 100 80 60 40 20 2011 Average Wind Speed Year 2016 T Min 0 58 Q Q Q1 1 42 skeape 100 80 60 40 20 0 Median Q3 2 075 2 91 2016 2 3 4 Average Wind Speed Max 6 17 67 Q Q Ythe center of the distribution for 2016 The spri X D Time Remaining 00 29 42

The Centers for Disease Control lists causes of death in the United States during 2013 Each person is assigned only one cause of death Heart Cancer BOXER a Is it reasonable to conclude that heart or respiratory diseases were the cause of approximately 29 of U S deaths in 2013 A No because there is no possibility for overlap B Yes because there is no possibility for overlap C No because there is the possibility of overlap D Yes because there is the possibility of overlap b What percent of deaths were from causes not listed here Round to one decimal place as needed c Select the diagram that represents these data Circulatory or Stroke Respiratory Accidents Other Cause of Death Heart disease Cancer Circulatory diseases and stroke Respiratory diseases Accidents Heart Cancer Circulatory Respiratory diseases Accidents Percent 23 5 22 5 5 0 5 7 5 0

Listed below are the measured radiation emissions in W kg corresponding to cell phones A B C D E F G H I J and K respectively The media often present reports about the dangers of cell phone radiation as a cause of cancer Cell phone radiation must be 1 6 W kg or less Find the a mean b median c midrange and mode for the data Also complete part e 1 45 0 27 0 57 0 37 0 73 1 11 0 41 1 06 0 58 0 86 1 17 H a Find the mean The mean is 0 78 Round to three decimal places as needed b Find the median The median is 0 73 Type an integer or a decimal c Find the midrange The midrange is Type an integer or a decimal

The cost C x where is the number of miles driven of renting a car for a day is 28 plus 1 45 per mile What is the slope of the linear function and its units select the correct units What is the y intercept and its units units What is the linear function C x C x Question Help Message instructor Select an answer Select an answer C Select an answer dollars miles per dollar miles

Listed below are the measured radiation emissions in W kg corresponding to cell phones A B C D E F G H I J and K respectively The media often present reports about the dangers of cell phone radiation as a cause of cancer Cell phone radiation must be 1 6 W kg or less Find the a mean b median c midrange and c mode for the data Also complete part e 1 45 0 27 0 57 0 37 0 73 1 11 0 41 1 06 0 58 0 86 1 17 a Find the mean The mean is Round to threo donimol

The brain volumes cm of 20 brains have a mean of 1084 2 cm and a standard deviation of 122 9 cm Use the given standard deviation and the range rule of thumb to identify the limits separating values that are significantly low or significantly high For such data would a brain volume of 1360 0 cm be significantly high Significantly low values are cm or lower Type an integer or a decimal Do not round 0

isted below are amounts in millions of dollars collected from parking meters by a security service company and other companies during similar time periods Do the mited data listed here show evidence of stealing by the security service company s employees 1 5 1 6 Security Service Company Other Companies Find the coefficient of variation for each of the two samples then compare the variation 1 8 1 8 1 6 1 5 1 7 1 9 The coefficient of variation for the amount collected by the security service company is Round to one decimal place as needed 1 5 1 6 1 3 1 8 1 8 1 6 1 4 1 7 1 4 1 9 1 7 C 1 6

Here are 6 celebrities with some of the highest net worths in millions of dollars in a recent year George Lucas 5500 Steven Spielberg 3700 Oprah Winfrey 3200 Michael Jordan 1700 Paul McCartney 1200 and Jerry Seinfeld 950 Find the range variance and standard deviation for the sample data What d the results tell us about the population of all celebrities Based on the nature of the amounts what can be inferred about their precision The range is million Round to the nearest integer as needed

Listed below are the numbers of hurricanes that occurred in each year in a certain region The data are listed in order by year Find the range variance and standard deviation for the given sample data Include appropriate units in the results What important feature of the data is not revealed by any of the measures of variation 7 7 3 2 The range of the sample data is 5 17 16 9 9 10 7 5 12 17

Listed below are prices in dollars for one night at different hotels in a certain region Find the range variance and standard deviation for the given sample data Include appropriate units in the results How useful are the measures of variation for someone searching for a room 147 162 107 292 he range of the sample data is Round to one decimal place as needed 177 274 LED 220 235 O

ind the a mean b isted below are foot lengths in inches of randomly selected women in a study of a country s military in 1988 Are the statistics representative of the current population f all women in that country s military 9 7 8 7 10 5 8 7 9 4 9 1 Find the mean 10 4 8 8 9 6 10 5 10 5

33 Observation versus experiment Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania found that patients who are divorced separated or widowed had approximately a 40 greater chance of dying or developing a new func tional disability in the first two years following cardiac surgery than their married peers The data included 1576 subjects who underwent cardiac surgery of which 65 were married 33 were divorced separated or widowed and 2 had never been married The find ings were reported to be statistically significant 25 a Without reading any further details of this study how do you know that this was an observational study b Suggest some variables that might differ between the subjects in the study who were married versus those who are divorced separated or widowed Are any of these possible confounding variables Explain c Summarize briefly the limitations of this study Despite these limitations explain why this study still furniches useful information in formulating a

5 Getting teachers to come to school Elementary schools in rural India are usually small with a single teacher The teachers often fail to show up for work Here is an idea for improving attendance give the teacher a digital camera with a tamper proof time and date stamp and ask a student to take a photo of the teacher and class at the beginning and end of the day Offer the teacher better pay for good attendance verified by the photos Will this work A randomized comparative experiment started with 120 rural schools in Rajasthan and as signed 60 to this treatment and 60 to a control group Random checks for teacher attendance showed that 21 of teachers in the treatment group were absent as opposed to 42 in the control group 27 a Outline the design of this experiment b Label the schools and choose the first 10 schools for the treatment group If you use Table B start at

43 Liquid water enhancers Bottled water flavored and plain is expected to become the largest segment of the liquid refreshment market by the end of this decade surpassing traditional carbonated soft drinks 34 Kraft s MiO a liquid water enhancer comes in a variety of fla vors and a few drops added to water gives a zero calorie flavored water drink You wonder if those who drink flavored water like the taste of MiO as well as they like the taste of a competing flavored water product that comes ready to drink a Describe a matched pairs experiment to answer this question Be sure to include proper blinding of your subjects What is your response variable going to be b You have 20 people on hand who prefer to drink flavored water Use the Simple Random Sample applet software or Table B at line 138 to do the

47 Wine beer or spirits There is good evidence that mod erate alcohol use improves health Some people think that red wine is better for your health than other alco holic drinks You have recruited 300 adults aged 45 65 who are willing to follow your orders about alcohol con sumption over the next five years You want to compare the effects on heart disease of moderate drinking of just red wine just beer or just spirits Outline the design of a completely randomized experiment to do this No such experiment has been done because subjects aren t

3 Quitting Smoking and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Researchers studied a group of 10 892 middle aged adults over a period of nine years They found that smokers who quit had a higher risk of diabetes within three years of quitting than either nonsmokers or continuing smokers Does this show that stopping smoking causes the short term risk for Type 2 diabetes to increase Weight gain has been shown to be a major risk factor for developing Type 2 diabetes and is often a side effect of quitting smoking Smokers also often quit due to health reasons Based on this research should you tell a middle aged adult who smokes that stopping smoking can cause diabetes and advise him or her to continue smoking Carefully explain your answers to both questions

15 Does Meditation Reduce Anxiety An experiment that claimed to show that meditation reduces anxiety proceeded as follows The experimenter in terviewed the subjects and rated their level of anxiety Then the subjects were randomly assigned to two groups The experimenter taught one group how to meditate and they meditated daily for a month The other group was simply told to relax more At the end of the month the experimenter interviewed all the subjects again and rated their anxiety level The meditation group now had less anxiety Psychologists said that the results were suspect because the ratings were not blind Explain what this means and how lack of blindness could bias the reported results mized laola

Kraft Foods successfully introduced DiGiorno Pizza into the marketplace in 1996 Kraft conducted extensive research about the product and the marketplace before introducing this product to the public Many questions had to be answered before Kraft began production For example why do people eat pizza When do they eat pizza SMI Alcott conducted a research study for Kraft in which they sent out 1000 surveys to pizza lovers The results indicated that people ate pizza during fun social occasions or at home when no one wanted to cook People used frozen pizza mostly for convenience but selected carry out pizza for a variety of other reasons including quality and avoidance of cooking The Loran Marketing Group conducted focus groups for Kraft with women aged 25 to 54 Their findings showed that consumers used frozen pizza for convenience but wanted carry out pizza taste Kraft researchers realized that if they were to launch a successful frozen pizza that could compete with carry out pizza they had to develop a frozen pizza that a had restaurant takeout quality b had the convenience of freezer storage To satisfy these seemingly divergent goals Kraft developed DiGiorno Pizza This impressed focus group members and in a series of blind taste tests conducted by Product Dynamics DiGiorno Pizza beat out all frozen pizzas and finished second overall behind one carry out brand DiGiorno Pizza has continued to grow in sales and market share over the years According to AIB International DiGiorno Pizza was by far the top frozen pizza brand in the U S in 2011 which sales of 677 million when compared to the next brand which had sales of 294 million Instructions Can you think of any descriptive statistics that might have been used by Kraft in their decision making process

7 Reducing Unemployment Will cash bonuses speed the return to work of unemployed people A state department of labor notes that last year 41 of people who filed claims for unemployment insurance found a new job within 15 weeks As an experiment the state offers 500 to people filing unemploy ment claims if they find a job within 15 weeks The percent who do so increases to 53 Suggest some conditions that might make it easier or harder to find a job this year as opposed to last year Confounding with these lurking variables makes it impossible to say whether the 500 bonus really caused the increase

d t 1 5t The function models d the distance in meters a car travels after t seco of constant acceleration from rest What is the distance in meters the c travels in 6 seconds

Points 0 33 of 1 Fast food is often considered unhealthy because much of it is high in both fat and sodium But are the two related Here are the fat and sodium contents of several brands of burgers Analyze the association between fat content and sodium using correlation and scatterplots Fat g Sodium mg OA Sodium mg 1700 700 10 Fat g 19 29 35 924 1496 1317 Q 2 39 41 41 45 850 1172 930 1267 OB Sodium mg 1700 Part 3 of 3 700 1 10 Fat a D What is the correlation coefficient for the data 0 029 Round to three decimal places as needed Which of the following best describes the association between fat content and sodium OA There is a moderate positive linear association OB There is a strong positive linear association OC There is a moderate negative linear association OD There is a strong curved association OE There is a strong negative linear association OF There is no apparent association between fat content and sodium Sodium mg 1700 7001 10 Fat g Q Q OD Sodum mg 1700 700 10 Fat g Q

A random sample of 10 subjects have weights with a standard deviation of 11 4415 kg What is the variance of their weights Be sure to include the appropriate units with the result The variance of the sample data is Round to four decimal places as needed

2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 300 5500 6000

K ev The diameters of ball bearings are distributed normally The mean diameter is 134 millimeters and the standard deviation is 3 millimeters Find the probability that the diameter of a selected bearing is greater than 131 millimeters Round your answer to four decimal places Answer 2 Points Keypad Keyboard Shortcuts If you would like to look up the value in a table select the table you want to view then either click the cell at the intersection of the row and column or use the arrow keys to find the appropriate cell in the table and select it using the Space key Normal Table 00 to z Normal Table to z Ne

Find the area under the standard normal curve to the left of z 2 11 Round your answer to four decimal places if necessary Answer 2 Points K Keyboard S If you would like to look up the value in a table select the table you want to view then either click the cell at the intersection of the row and colu use the arrow keys to find the appropriate cell in the table and select it using the Space key Normal Table to z

Consider the accompanying data and scatterplot of the data from a small bookstore Find the correlation coefficient for the given data An earlier analysis found that the data had a moderately strong positive linear association Describe how this value confirms this relationship Think carefully about all the things you know from thi alue Click the icon to view the bookstore data and scatterplot pr 0 Round to three decimal pl Sales People and Sales Number of Sales People Working 4 6 9 10 10 13 15 17 21 x 10 6 SD x 6 10 Sales in 1000 9 10 14 14 22222 18 21 20 23 26 x 17 7 SD x 5 72 Q Q 3 D X

Fast food is often considered unhealthy because much of it is high in both fat and sodium But are the two related Here are the fat and sodium contents of several brands of burgers Analyze the association between fat content and sodium using correlation and scatterplots 19 Fat g Sodium mg 924 Sodium mg Make a scatterplot for the data Choose the correct answer below OA O B 1700 700 10 29 35 1496 1317 Fat g 39 41 41 45 850 1172 930 1267 What is the correlation coefficient for the data 7 Round to three decimal places as needed Sodium mg 1700 700 10 Fat g Q Sodium mg 1700 700 10 Fat g Q OD Sodium mg 1700 700 10 Fat g Q

An English professor assigns letter grades on a test according to the following scheme A Top 8 of scores B Scores below the top 8 and above the bottom 63 C Scores below the top 37 and above the bottom 15 D Scores below the top 85 and above the bottom 7 F Bottom 7 of scores Scores on the test are normally distributed with a mean of 77 and a standard deviation of 9 4 Find the minimum score required for an A gr Round your answer to the nearest whole number if necessary Answer 2 Points A Keyboard S If you would like to look up the value in a table select the table you want to view then either click the cell at the intersection of the row and c or use the arrow keys to find the appropriate cell in the table and select it using the Space key Note Selecting a cell will return the value asso with the column and row headers for that cell

Calculate the standard score of the given X value X 90 4 where Round the standard score to two decimal places Answer 2 Points 88 4 and 6 90 4 and indicate on the curve where z will be located The point can be moved by dragging or using the arrow keys Select the Reset button to reset the point 0 Z 0 1 Reset Keypad Keyboard Shortcu

2 pts In a marathon is the finishing time more impressive if it is in the 10th percentile or in the 90th ercentile Explain why

Use the z score formula z Answer 2 Points x and the information below to find the value of o Round your answer to one decimal place if necessary O z 2 70 x 18 92 and 28 37 Keyp Keyboard Shor

Use the following table below to answer the questions on this assignment The total number of points scored in the Superbowl for the years 2001 2022 is below 74 51 45 34 69 50 43 31 65 48 38 31 62 46 37 16 1 5 pts Using you calculator CODAP Excel or another piece of software find the 5 number summary the mean x and standard deviation s for the data above Min Q1 Med 61 56 52 51 23 hy seperate questions Max

6 pts Looking at the two Box Plots below which has a larger Range Which one has a larger IQR Justify your response show your work 39 46 5 42 Prime Ministers 54 Presidents 51 55 59 5 50 63 60 Age when elected 74 78 Range prime ministers range 74 39 35 IQR prime ministers IQR 63 46 5 16 5 I presidents range 78 42 36 I I presidents IQR 59 5 51 8 5 I I Presidents hold the larger range I I Prime Ministers hold the large IQR Using your answers above write a sentence or two about the distribution specifically the differences between the spread of the data between the two sets

6 pts Looking at the two Box Plots below which has a larger Range Which one has a larger IQF Justify your response show your work range upper limit lower limit 39 46 5 Prime Ministers 42 54 Presidents 51 55 59 5 50 63 Age when elected 74 78 Range I prime ministers presidents range C 63 46 5 16 5 larger IQR range 59 5 51 8 5 1

4 4 pts Looking at the image graph below which was used in an actual presentation by a member of the US house of representatives in 2015 write a brief analysis about how the chart is misleading Your analysis should include at least 2 3 complete sentences for full points PLANNED PARENTHOOD FEDERATION OF AMERICA ABORTIONS UP LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES DOWN 2 007 371 IN 2006 289 750 IN 2006 CANCER SCREENING PREVENTION SERVICES ABORTIONS 327 000 IN 2013 935 573 IN 2013

6 pts The average age of a US president when elected is 55 50 years with a standard deviation of 7 27 years The average age of a Canadian Prime Minister when elected is 55 04 years with a standard deviation of 9 69 years When Obama was elected he was 47 46 years old and when Justin Trudeau was elected he was 43 85 years old Which age is more unusual for their respective position Be sure you justify your response mathematically

On a recent quiz the class mean was 72 with a standard deviation of 3 Calculate the z score to 2 decima places for a person who received score of 81 Z score Is this unusual Further than 2 standard deviations away from the mean Unusual

The quantitative data was gathered by taking a random sample Calculate the standard deviation Round to one decimal place X 24 23 26

Here is a sample data set n 48 that is nearly normal 55 56 4 61 3 62 6 62 6 63 8 66 66 7 67 7 68 68 6 70 1 70 3 70 3 70 8 71 3 71 7 71 9 71 9 72 1 72 6 74 74 2 75 6 76 2 76 2 76 8 77 79 2 79 7 80 4 82 82 3 84 4 84 4 86 8 87 7 88 2 88 2 90 91 4 93 1 380 66 4 70 6 73 77 85 3 93 6 How many outliers are in this data set if we define an outlier to be any piece of data more than 2 star deviations away from the mean Note This means you will need to find the mean and standard deviat this data

The following are the amounts of total fat in grams from a sample of different kinds of sweet treats available at the local donut shop 15 21 18 17 19 21 22 15 23 15 22 20 22 22 20 23 16 25 18 21 a What is the range for this data set grams 22 b What is the standard deviation for this data set Round your answer to the nearest tenth if necessary

In a neighborhood donut shop one type of donut has 540 calories four types of donuts have 530 calories two types of donuts have 410 calories two types of donuts have 560 calories and three types of donuts have 460 calories Find the range 0 Find the sample standard deviation Round your answer to the nearest tenth if necessary calories

Using technology find the range and standard deviation Round to two decimals places The table below gives the number of hours spent watching TV last week by a sample of 24 childre 37 68 46 87 32 69 45 73 30 85 56 24 Range 89 79 64 68 67 26 41 32 41 48 96 19

Calculate the standard deviation of the sample quantitative data shown to two decimal places 9 1 21 3 21 2 12 6 21 1 27

Adult men have heights with a mean of 69 0 inches and a standard deviation of 2 8 inches Find the z score c a man 69 1 inches tall to 2 decimal places

Calculate the sample standard deviation of the quantitative data shown Round to two decimal place X 14 27 24 13 20 23