Anatomy and Physiology Questions

Define the term gametogenesis. Define the terms spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and folliculogenesis. Make sure to describe specifically where each occurs. Describe the stages of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Make sure to discuss the timing of the stages and changes in ploidy. Briefly compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Which choice is true regarding the eye? A) A hyperopic eye occurs when the refracted light is focused behind the retina B) The lens shape and thickness cannot be adjusted C) A function of the ciliary body is to absorb light and prevent it from scattering around the eye D) The sclera is part of the internal eye and changes shape to focus light

Which of the following spinal cord tracts would be a part of the sensory pathway for the tactile corpuscles? Dorsal column tracts Ventral tracts Corticospinal tracts Spinothalamic tracts

This reflex causes the ciliary body to contract so that the lens bulges outward. It causes the iris to constrict so that the pupil gets smaller. This happens when an object being viewed gets closer to the eye: Convergence Photopupillary Accommodation Visual acuity

Which statement is true regarding vision and eye anatomy? A) The vitreous humor (body) is located anterior to the lens B) The rod cells are involved in color vision and cones are involved in black and white vision C) The lacrimal gland is responsible for producing tears to cleanse and lubricate the eye surface

Which muscle would be more likely to act as a shunt muscle? One that attaches closer to the joint on the segment that is not moving One that attaches further from the joint on the segment that is moving One that attaches further from the joint on the segment that is not moving One that attaches closer to the joint on the segment that is moving None of the included answers is correct

Which statement is true regarding the special senses? A) If an individual is missing a particular category of rod cells, he or she will be colorblind B) If the olfactory bulb is damaged, an individual's sense of equilibrium will be partially lost C Conductive hearing loss can result from damaged or dead hair cells (stereocilia) D) If the light entering the eye is refracted on two different areas of the retina, double vision will occur

For muscle action to cease None of the included answers is correct Sodium must be pumped back into the Terminal Cisterna Ach must be destroyed by Achase ATP must be used up Calcium must be removed from the Axonal Terminal

Which factor(s) that contributes to Physiological Cross Sectional Area is changed through exercise? Number of Fibers Thickness of Fibers Fiber Arrangement

Order from Macroscopic to Microscopic Myofibril Sacromere Muscle fiber Myofilament Muscle

A muscle action occurs when the muscle is on and the Z discs get closer together. In addition, an _______ exercise occurs when one exerts a force against a resistance that is moving at a constant velocity. None of the included answers is correct Eccentric, Isokinetic Eccentric, Isotonic Concentric, Isotonic Concentric, Isokinetic

Write the name of the endocrine gland that secretes each hormone. 1. ANP 2. ACTH 3. ADH 4. Aldosterone 5. Androgens 6. Calcitonin

Write the name of the hormone that matches each hormone function. 1. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones 2. Increases BMR (metabolism) 3. Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during nursing 4. Increases blood calcium and stimulates osteoclast activity 5. Fight or flight hormones

Disorders of the endocrine system often involve either hyposecretion (too little) or hypersecretion (too much) of a hormone. Match the following disorders with its description. A. Graves' disease B. Cushing syndrome C. Diabetes mellitus D. Acromegaly E. Diabetes insipidus F. Goiter G. Dwarfism (pituitary) H. Hyperparathyroidism I. Pheochromocytoma J. Addison's disease Enlargement of thyroid, sometimes due to lack of iodine in the diet Hyposecretion of ADH with excessive volumes of urine Hypersecretion of hGH (human growth hormone) during adulthood Hyperthyroid/exophthalmos/anxiety/weight loss Hypersecretion of catacholamines (epinephrine) by adrenal medulla Hyposecretion of hGH (human growth hormone) during growth years Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex hormones or ACTH from anterior pituitary gland Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex hormones Hyperglycemia due to insufficient secretion of insulin from the pancreas Hypercalcemia/bone weakness/fatigue/mental changes

Where does chemical digestion begin? Where in the digestive tract does most of the chemical digestion take place?

What is historical precedence pattern for pandemics in the United States

conduct a comparison between our current virus and the one that occurred in 1918 called the "Spanish Flu."

What did John Barry say in regards to the next pandemic?

The stimulus for skeletal muscle contraction is always a nerve twitch nerve impulse change in homeostasis decrease in calcium levels

Describe the effect of aerobic and resistance exercises on skeletal muscle tissues and cells.

Describe chemical digestion. What is responsible for chemical digestion?

Briefly discuss the events that take place at the neuromuscular junction, starting with the action potential that travels down the axon. Be sure to include all important components necessary to begin a depolarization event.

Describe mechanical digestion. Where does it occur? What structures are responsible for mechanical digestion?

For each of the following, state whether the structure is part of the alimentary canal or an accessory organ. a. Oral cavity (mouth) b. Salivary glands c. Pharynx d. Larynx e. Esophagus f. Stomach g. Small intestine h. Colon i.Rectum j. Anus k. Liver l. Stomach m. Gallbladder

Describe the major function(s) of each of the following organs. a. Mouth b. esophagus c. stomach d. small intestine e. large intestine (colon) f. Rectum

Where does absorption begin? Where in the digestive tract does most of the absorption take place?

Which part of the digestive tract has villi? How are villi different from microvilli? What purpose does each one serve?

While most of the digestive tract has two layers of muscle in the muscularis externa (longitudinal and circular), the stomach has a third oblique layer. Based on what you know about the role of the stomach in both mechanical and chemical digestion, why do you think the stomach has this third layer?

What is the primary function of the large intestine? Why is this important?

Mucus is secreted everywhere along the digestive tract. What purpose does it serve? Why do you think that the number of goblet cells (produce mucus) is so much higher in the large intestine?

Define the following processes happening in the digestive system: a. Ingestion b. Mechanical Digestion c. Chemical Digestion d. Motility: Peristalsis e. Motility: Segmentation f. Secretion g. Absorption h. Reabsorption (and Compaction) İ. Defecation

Much of the art in this chapter comes from cultures in which human reproduction was actively promoted or even ritually aided. Having children was seen as an absolute good. Early pregnancy was common, and large families were a blessing and source of pride. However, in the last several decades, that attitude has changed. Abortion and birth control put more choices along the way to becoming parents. Sexuality has been emphasized more for personal pleasure rather than procreation; however, the threat of sexually transmitted diseases complicates this attitude. Teenage pregnancy or marriage is not viewed positively in the United States today. As the human population is nearing seven billion, many believe that there are too many people for the planet to sustain. In fact China has legislated population control measures. How do you see these various attitudes reflected in contemp art?

For 3-points, construct 2 well-written paragraphs or 8-10 bullet points to the following 3 prompts: 1) Speaker Vincent Lam, discusses 5 benefits of exercise. He further explains each of the benefits throughout the presentation. 1A) Choose 1 of the benefits that he discusses and how it relates to you. 2A) What is your impression of his mother? 3A) What are your thoughts on Lam's personal progress?

What are the similarities between the two events of Spanish flu and COVID that are over 100 years apart.

What does Boyle's law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure? Pressure increases when volume decreases Pressure and volume will both increase together or both decrease together Pressure and volume will both increase as temperature and pressure increase Pressure and volume will both decrease as temperature and pressure decrease

Change the following questions into claims: Should schools have uniforms? Which is better DC or Marvel? Who is the superior superhero Batman or Superman? Should students be allowed to use their phones at school? Add one reason to support and complete each of your claims

What type of immunity exists even in the absence of a stimulus? cell-mediated immunity specific immunity innate immunity adaptive immunity

When the concentration gradient increases, the speed of diffusion also increases True False

What vessels pick up excess extracellular fluid in the interstitial space and return it to circulation? jugular veins lymphatic vessels pulmonary veins coronary arteries

What cells clean and digest debris entering the alveoli? type I alveolar cells goblet cells type II alveolar cells alveolar macrophages

What is the function of the red pulp of the spleen? filter pathogens from lymph filter pathogens from the blood house leukocytes and dendritic cells house macrophages that destroy old erythrocytes

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? gas solubility in water partial pressure gradient temperature molecular weight of the gas molecule

What gas exchange problems do you expect to see when surface area is lost due to emphysema? hyperventilation eupnea hypocapnia both hypercapnia and hypoxemia

What is the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes? beta globulin hemoglobin albumin gamma globulin

What is the function of the goblet cells? produce speech detect odors secrete mucus maintain acid-base balance

Which organ generates a population of T cells capable of protecting the body from pathogens? thymus spleen tonsils lymph nodes

An accumulation of excess interstitial fluid is known as: infection lysis edema crenation

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract? nose pharynx trachea larynx

What flap of elastic cartilage keeps food and liquids from entering the larynx during swallowing? corniculate cartilage epiglottis thyroid cartilage arytenoid cartilage

Vaccinations involve exposure to an antigen to elicit: passive immunity a primary immune response severe allergic reaction a secondary immune response