Introduction to Physiology Questions and Answers

During chemiosmosis O energy is released as H ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes O ATP is synthesized when H ions move through a channel in ATP synthase O a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion s intermembrane space OH ions serve as the final electron acceptor O pyruvate is oxidized

The culture on this streak plate started as a pure culture not a mixed culture and also has clear pure culture colonies in the end 1

3 Explain why it is important for leaders to utilize critical thinking

Laura Had a panic attack in an elevator and felt disoriented several times Now just thinking about being in an elevator make her disoriented According to Classical Conditioning what is UR unconditioned response in this scenario 01 Thinking a bout elevator O2 Elevator 03 Panic attack

Question 16 Mandatory 4 points You smell cookies baking in the oven and your salivary glands start to produce saliva Choose the correct answer A signal travels to the brain along somatic sensory efferent fibers and then the brain sends instructions to the salivary glands along somatic motor afferent fibers A signal travels to the brain along visceral sensory afferent fibers and then the brain sends instructions to the salivary glands along visceral motor efferent fibers A signal travels to the brain along visceral sensory efferent fibers and then the brain sends instructions to the salivary glands along visceral motor afferent fibers A signal travels to the brain along somatic sensory afferent fibers and then the brain sends instructions to the salivary glands along visceral motor afferent fibers

4 Define mindfulness and its usefulness in leadership

4 What characteristics define cardiac muscle when compared to other types of muscle You may need to go back to the chapter on muscle tissue for a think in terms of size arran angement appearance

Prothrombin O intrinsic pathway extrinsic pathway common pathway formation of the platelet plug is converted to thrombin during the

The detection of temperature pain or pressure on the skin is possible because of O photoreceptors O chemoreceptors cutaneous receptors propriocepters

Which of the following describes a neutrophil O abundant agranular especially effective against cancer cells O abundant granular especially effective against bacteria rare agranular releases antimicrobial defensins Orare granular contains multiple granules packed with histamine

12 Which valve does blood pass through on its way to the right ventricle 13 Which vessel carries oxygenated blood in the pulmonary circuit 14 Which chamber of the heart receives blood returning from the body 15 Which chamber of the heart sends blood to the lungs 16 Which valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle 17 Which vessels carry oxygen rich blood 18 Which vessels carry oxygen poor blood 19 Which vessels carry blood away from the heart 20 Which vaccols carry blood back to the heart

Extra credit Allosteric Inhibition Enzyme 1 Active site Substrate Altered active site Allosteric site Inhibitor Allosteric Activation Altered active site Substrate Active site In allosteric regulation of enzyme activity Enzyme 2 Activator an allosteric modulator binds outside of an ezyme s active site resulting in a change of an enzyme s affinity toward its substrate the rate of the reaction will increase linearly with increasing substrate concentration an enzyme called a protein kinase is required the modulator binds covalently to the enzyme

Free energy G relative to 0 kcal mol 40 20 10 0 FMN water CO2 NADH Fe S O oxygen FAD Fe Sll Cyt b Acetyl Coenzyme A FAD Fe S Multiprotein complexes 111 Cyt C Figure shows the electron transport chain Which of the following compounds has highest free energy and serves as an initial source of protons and electrons in the chain Cyt c Cyta IV Cyta

Vout Vserca Vrel O All answers are correct cytosol proteins O Binding to cytosolic proteins Cacyt O sequestration in the endoplasmic reticulum Osequestration in mitochondria Vmi VIJ Active transport across the cell membrane Caext Intracellular calcium levels are kept in the submicromolar range 10 6 molar by which of the following mechanisms Via Vino Can mitochondria

bases CGU O CGU mRNA noncoding DNA strand tRNA Polypeptide The strand of DNA that is transcribed is called a template strand If a template strand s triplet is CGT the corresponding anticodon on tRNA is O GCA DNA template strand 1 GGG CTCCA ACTAAACAGA AUGC CCGAGGUU 3 UUGUCU UAC GGG 2 CAA CUA AAC AGA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

4 Describe the events that take place in each of the following stages of respiration Make sure to note where in the body each stage takes place and in which direction each gas molecule is moving Stage of Ventilation Ventilation External Respiration Transport Internal Respiration Cellular Respiration give the reaction Description

Metabolic Diversity among Organisms Nutritional Type Photoautotroph Energy Carbon Source Source Light CO Photoheterotroph Light Chemoautotroph Inorganic Chemical Organic compounds CO Chemoheterotroph Chemical Organic compounds Example Oxygenic Cyanobacteria plants Anoxygenic Green bacteria purple bacteria Green bacteria purple nonsulfur bacteria Iron oxidizing bacteria Fermentative bacteria Animals protozoa

Chagas disease is most commonly contracted through O Fecal oral route from contaminated food or water O Direct transmission from one host to another O Puncture wounds O Insect bites

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of tears O Lacrimal glands lacrimal ducts lacrimal puncta lacrimal canaliculus lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct O Lacrimal glands lacrimal ducts lacrimal puncta lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct Lacrimal glands lacrimal puncta lacrimal ducts lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct O Lacrimal glands lacrimal puncta lacrimal canaliculus lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct

What will happen if CO2 levels in a solution increase

If we added the two specimens below to your collection which group s would they belong in Would you have to rethink the characteristics that define the groups assume you are not allowed to create any new groups Explain

Nucleus O cytoplasm DNA acts as a molecule whose solo function is to store cell s genetic information DNA exists in a nucleus as a DNA protein complex known as chromatin Where is transcription taking place Onucleolus Cell O nucleus Cytoplasm O both nucleus and cytoplasm

Which of the following would decrease the rate of facilitated diffusion decreasing the amount of ATP available decreasing the number of carrier proteins increasing the amount of ATP available O increasing the number of carrier proteins

Ope Autocrine action O C Paracrine action Nearby cell O Endocrine action Fig 12 14 Six Mer unters Circulation Autocrine signals Distant cell O require interaction between membrane molecules on two cells act on the same cell that secreted them are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells form direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells

If you abruptly stand up blood is temporarily shifted away from your head neck and arms towards your torso and legs As a result the carotid baroreceptors sense hypotension and therefore OA increase parasympathetic activity to the pacemaker of your heart A B and C OC increase sympathetic activity to your heart muscle OB increase sympathetic activity to your blood vessels OB and C

18 18 Which best states a theme of Birdfoot s Grampa Look before you leap O Technology helps nature Respect one s elders

What is the purpose if the Boyden Chamber Assay What specifically is the purpose of the membrane in this assay What is the purpose of the Wound Scratch Assay What specifically is the purpose of scratching the surface in this assay

Match the term with its definition V v 1 Isotopes Atomic weight Mass number Atomic number 1 2 3 The average of the mass numbers of all isotopes of an atom 4 The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom Structural variations of atoms that differ in the number of neutrons they contain The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Passive membrane transport processes involve movement of a substance down its concentration gradient consumption of ATP movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration

Match the type of feedback with its description Positive feedback Negative feedback 1 2 The response causes the variable to change in the opposite direction of the initial change reducing the original stimulus 3 The response is destructive and increases the risk of disease The response causes the variable to change in the same direction of the initial change increasing the original stimulus

Chemical bonds are energy relationships between electrons in the innermost shell of reacting atoms energy relationships between electrons in the valence shell of reacting atoms physical connections between electrons in the innermost shell of reacting atoms physical connections between electrons in the outermost shell of reacting atoms

A heartbeat heard with a stethoscope sounds like lubb dupp The lubb sound is due to the A AV valves closing and the ventricles contracting B AV valves opening and the ventricles contracting Pulmonary and aortic valves open and the ventricle relaxing D Pulmonary and aortic valves closing and the ventricles relaxing Question 48 The right atrium receives blood directly from A the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava only

The pulmonary circuit sends deoxygenated blood to the heart and back to the tissues B brings oxygenated blood to the tissues from the lungs sends oxygenated blood from the tissues to the lungs sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs and back to the heart

Potassium ions KT and calcium ions Cat influence heart actions Which of the following statements is TRUE A Excess K concentration may cause the heart to suddenly stop or go into cardiac arrest B Excess Cat concentration may cause the heart to suddenly stop or go into cardiac arrest Decreased K concentration may cause the heart to speed up Decreased Cat concentration m may cause the heart to develop a life threatening arrhythmia

tact inhibition and will stop dividing when they touch other cells cancerous cells continue dividing and may grow on top of each other True False Question 7 2 points Listen Select ALL of the following that are TRUE regarding protein synthesis Each triplet in a gene codes for a particular amino acid DNA triplets get transcribed into the complementary sequence of tRNA codons The anticodons of tRNAs bind to the complimentary mRNA codons Redundancy in the genetic code helps ensure the correct amino acid gets adde to the polypeptide even if transcription errors occur

2 For each of the blood types provided list types that would be expected to serve as donors and as recipients Blood type Could donate to Could receive from A A B B AB AB 0 Data and Observations 9 10 Editing Voice Editor 12 3 Why are type O individuals traditionally referred to as universal donors and type AB individuals as universal recipients Be thorough in your explanation here Talk about what characteristic causes them to be each of these E

Which of the following is true of introns They are junk DNA with no function They are removed during DNA processing They code for other types of RNA that are involved with regulating prote synthesis

A membrane transport process is active if it requires OA kinetic energy of molecules OB a pressure difference OC energy provided by ATP D a concentration gradient

A solution is said to be isotonic if it contains OA more nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of cells B fewer nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of cells C the same number of nonpenetrating solute particles as the interior of cells

Which of the following is not considered to be a cytoskeletal element A intermediate filaments OB centrioles O C microfilaments D microtubules

You are looking at very lightly stained cells under the microscope and you want to increase the contrast so that you can see them better You the iris diaphragm to the light OA open increase B open dim C close increase D close dim

The working distance for a 10x objective lens is A much greater than the working distance for the 100x objective lens B a little bit greater than the working distance for the 100x objective lens OC much less than the working distance for the 100x objective lens D a little bit less than the working distance for the 100x objective lens

Volume or Capacity Tidal Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Vital Capacity Inspiratory Reserve Part A Direct measurement of TV ERV VC Abbr TV ERV VC IRV Table A Direct Measurement Air Volume ml Calculated Volume Average Volume FEMALE ml Average Volume MALE ml

What is occurring in cell cycle phase for the cell beneath the letter C A B C D E F 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 10 11 12 13 15 14 16 17 18 Chromatin condenses forming visible chromosomes Each chromosome and its duplicate are held together by a centromere The centrosome and its duplicate begin synthesizing microtubules that push each centrosome to opposite poles of cell Nucleoli disappear Normal cellular activities occur If the cell is signaled to divide it copies its DNA and prepares for mitosis Each set of chromosomes at opposite ends of cell uncoils to form chromatin New nuclear envelopes form around each chromatin mass Nucleoli reappear Spindles disappear A ring of actin microfilaments contracts to form the cleavage furrow The cell is pinched into two daughter cells The nuclear envelope breaks up Special microtubules attach to specific area on centromeres called kinetochore and serve to pull chromosomes to center equator of cell Remaining nonkinetochore microtubules push against each other causing poles of cell to move farther apart Centromeres of chromosomes are precisely aligned at cellos equator midway between poles The centromere on chromosomes is cleaved Centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously where each sister chromatid now becomes a separate chromosome Chromosomes are pulled toward their respective poles by motor proteins of kinetochores Nonkinetochore

What cell cycle phase is the cell beneath the letter B in A B C D E F 79 2 3 6 O Interphase 7 8 9 Telophase and Cytokinesis Anaphase Prophase Early prophase Prometaphase Late prophase Metaphase 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 16 17

Seminal fluid is harmful if swallowed even if the male does not have a STI True False

The sliding filament model of contraction involves actin and myosin lengthening in order to slide past each other O the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past

Bull Connor outraged many Americans primarily by a refusing to desegregate any of Birmingham s facilities b arresting and jailing peaceful protesters O c using high powered water hoses electric cattle prods and police dogs against the protestors O d sending in the police to join state troopers in mauling hundreds of peaceful marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge on Bloody Sunday

My doctor also explained that birth control pills trick the body into thinking it is pregnant She explained that women do not normally ovulate when they are pregnant Can you explain to me why a pregnant woman does not ovulate How is this related to how the birth control pill works

This system in the brain associated with emotions behavior learning and memory integrates knowledge with memories and emotions and it includes structures like the amygdala and hippocampus Hypothalamus Limbic Broca s area