Endocrinology Questions and Answers

What is the letter name of this proposition All possums are marsupials O A OE

15 Which of the following accurately compares the role of glucagon and insulin in regulating blood glucose levels a The primary function of both glucagon and insulin is to facilitate the uptake of glucose into body cells b Glucagon stimulates organs and tissues to release glucose whereas insulin stimulates organs and tissues to increase their uptake of glucose c Glucagon stimulates organs and tissues to increase their uptake of glucose whereas insulin stimulates organs and tissues to release glucose d Glucagon reduces blood glucose levels via glycolysis whereas insulin increases blood glucose levels via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

11 Which of the following is a similarity between prolactin PRL and oxytocin OXT a Both target the mammary glands b Both are produced by the hypothalamus c Both target the uterus d Both are produced by the pituitary gland Submit

10 If your instructor asked you to identify the main target organs for the hypothalamus and pituitary hormones you could include all of the following except a Antidiuretic hormone ADH targets the kidneys b Luteinizing hormone LH targets the gonads c Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH targets the adrenal glands d Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH targets the respiratory system Submit

5 Which of the following accurately compares two of the types of cells found in the pancreatic islets a Beta cells produce glucagon whereas PP cells F cells produce somatostatin b Alpha cells produce glucagon whereas beta cells produce insulin c Alpha cells produce insulin whereas delta cells produce pancreatic polypeptide d Delta cells produce insulin whereas PP cells F cells produce glucagon Submit

4 If you were giving an oral presentation on the hypothalamus and pituitary hormones that target the reproductive system you would likely make all of the following points except a Oxytocin OXT causes smooth muscle in the uterus to contract during childbirth and stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands b Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH induces the production of milk by mammary glands c Follicle stimulating hormone FSH stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogen and produce oocytes and it stimulates sperm development in the testes d Luteinizing hormone LH stimulates the production of testosterone by the testes and it stimulates ovulation in females

2 When blood volume is too great the heart produces promote s water loss to decrease blood volume and pressure a Somatostatin b Mineralocorticoids c Natriuretic peptides d Antidiuretic hormone which Submit

1 All of the following are target organs of the anterior pituitary hormones except a the thyroid gland b the uterus c the adrenal glands d the ovaries

Application Hypertension high blood pressure could possibly be caused by which of the following clinical abnormalities Select all answers that apply a Low renin levels b High renin levels Low aldosterone d High aldosterone

Column I 1 LFTS 2 abdominal CT 3 cholangiography 4 stool culture 5 GI endoscopy 6 hemoccult test 7 barium tests 8 abdominal MRI 9 anastomosis 10 laparoscopic surgery Column II its description in Column A X ray examination of bile ducts B Minimally invasive surgery of the abdomen C Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract colonoscopy D Feces are placed in a growth medium and tested for microorganisms E Cholecystojejunostomy F Magnetic waves create images of abdominal organs in three planes of the body G Measurements of liver enzymes ALT AST alk phos and other substances H Feces are tested for blood stool guaiac test I Series of cross sectional x ray images show abdominal organs 231 J X ray images of the GI tract obtained after introduction of a radiopaque liquid into the rectum or mouth

Based on the quotations provided in the discussion above do you think that Orwell s essay What Is Science might still describe a valid perspective on science and its institutions Bear in mind that this essay was written in 1945 only a couple of months after the atomic bombings of Japan and after the US and USSR had both recruited German weapons scientists with the Nazi defeat

labeling Activity Veins of the Lower Limb 1 of 2 Femoral circumflex Common iliac Internal pudendal External iliac Femoral Lateral sacral Obturator Gluteal Deep femoral Internal iliac

22 Fill in the blanks An increase in prostaglandins can lead to of uterine muscles and also causes the ductus arteriosus to Typically this pleiotropic effect of prostaglandins is helpful but during preterm labor inhibiting contractions by administration of a prostaglandin synthesis blocker can also result in premature closure of the ductus arteriosus

In Great Britain the citizens elect the legislature This legislature then decides who their chief executive will be Based on this description Great Britain most likely uses which system of government parliamentary O direct democracy O confederal O presidential

12 The graph below shows the unemployment rate in the 1930 and 1945 30 25 20 15 10 5 U S Unemployment Rate 1930 1945 0 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 States between Based on the graph what conclusion can be made about government policies in the 1930s A President Hoover s policies were more effective than the New Deal in dealing with the Depression B By 1938 the New Deal had successfully brought unemployment back down to pre Depression levels C New Deal policies failed to improve the economy because of the interference of the Supreme Court D Despite Roosevelt s New Deal policies the unemployment rate remained high throughout the 1930s

Which of the following statem O The exocrine function of the gonads is to produce the sex hormones O The duct system is particularly extensive in the male O The exocrine function of the gonads is to produce the gametes O The female is physiologically more complex than the female O The gonads are the primary sex organs Question 78 Where in the male reproductive system do sperm become anatomically mature Prostate O Urethra Vas deferens 1 pts

1 Use the following illustration to outline the basic mechanism responsible for maintaining stable levels of thyroid hormone in the blood 6 points

A drug that reminds the anterior pituitary to produce gonadotropins might be useful as a fertility treatment O contraceptive birth control O diuretic O abortion stimulant erectile dysfunction treatment

Which of the following is true regarding the effect of FSH follicle stimulating hormone on the testes and the process of spermatogenesis O It indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis by causing Sertoli cells to release androgen binding protein O It stimulates the secretion of testosterone which is the final trigger for spermatogenesis O It provides negative feedback and its presence inhibits spermatogenesis O FSH is a hormone solely found in females it has no role in males O It directly stimulates the spermatogenesis by targeting the spematogenic cells

Why is it that a woman must continusly breast feed or else milk production will cease?? Describe this whole process of lactation and breast feeding for extra credit.

In my research, I found that the levels of "gonadotropins" in the body are critical to understanding how the drugs Clomid and Ortho Tri-Cyclen work. What are gonadotropins? What role do they play in fertility? Some of the references talk about how "negative feedback" is involved in understanding how these drugs work. Can you explain what is meant by negative feedback?

My doctor also explained that birth control pills "trick the body into thinking it is pregnant." She explained that women do not normally ovulate when they are pregnant. Can you explain to me why a pregnant woman does not ovulate? How is this related to how the birth control pill works? My doctor explained that Clomid works by "tricking the brain into thinking that estrogen levels in the body are low." She explained that this is what leads to the extra stimulation of the ovaries to encourage eggs to be released. One of the references for Clomid said this happens because there is less negative feedback. Can you explain to me how this "trick" and the decreased negative feedback are related? Why would these factors lead to the stimulation of the ovaries?

Doing a urinalysis what substance would be present if your patient has diabetes Mellitus and they are in Fat metablism? l.blood II. Ketones III. White blood cells IV. High pH

Your patient has diabetes insipidus what will be abnormal with the urine sample I. Low specific gravity II. Low pH III. Low protein IV. Low Blood

Discuss what you think urinalysis results for diabetics mellitus, diabetes insipidus, infection would be.

Identify the location in the body that is the source of all epinephrine (adrenalin).

Check all that are ways in which the secretion of thyroid hormone is regulated. Check All That Apply Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated by a positive feedback loop. Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated using a negative feedback loop. Low body temperature would cause the hypothalamus to secrete thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH). The anterior pituitary synthesizes and releases TSH. Increased levels of TSH cause the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone. As the basal body temperature rises, it causes a chain reaction, leading to an

Check all that are ways in which PTH affects target organs. Check All That Apply PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium ions into the bloodstream. PTH encourages the excretion of calcium ions into the filtrate that becomes urine in the kidneys. PTH stimulates calcitriol synthesis to promote calcium absorption in the small intestine. PTH stimulates osteoblasts to create new bone matrix using excess calcium in the blood.

Check all of the ways that the endocrine system changes as a result of aging. Check All That Apply The secretion of GH increases. The secretion of sex hormones decreases. Testosterone levels increase. Estrogen levels decrease.

Check all of the hormones that are secreted by the gonads. Check All That Apply Oxytocin FSH Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone

Before puberty, there are nearly no differences between males and females in the distribution of fat and muscle. During puberty, females grow muscle much faster than males, and males experience a higher increase in body fat. False True

Which of the following is FALSE about chemical synapses? Ligand-gated receptor channels receive messages on the postsynaptic cell lons flow through gap junctions which contain continuous cytoplasm An action potential in the presynaptic cell causes release of a neurotransmitter Receptor binding results in channel opening and ion flow (EPSP/IPSP) Chemical synapses are abundant in skeletal muscle

Although hormones circulate in blood to almost every tissue, the ability of a specific tissue to respond to a hormone depends on ___________. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path nothing - all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ

The hormone PTH functions to (select all that apply) Increase blood calcium Inhibit osteoblast Cause kidney to retain more calcium Slow absorbtion of calcium in the intestines

Julie was diagnosed with an aggressive tumor of the thyroid. Surgery was performed to remove the thyroid. However, post- operatively, Julie's blood calcium levels began declining to life- threatening levels. This decline is most likely due to improper laboratory handling of blood samples. damage to the anterior pituitary during surgery. accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery. post-traumatic stress disorder. thyroid hormone replacement therapy after the surgery.

Which of the following is true? Epinephrine increases GI tract activity. Epinephrine increases blood pressure. Epinephrine is a chemical of the parasympathetic nervous system. The effects of epinephrine are long-lasting (days to weeks). Epinephrine decreases heart rate.

Endocrine System: Mechanism of Hormone Action: Direct Gene Activation 1.a. Lipid-soluble hormones such as _________ and _________ hormones bind to receptors located _________ . b.Once the hormone binds to the receptor, the _________ dissociates from the receptor complex. c. The hormone-receptor complexes act as _________ _________ d. The receptor-hormone complex then binds to _________ . e. The mRNA produces _________ that catalyze biochemical reactions in the cell.

What role does oxytocin play in lactation? storage of milk production of milk ejection of milk stop production of milk

Growth hormone increases the use of glucose for energy. increases amino acid uptake in cells. decreases the use of fat as an energy source. facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells. decreases the synthesis and storage of glycogen.

Which of these hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex? cortisol glucocorticoids norepinephrine aldosterone androgens

The hypothalamus is also called the neurohypophysis. is located superior to the thalamus. regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland. is located inferior to the pituitary gland. rests in the sella turcica.

TRH, GNRH, CRH, etc., are known as_______________________ hypothalamic hormones that regulate the function of the__________ pituitary. These hormones are released into capillary beds and carried directly to the pituitary by the_______ _______ _______ .

Osteoporosis occurs when which set of hormones decline with advanced age? growth hormone sex hormones parathyroid hormone TWO of these answers

Which of the following produces human pheromones? eccrine glands apocrine glands ceruminous glands mammary glands sebaceous glands

Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine include all of the following except for: A). an increase in digestive system activities. B) dilation of respiratory airways, such as bronchioles. C). an increase in breathing rate. D).an increase in metabolic rate. E). an increase in heart rate.

Consider the thyroid and parathyroid glands together. Which of the following statements is false? A). The thyroid gland produces calcitonin. B). Thyroid hormone is secreted by follicular cells. C). There are four parathyroid glands. D). There are two thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). E) Parathyroid hormone decreases the blood level of calcium.

When venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated. This results in decreased vasopressin secretion. increased glomerular filtration. increased vasopressin secretion. increased thirst. decreased urine production.

The main visible symptom of Cushing's syndrome is upper-body obesity infertility Oloss of libido delayed puberty

Which hormone levels are checked using a urine pregnancy kit to confirm a pregnancy? A. human chorionic gonadotropin B. estrogen C. progesterone D. testosterone

Which of the following substance is released into the bloodstream by the endocrine system? Hormones Neurotransmitters Prostaglandins Enzymes