Anatomy and Physiology Questions
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Anatomy and Physiology
EmbryoDefine the term gametogenesis. Define the terms spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and folliculogenesis. Make sure to describe specifically where each occurs. Describe the stages of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Make sure to discuss the timing of the stages and changes in ploidy. Briefly compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyWhich choice is true regarding the eye?
A) A hyperopic eye occurs when the refracted light is focused behind the retina
B) The lens shape and thickness cannot be adjusted
C) A function of the ciliary body is to absorb light and prevent it from scattering around the eye
D) The sclera is part of the internal eye and changes shape to focus light

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyWhich of the following spinal cord tracts would be a part of the sensory pathway for the tactile corpuscles?
Dorsal column tracts
Ventral tracts
Corticospinal tracts
Spinothalamic tracts

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyThis reflex causes the ciliary body to contract so that the lens bulges outward. It causes the iris to constrict so that the pupil gets smaller. This happens when an object being viewed gets closer to the eye:
Convergence
Photopupillary
Accommodation
Visual acuity

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyWhich statement is true regarding vision and eye anatomy?
A) The vitreous humor (body) is located anterior to the lens
B) The rod cells are involved in color vision and cones are involved in black and white vision
C) The lacrimal gland is responsible for producing tears to cleanse and lubricate the eye surface

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyWhich muscle would be more likely to act as a shunt muscle?
One that attaches closer to the joint on the segment that is not moving
One that attaches further from the joint on the segment that is moving
One that attaches further from the joint on the segment that is not moving
One that attaches closer to the joint on the segment that is moving
None of the included answers is correct

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyWhich statement is true regarding the special senses?
A) If an individual is missing a particular category of rod cells, he or she will be colorblind
B) If the olfactory bulb is damaged, an individual's sense of equilibrium will be partially lost
C Conductive hearing loss can result from damaged or dead hair cells (stereocilia)
D) If the light entering the eye is refracted on two different areas of the retina, double vision will occur

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyFor muscle action to cease
None of the included answers is correct
Sodium must be pumped back into the Terminal Cisterna
Ach must be destroyed by Achase
ATP must be used up
Calcium must be removed from the Axonal Terminal

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyWhich factor(s) that contributes to Physiological Cross Sectional Area is changed through exercise?
Number of Fibers
Thickness of Fibers
Fiber Arrangement

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyOrder from Macroscopic to Microscopic
Myofibril
Sacromere
Muscle fiber
Myofilament
Muscle

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyA muscle action occurs when the muscle is on and the Z discs get closer together. In addition, an _______ exercise occurs when one exerts a force against a resistance that is moving at a constant velocity.
None of the included answers is correct
Eccentric, Isokinetic
Eccentric, Isotonic
Concentric, Isotonic
Concentric, Isokinetic

Anatomy and Physiology
EndocrinologyWrite the name of the endocrine gland that secretes each hormone.
1. ANP
2. ACTH
3. ADH
4. Aldosterone
5. Androgens
6. Calcitonin

Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to PhysiologyWrite the name of the hormone that matches each hormone function.
1. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones
2. Increases BMR (metabolism)
3. Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during nursing
4. Increases blood calcium and stimulates osteoclast activity
5. Fight or flight hormones

Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to PhysiologyDisorders of the endocrine system often involve either hyposecretion (too little) or hypersecretion (too much) of a hormone. Match the following disorders with its description.
A. Graves' disease
B. Cushing syndrome
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Acromegaly
E. Diabetes insipidus
F. Goiter
G. Dwarfism (pituitary)
H. Hyperparathyroidism
I. Pheochromocytoma
J. Addison's disease
Enlargement of thyroid, sometimes due to lack of iodine in the diet
Hyposecretion of ADH with excessive volumes of urine
Hypersecretion of hGH (human growth hormone) during adulthood
Hyperthyroid/exophthalmos/anxiety/weight loss
Hypersecretion of catacholamines (epinephrine) by adrenal medulla
Hyposecretion of hGH (human growth hormone) during growth years
Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex hormones or ACTH from anterior pituitary gland
Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex hormones
Hyperglycemia due to insufficient secretion of insulin from the pancreas
Hypercalcemia/bone weakness/fatigue/mental changes

Anatomy and Physiology
G.I TractWhere does chemical digestion begin? Where in the digestive tract does most of the chemical digestion take place?

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyWhat is historical precedence pattern for pandemics in the United States

Anatomy and Physiology
General Anatomyconduct a comparison between our current virus and the one that occurred in 1918 called the "Spanish Flu."


Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyThe stimulus for skeletal muscle contraction is always a
nerve twitch
nerve impulse
change in homeostasis
decrease in calcium levels

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyDescribe the effect of aerobic and resistance exercises on skeletal muscle tissues and cells.

Anatomy and Physiology
G.I TractDescribe chemical digestion. What is responsible for chemical digestion?

Anatomy and Physiology
Nervous SystemBriefly discuss the events that take place at the neuromuscular junction, starting with the action potential that travels down the axon. Be sure to include all important components necessary to begin a depolarization event.

Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to PhysiologyDescribe mechanical digestion. Where does it occur? What structures are responsible for mechanical digestion?

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyFor each of the following, state whether the structure is part of the alimentary canal or an accessory organ.
a. Oral cavity (mouth)
b. Salivary glands
c. Pharynx
d. Larynx
e. Esophagus
f. Stomach
g. Small intestine
h. Colon
i.Rectum
j. Anus
k. Liver
l. Stomach
m. Gallbladder

Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to PhysiologyDescribe the major function(s) of each of the following organs.
a. Mouth
b. esophagus
c. stomach
d. small intestine
e. large intestine (colon)
f. Rectum

Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to PhysiologyWhere does absorption begin? Where in the digestive tract does most of the absorption take place?

Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to PhysiologyWhich part of the digestive tract has villi? How are villi different from microvilli? What purpose does each one serve?

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyWhile most of the digestive tract has two layers of muscle in the muscularis externa (longitudinal and circular), the stomach has a third oblique layer. Based on what you know about the role of the stomach in both mechanical and chemical digestion, why do you think the stomach has this third layer?

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyWhat is the primary function of the large intestine? Why is this important?

Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to PhysiologyMucus is secreted everywhere along the digestive tract. What purpose does it serve? Why do you think that the number of goblet cells (produce mucus) is so much higher in the large intestine?

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyDefine the following processes happening in the digestive system:
a. Ingestion
b. Mechanical Digestion
c. Chemical Digestion
d. Motility: Peristalsis
e. Motility: Segmentation
f. Secretion
g. Absorption
h. Reabsorption (and Compaction)
İ. Defecation

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyMuch of the art in this chapter comes from cultures in which human reproduction was actively promoted or even ritually aided. Having children was seen as an absolute good. Early pregnancy was common, and large families were a blessing and source of pride. However, in the last several decades, that attitude has changed. Abortion and birth control put more choices along the way to becoming parents. Sexuality has been emphasized more for personal pleasure rather than procreation; however, the threat of sexually transmitted diseases complicates this attitude. Teenage pregnancy or marriage is not viewed positively in the United States today. As the human population is nearing seven billion, many believe that there are too many people for the planet to sustain. In fact China has legislated population control measures. How do you see these various attitudes reflected in contemp art?

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyFor 3-points, construct 2 well-written paragraphs or 8-10 bullet points to the following 3 prompts:
1) Speaker Vincent Lam, discusses 5 benefits of exercise. He further explains each of the benefits throughout the presentation.
1A) Choose 1 of the benefits that he discusses and how it relates to you.
2A) What is your impression of his mother?
3A) What are your thoughts on Lam's personal progress?

Anatomy and Physiology
Respiratory SystemWhat are the similarities between the two events of Spanish flu and COVID that are over 100 years apart.

Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to PhysiologyWhat does Boyle's law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure?
Pressure increases when volume decreases
Pressure and volume will both increase together or both decrease together
Pressure and volume will both increase as temperature and pressure increase
Pressure and volume will both decrease as temperature and pressure decrease

Anatomy and Physiology
Kidney and Urinary TractChange the following questions into claims:
Should schools have uniforms?
Which is better DC or Marvel?
Who is the superior superhero Batman or Superman?
Should students be allowed to use their phones at school?
Add one reason to support and complete each of your claims

Anatomy and Physiology
CirculationWhat type of immunity exists even in the absence of a stimulus?
cell-mediated immunity
specific immunity
innate immunity
adaptive immunity

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyWhen the concentration gradient increases, the speed of diffusion also increases
True
False

Anatomy and Physiology
CirculationWhat vessels pick up excess extracellular fluid in the interstitial space and return it to circulation?
jugular veins
lymphatic vessels
pulmonary veins
coronary arteries

Anatomy and Physiology
Respiratory SystemWhat cells clean and digest debris entering the alveoli?
type I alveolar cells
goblet cells
type II alveolar cells
alveolar macrophages

Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to PhysiologyWhat is the function of the red pulp of the spleen?
filter pathogens from lymph
filter pathogens from the blood
house leukocytes and dendritic cells
house macrophages that destroy old erythrocytes

Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to PhysiologyWhat determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
gas solubility in water
partial pressure gradient
temperature
molecular weight of the gas molecule

Anatomy and Physiology
Respiratory SystemWhat gas exchange problems do you expect to see when surface area is lost due to emphysema?
hyperventilation
eupnea
hypocapnia
both hypercapnia and hypoxemia

Anatomy and Physiology
CirculationWhat is the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes?
beta globulin
hemoglobin
albumin
gamma globulin

Anatomy and Physiology
G.I TractWhat is the function of the goblet cells?
produce speech
detect odors
secrete mucus
maintain acid-base balance

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyWhich organ generates a population of T cells capable of protecting the body from pathogens?
thymus
spleen
tonsils
lymph nodes

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyAn accumulation of excess interstitial fluid is known as:
infection
lysis
edema
crenation

Anatomy and Physiology
Respiratory SystemWhich of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
nose
pharynx
trachea
larynx

Anatomy and Physiology
G.I TractWhat flap of elastic cartilage keeps food and liquids from entering the larynx during swallowing?
corniculate cartilage
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage

Anatomy and Physiology
General AnatomyVaccinations involve exposure to an antigen to elicit:
passive immunity
a primary immune response
severe allergic reaction
a secondary immune response