Anatomy and Physiology Questions

Again indicate for each of the following whether it applies best to the Parvocellular or the Magnocellular pathway Direction sensitive cells Select Detail discrimination Select Includes the Superior Colliculus Select Also called the Where How Pathway Select Includes R G Opponent cells Includes large Ganglion cells Select Select

Which of the following years will have an off year election

Indicate the reflex associated with each of the following Involves an inter neuron that inhibits a motor neuron Involves a proprioceptor found in a muscle Dormant reflex that can reappear in drunken adult Involves input from a nociceptor Produced by the same sort of circuit responsible for humans making the sound v call a raspberry Choose Choose Choose Choose Choose Scratch Golgi

Again indicate the reflex associated with each of the following Helps protect muscle from over contraction Choose Scratch Stretch Golgi Withdrawal Is the only mono synaptic reflex Involves a proprioceptor found in a tendon Involves an Oscillator Circuit Helps compensate for the pull of gravity Choose Choose Choose

Indicate whether each of the following is more closely associated with the Cerebellum or the Basal Ganglia Contains more neurons than the rest of the brain combined Is a re entrant system that cycles information between cortical and sub cortical structures Involved in rapid precisely timed in born or well practiced action requiring online sensory feedback Is concerned with high level task setting and the routinization of familiar practices Codes time as the distance a signal travels along parallel rows of Purkinje Fibers Choose Cerebellum Basal Ganglia T Choose Choose Choose V

Again indicate whether each of the following is more closely associated with the Cerebellum or the Basal Ganglia Is located in the forebrain Is implicated via extensive connections to Prefrontal Cortex in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Proposes particular muscle moves although rarely directly causes such muscles to contract itself Inadequate dopaminergic input can result in Parksinson s disease Deficits can play a role in Attention Deficit Disorder Choose Basal Ganglia Cerebellum ChooseT Choose Choose Choose

Indicate if each of the following is True or False in regards to the Motor Cortex The Motor Cortex is located on the Post central gyrus Select The Motor cortex is posterior to Pre motor cortex Select The Pre motor cortex that is adjacent to motor cortex is active just before the Motor cortex activates Select V Motor Cortex includes Mirror Cells Select V Broca s area is in the Pre motor cortex associated with the mouth Select

What do the cortical representations of the hand in S1 and the fovea in V1 have in common O Involve only excitatory neurotransmitters O Cells in both areas have large receptive fields O Their representations of their sensory surface are magnified O Their representations are tonotopic

Indicate for each of the following cells in the Retina whether they release neurotransmitters that have an Excitatory or Inhibitory effect Amacrines Hoizontals Ganglions Cones Bipolars Rods Choose Inhibitory Excitatory CHOOSEJ Choose Choose Choose Choose

For the encapsulated nerve endings listed below indicate the size of the receptive field they typically constitute Meissner s Copuscles Ruffini Endings Pacinian Corpuscles Merkel s Discs Choose Choose Choose Choose small receptive field

Indicate which of the following circuits would stimulate a motion detector that is sensitive to movement from left to right If you cannot view the circuit below try opening this pdf of the dame image PossMotionDetecCircuits pdf O A IIIIII 19 1920 Circuit A C D IIIIII 888889 O Circuit B O Circuit C B O Circuit D oro oro oro 16060 9x

30 Which of the following is the least nutrient dense O a Plain baked potato O b Boiled potato O c Mashed potato with butter O d French fries

84 What happens as a result of fat entering the small intestine O a The Oddi sphincter closes O b Bile enters the pancreas O c The gallbladder relaxes O d Cholecystokinin CCK is produced

2 The influence of food in religious practices is O a Not apparent in today s societies O b Typically ignored by all but the most devout persons O c Part of the daily practices of many religions O d Only important during holidays

23 The obesogenic environment in which many of us live promotes overconsumption of calories while at the same time discourages physical activity Oa False O b True

3 Protein can supply O a More energy per gram than lipids O b Less energy per gram than carbohydrates O c More energy per gram than carbohydrates Od The same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates

0 Which of the following is a form of integrative medicine a Radiation b Herbal supplementation c Physical therapy O d Surgery

71 Although some natural products have been studied in large clinical trials the suggested benefits of other herbal products are usually based on observation rather than scientific study O a True O b False

5 Phytochemicals a True Ob False are considered nutrients

52 Monounsaturated fats may reduce the risk of osteoporosis is an allowed health claim on a food label O a True O b False

72 True or False Phytochemicals Oa False O b True are plant chemicals

72 True or False Phytochemicals O a False O b True are plant chemicals

95 The closing of the esophageal sphincter prevents the contents of the small intestine from entering the esophagus a False O b True

74 Functional foods may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition Oa False Ob True

26 Isolating and testing the effects of different nutrients on specific cells is a study O a clinical trials O b double blind O c case control O d cell culture O e animal control

54 The determining component of the DRIs is most helpful for a safe dosage of single nutrient supplement Oa Adequate intake O b Recommended daily allowance O c Estimated average requirement O d Tolerable upper intake level

68 For dietary supplementation to be considered moderate the dosage should be within the range of the DV a False O b True

14 Phytochemicals in foods may reduce the risk of certain diseases by O a Altering the structure of proteins in liver and kidney tissue O b Stimulating the excretion of carcinogens and toxic cofactors O c Their antioxidant activity Od Increasing the production of intestinal and pancreatic enzymes

Read the passage from Animal Farm B As the summer wore on and the windmill neared completion the rumours of an impending treacherous attack grew stronger and stronger Frederick it was said intended to bring against them twenty men all armed with guns and he had already bribed the magistrates and police so that if he could once get hold of the title deeds of Animal Farm they would ask no questions Moreover terrible stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that Frederick practised upon his animals He had flogged an old horse to death he starved his cows he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with splinters of razor blade tied to their spurs The animals blood boiled with rage when they heard of these things being done to their comrades and sometimes they clamoured to be allowed to go out in a body and attack Pinchfield Farm drive out the humans and set the animals free But Squealer counselled them to avoid rash actions and trust in Comrade Napoleon s strategy How does the use of propaganda in this passage support the theme of Animal Farm 000 Rumors are spread about Frederick to keep the animals from leaving the farm to join his Lies about Frederick s farm are told to enrage the animals and inspire them to work harder Stories are told about Frederick s farm to help the animals appreciate how good they have it Frederick s violence is exaggerated to promote distrust of humans and faith in their leader

Read the excerpt from chapter 10 of Animal Farm B Then there came a moment when the first shock had worn off and when in spite of everything in spite of their terror of the dogs and of the habit developed through long years of never complaining criticising no matter what happened they might have uttered some word of protest But just at that moment as though at a signal all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of Four legs good two legs BETTER Four legs good two legs BETTER Four legs good two legs BETTER Which statement best explains why this passage is an example of irony 000 The sheep which are four legged animals are chanting about how two legs are better The sheep partake in a chant that they do not actually agree with about two legs being better The sheep after years of inaction decide to take a stand about two legs being better than four The sheep are stating that the pigs walk on two legs which is an inaccurate description

Read the passage from chapter 5 of Animal Farm B On the third Sunday after Snowball s expulsion the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all He did not give any reason for having changed his mind but merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work it might even be necessary to reduce their rations The plans however had all been prepared down to the last detail A special committee of pigs had been at work upon them for the past three weeks The building of the windmill with various other improvements was expected to take two years That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill On the contrary it was he who had advocated it in the beginning and the plan which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon s papers The windmill was in fact Napoleon s own creation Why then asked somebody had he spoken so strongly against it Here Squealer looked very sly That he said was Comrade Napoleon s cunning He had seemed to oppose the windmill simply as a maneuver to get rid of Snowball who was a dangerous character and a bad influence Now that Snowball was out of the way the plan could go forward without his interference This said Squealer was something called tactics He repeated a number of times Tactics comrades tactics skipping round and whisking his tail with a merry laugh The animals were not certain what the word meant but Squealer spoke so persuasively and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly that they accepted his explanation without further questions How does Orwell use satire to achieve his purpose in this passage Select two options He uses parody to show how dictators deflect blame to others He uses reversal to show that dictators do not abide by their principles He uses the three dogs to parody the idea that loyalty will rewarded He uses ridicule to make fun of how people are focused on economic gain 00

65 Collecting information about a functional food from all Internet sources and reading to understand the claims is the most important strategy for functional foods a False O b True

Read the excerpt from chapter 5 of Animal Farm B On the third Sunday after Snowball s expulsion the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all He did not give any reason for having changed his mind but merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work it might even be necessary to reduce their rations The plans however had all been prepared down to the last detail A special committee of pigs had been at work upon them for the past three weeks The building of the windmill with various other improvements was expected to take two years The passage suggests that Napoleon is motivated by a desire for control over the farm Which details from the text support this inference Select two options Napoleon forces Snowball to leave the farm by expulsion Napoleon decides to help Snowball build the windmill Napoleon claims to have been an advocate of the windmill Napoleon plans to modernize the farm to be more efficient

31 The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015 recommends that a healthy eating pattern should be limited in all of the following except O a Trans fats O b Cholesterol O c Sodium O d Saturated fats

Read the excerpt from Animal Farm E That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill On the contrary it was he who had advocated it in the beginning and the plan which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon s papers The windmill was in fact Napoleon s own creation Why then asked somebody had he spoken so strongly against it Here Squealer looked very sly That he said was Comrade Napoleon s cunning He had seemed to oppose the windmill simply as a maneuver to get rid of Snowball who was a dangerous character and a bad influence Now that Snowball was out of the way the plan could go forward without his interference This said Squealer was something called tactics He repeated a number of times Tactics comrades tactics skipping round and whisking his tail with a merry laugh The animals were not certain what the word meant but Squealer spoke so persuasively and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly that they accepted his explanation without further questions Squealer explains to the other animals that Napoleon was never opposed to the windmill How does this conflict propel the plot forward O The other animals realize that Squealer and Napoleon are friends The other animals realize that Napoleon can be trusted It changes the way the other animals feel about Napoleon It changes the way the other animals feel about the dogs

Read the passage from chapter 1 of Animal Farm B And remember comrades your resolution must never falter No argument must lead you astray Never listen when they tell you that Man and the animals have a common interest that the prosperity of the o the prosperity of the others It is all lies Man serves the interests of no creature except himself And among us animals let there be perfect unity perfect comradeship in the struggle All men are enemies All animals are comrades At this moment there was a tremendous uproar What does the passage reveal about Old Major s character Select two options He is naive He is a persuasive speaker He is firm in his beliefs He is cowardly

100 After a meal the stomach normally empties in 8 to 12 hours O a True Ob False

Read the passage from chapter 6 of Animal Farm B You have heard then comrades he said that we pigs now sleep in the beds of the farmhouse And why not You did not suppose surely that there was ever a ruling against beds A bed merely means a place to sleep in A pile of straw in a stall is a bed properly regarded The rule was against sheets which are a human invention We have removed the sheets from the farmhouse beds and sleep between blankets And very comfortable beds they are too But not more comfortable than we need I can tell you comrades with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays You would not rob us of our repose would you comrades You would not have us too tired to carry out our duties Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back What is Orwell ridiculing in this passage O O O the hypocrisy of some leaders the uncleanliness of pigs the frivolity of some rules the ridiculousness of sheets

Read the passage from chapter 7 of Animal Farm B If she Clover could have spoken her thoughts it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion If she herself had had any picture of the future it had been of a society of anima set free from hunger and the whip all equal each working according to his capacity the strong protecting the weak as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major s speec Instead she did not know why they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind when fierce growling dogs roamed everywhere and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes Which historical circumstance most likely influenced the writing of this passage 0000 life under the rule of Lenin s communist Russia in which everyone shared and prospered the farm during World War II when many people died from battle as well as starvation agriculture and farming under the reign of the Romanovs when there was food for the rich tyranny during Stalin s dictatorship in which he distorted the tenets of communism

provides information about herbal ingredients and nutrient Daily Values O a Supplement Facts O b Dietary Facts Oc Nutrition Facts O d Ingredient Facts

Read the passage from chapter 7 of Animal Farm As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears If she could have spoken her thoughts it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago work for the overthrow of the human race These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion If she herself had had any picture of the future it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip all equal each working according to his capacity the strong protecting the weak as she had protected the lost brood a ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major s speech Instead she did not know why they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind when fierce growling dogs roamed everywhere and whe you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes Which details best support the idea that the farm is a symbol for Russia under the rule of the Communist Party Select two options as Clover looked down the hillside these scenes of terror and slaughter if she herself had had any picture of the future had protected the lost brood of ducklings come to a time when no one dared speak his mind

Read the passage from Animal Farm There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind She knew that even as things were they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings Whatever happened she would remain faithful work hard carry out the orders that were given to her and accept the leadership of Napoleon But still it was not for this the she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced the bullets of Jones s gun Such were her thoughts though she lacked the words to express them Which detail best supports the central idea that Clover is disappointed with the farm There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind Whatever happened she would remain faithful work hard carry out the orders that were given to her But still it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled Such were her thoughts though she lacked the words to express them

Milk Thistle is a supplement often used to treat prostate problems in men Select one True O False

Boxer was the admiration of everybody He had been a hard worker even in Jones s time but now he seemed more like three horses than one there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders From morning to night he was pushing and pulling always at the spot where the work was hardest He had made an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most needed before the regular day s work began His answer to every problem every setback was I will work harder which he had adopted as his personal motto Which statement best explains how details in the passage develop the central idea that Boxer is dedicated to the farm 000 The details show that everybody likes Boxer The details show that Boxer is inventive The details show that Boxer misses Jones The details show that Boxer is tireless

Read the passage from Animal Farm B At the gate they paused half frightened to go on but Clover led the way in They tiptoed up to the house and such animals as were tall enough peered in at the dining room window There round the long table sat half a dozen farmers and half a dozen of the more eminent pigs Napoleon himself occupying the seat of honour at the head of the table The pigs appeared completely at ease in their chairs The company had been enjoying a game of cards but had broken off for the moment evidently in order to drink a toast A large jug was circulating and the mugs were being refilled with beer No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that gazed in at the window What is the central idea of this passage The pigs are natural card players The animals outside want to come inside too Napoleon is the leader of the pigs and humans The pigs are socializing with humans and behaving like them

93 The hormone CCK stimulates the release of bile from the pancreas O a True O b False

Read the excerpt from Animal Farm As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears If she could have spoken her thoughts it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion If she herself had had any picture of the future it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip all equal each working according to his capacity the strong protecting the weak as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major s speech Instead she did not know why they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind when fierce growling dogs roamed everywhere and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind What is the main conflict described in this excerpt OOO Clover feels unhappy and is unsure about whether or not to rebel against Animal Farm Clover experiences distress because her beliefs go against what Old Major taught her Clover feels frustrated at what has happened at the farm and at her inability to stop it Clover experiences remorse and regrets not living her dreams before she dies

Read the passage from Animal Farm B Mr Pilkington of Foxwood had stood up his mug in his hand In a moment he said he would ask the present company to drink a toast But before doing so there were a few words that he felt it incumbent upon him to say It was a source of great satisfaction to him he said and he was sure to all others present to feel that a long period of mistrust and misunderstanding had now come to an end There had been a time not that he or any of the present company had shared such sentiments but there had been a time when the respected proprietors of Animal Farm had been regarded he would not say with hostility but perhaps with a certain measure of misgiving by their human neighbours Unfortunate incidents had occurred mistaken ideas had been current It had been felt that the existence of a farm owned and operated by pigs was somehow abnormal and was liable to have an unsettling effect in the neighbourhood Too many farmers had assumed without due enquiry that on such a farm a spirit of licence and indiscipline would prevail They had been nervous about the effects upon their own animals or even upon their human employees But all such doubts were now dispelled Today he and his friends had visited Animal Farm and inspected every inch of it with their own eyes and what did they find Not only the most up to date methods but a discipline and an orderliness which should be an example to all farmers everywhere He believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm did more work and received less food than any animals in the county Indeed he and his fellow visitors today had observed many features which they intended to introduce on their own farms immediately How does Orwell s characterization of Mr Pilkington support his purpose O Orwell draws parallels between Mr Pilkington and the other farmers in town to show how dictatorial practices can be spread Orwell uses Mr Pilkington to represent a new understanding between humans and animals that is beneficial for both Orwell uses Mr Pilkington s speech to represent a modern way of farming that includes having farms run by animals Orwell draws parallels between Mr Pilkington and leaders of countries who overlooked Stalin s poor treatment of his people

Read the passage from Animal Farm Within a few weeks Snowball s plans for the windmill were fully worked out The mechanical details came mostly from three books which had belonged to Mr Jones One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House Every Man His Own Bricklayer and Electricity for Beginners Snowball used as his study a shed which had once been used for incubators and had a smooth wooden floor suitable for drawing on He was closeted there for hours at a time With his books held open by a stone and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter he would move rapidly to and fro drawing in line after line and uttering little whimpers of excitement Gradually the plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and cog wheels covering more than half the floor which the other animals found completely unintelligible but very impressive All of them came to look at Snowball s drawings at least once a day Even the hens and ducks came and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks Only Napoleon held aloof He had declared himself against the windmill from the start One day however he arrived unexpectedly to examine the plans He walked heavily round the shed looked closely at every detail of the plans and snuffed at them once or twice then stood for a little while contemplating them out of the corner of his eye then suddenly he lifted his leg urinated over the plans and walked out without uttering a word What is most likely Orwell s purpose for writing this passage to demonstrate that Snowball is more creative than Napoleon to illustrate the power struggle that Napoleon will likely win to reveal Napoleon s real feelings about plans for the windmill to show the interest of the rest of the farm in Snowball s windmill

Read the passage from Animal Farm As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears If she could have spoken her thoughts it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion If she herself had had any picture of the future it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip all equal each working according to his capacity the strong protecting the weak as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major s speech Instead she did not know why they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind when fierce growling dogs roamed everywhere and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind She knew that even as things were they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings Whatever happened she would remain faithful work hard carry out the orders that were given to her and accept the leadership of Napoleon Which details best support the theme that oppression can make alternatives seem impossible Select two options This was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race If she herself had had any picture of the future it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings She would remain faithful work hard carry out the orders that were given to her and accept the leadership of Napoleon each working according to his capacity the strong protecting the weak as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major s speech HE 4