Anatomy and Physiology Questions

People often refer to humans as having five senses. Some argue that we have others (sensing motion, balance, etc.). What might be a good argument for counting balance and equilibrium as one of our key senses (hint: close your eyes and remain standing) Explain your reasoning.

In the cephalic phase of digestion, the sight of food stimulates secretions in all sections of the digestive tract except ____________ . The large intestine The mouth The small intestine The stomach

What happens to the lungs when carbon dioxide is exhaled? The lung size is reduced. The lung size is increased. The lung size remains the same. All of the choices

Which of these statements is not historically true of the LGBTQIA+ community? Lesbianism was perceived by some as preparing women for "real sex", meaning sex with men During the medicalization of homosexuality, people believed this could be "cured" Homosexuality was classified by the American Psychiatric Association as a disease until 1973 The term "Boston marriage" was used to describe long-term relationships between men

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? bronchiole dilation in lungs; sympathetic penis ejaculation; sympathetic gallbladder contracts to expel bile; parasympathetic promotes urination; sympathetic

Which of the following is true about the Prairie House style of Frank Lloyd Wright? (select all that apply) (A) Houses sat close to the ground (B) Houses seemed to be tied organically to the landscape (C)Used brick and wood cut to standard sizes (D) Houses had broad overhanging eaves (E) Living spaces flow smoothly from one area to another (F) Houses sat high above ground (G) Very small windows (H) Roofs with no eaves

Which statement is true regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? ADH stimulates the release of prolactin secretion too ADH will be secreted if the body is dehydrated ADH ultimately influences the kidneys to secrete more water, decreasing the body's overall water retention ADH is stored in the anterior pituitary

In the sympathetic division of the ANS, Select one: a. an important characteristic is convergence of neurons. b. preganglionic fibers are generally longer than postganglionic fibers. c. the preganglionic cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord. d. a single preganglionic fiber usually synapses with a single postganglionic fiber. e. preganglionic fibers emerge from the cervical portion of the spinal cord.

Order: Heparin sodium 10,000 units subcutaneously stat. The label on the vial reads "40,000 units/mL." How many milliliters will you administer? Select one: a. 4 mL b. 0.25 mL c. 2.5 mL d. 0.4 mL

The directions on the package state: "Reconstitution of the single-use vial with 4.8 mL yields 250 mg/5 mL." How many milliliters will you administer? Select one: a. 8.25 mL b. 8.6 mL c. 3.17 mL d. 3.3 mL

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby presses against the cervix which causes the brain to release oxytocin, a hormone that causes uterine contractions. As the uterus contracts, it causes the head of the baby to press against the cervix even more and more oxytocin to be released causing more contractions. What type of homeostatic regulatory mechanism is this and why? What is the stimulus: Receptor: Control center: Effector:

According to the reading about Myasthenia gravis which is thought to be due to an immune system abnormality. What does the immune system destroy, block or alter? 1) the receptors on the muscle cell at the neuromuscular junction. 2) the nerve cells that ontrol skeletal muscle 3) the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4) the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments

motor neurons can regulate muscle tone by altering spindle fiber sensitivity. gamma sympathetic alpha parasympathetic

The patella tendon reflex involves stretch of the muscle.

According to the reading about myasthenia gravis, read the muscle affected by this disorder and apply what you learned to today about what type of muscles are affected. 1) skeletal 2) smooth 3) cardiac 4) all of the above

List at least 4 solutes that are secreted into the filtrate. With these items in mind, explain why secretion is so important in generating urine.

In my research, I found that the levels of "gonadotropins" in the body are critical to understanding how the drugs Clomid and Ortho Tri-Cyclen work. What are gonadotropins? What role do they play in fertility? Some of the references talk about how "negative feedback" is involved in understanding how these drugs work. Can you explain what is meant by negative feedback?

What triggers the release of aldosterone? What is the function of aldosterone? What hormone must be present for water to osmotically follow sodium in the collecting duct? What is the function of this hormone?

Deductive or Inductive? If you brush and floss your teeth daily, then you will have fewer cavities. Marie brushes and flosses her teeth daily. Therefore, she will have fewer cavities. Inductive Deductive

The are the blood-filtering structures of the urinary system. a. Kidneys b. Urethral sphincters c. Renal arteries d. Ureters

What is the purpose of reabsorption in the kidney tubule? Name 2 pathways whereby water and solutes can be reabsorbed from the lumen of the renal tubule to the blood of the peritubular capillaries. Which pathway is the most commonly used? How does the Na-K pump affect the reabsorption of sodium and water in the renal tubule? Consuming a salty meal would increase / decrease water reabsorption from the filtrate.

The power stroke of muscle contraction occurs when: 1) calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 2) the thick filaments use cross-bridges to pull the thin filaments towards the middle of the sarcomere 3) the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, is no longer released from the synaptic vesicles of the motor neuron. 4) calcium is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

When the diaghragm contracts, it and the thoracic cavity. a. Rounds out, expands b. Flattens out, expands c. Flattens out, compresses d. Rounds out, compresses

The structures that move and pull the thin myofilament inward during muscle contraction are 1) the myosin crossbridges 2) the myocardial fascicles 3) the A and I bands

The air sacs in the lungs, called take in which is diffused from the blood. a. Alveoli, carbon dioxide b. Bronchi, carbon dioxide c. Alveoli, oxygen d. Bronchi, oxygen

Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles the rib cage. a. Elevates b. Expands c. Rotates d. Depresses

Place the following in the correct order of muscle relaxation. Nerve stops releasing acetylcholine. Sarcoplasmic reticulum reabsorbs calcium and puts it back in storage. No calcium remains in muscle cell so troponin cannot bind and tropomyosin moves back over the myosin binding site on actin. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh that is remaining in the synaptic cleft Myosin is blocked from binding to actin, thus no crossbridge is formed.

If your instructor asked you to explain what can happen to foreign particles that enter the respiratory system, which of the following would not be included in your explanation? a. Foreign particles are swallowed through the esophagus and destroyed in the stomach. b. Foreign particles are trapped by mucus in the oral cavity and expelled via coughing. c. Foreign particles are expelled through the pharynx and oral cavity. d. Foreign particles are trapped by mucus in the nasal cavity and lower respiratory system.

All of the following are regions of the pharynx except a. Epiglottis. b. Nasopharynx. c. Oropharynx. d. Laryngopharynx.

Which of the following proves that the author was subjective at a time? The author was sympathetic to Hester and Dimmesdale. The author is sympathetic to Roger Chillingworth, who lives in disguise to punish Hester's lover. The author was sympathetic to Pearl as the townspeople discriminated against her. All of the choices

Discuss why you feel that some people have an aversion to yoga and other meditative practices even though science highlights the health benefits of such practices.

Two point discrimination is determined by a. the number of receptors b. convergence c. divergence d. both a and b

Intrafusal muscle fibers do not have sarcomeres. True False

Determine if the characteristics provided are of a clotting disorder or a bleeding disorder. Treatments include heparin and warfarin Clotting Disorder Bleeding Disorder

Gamma motor neurons innervate cardiac muscle fibers extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers smooth muscle cells

Heart, blood vessels, veins, capillaries, arteries, List the components of the cardiovascular division. What are the functions of the circulatory system?

If the measured distance from the spinal nerve root to an EMG electrode on the surface of a muscle is 30 cm, the total path length you would use to caculate conduction velocity would be cm.

The fluid in the cochlea is endolymph blood plasma ectolymph pseudolymph

In the transduction of light information into a neural signal by the retinal photoreceptors, dissociates into retinene and opsin in response to light. photopsin gotothompsin Rhode Island rhodopsin

After studying about the neuromuscular junction, arrange the following steps in order. Acetylcholine stays bound to the receptor and Nations enters the muscle cell. An action potential travels towards the end of the motor neuron. Depolarization (current) now will travel down the sarcolemma of the muscle cell. Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific acetylcholine receptors in the muscle sarcolemma. Calcium enters the motor neuron and triggers the release of acetylcholine by exocytosis.

According to both of the animations, "Skeletal Muscle 3D" and "Skeletal Muscle", the and are actin and myosin myofilaments are found in the organized in a contractile units called 1) myofibril, sarcomeres 2) sarcolemma, t-tubuk 3) motor neuron axon, synaptic knobs 4) motor end plate, receptors

My doctor told me that birth control pills contain small amounts of estrogen and progesterone, and these hormones prevent me from ovulating. I don't understand how giving me these hormones in a pill would prevent me from ovulating. I assume that it has something to do with the levels of the gonadotropins that I asked about earlier. Can you explain this to me? In the information about Ortho Tri-Cyclen, it mentions that the hormones in the pill make cervical mucus thicker and stickier. Does this happen during my natural cycle? How are estrogen and progesterone involved in this process?

Pulmonary ventilation, or breathing, is induced by a. Contractions of the lungs. b. Nervous signals from the cerebral cortex. c. Changes in the volume of the lungs and the air pressure within them. d. Changes in the blood pressure through the pulmonary arteries from the heart.

All of the following are structures that exist in both the right and left lungs except a. Middle lobe. b. Hilum. c. Superior lobe. d. Oblique fissure.

All of the following are differences between the left and right lungs except a. The left lung only receives air from the nasal cavity. b. The right primary bronchus is shorter than the left primary bronchus. c. The right lung is slightly larger than the left lung. d. The right lung has three lobes, whereas the left lung has two lobes.

My doctor also explained that birth control pills "trick the body into thinking it is pregnant." She explained that women do not normally ovulate when they are pregnant. Can you explain to me why a pregnant woman does not ovulate? How is this related to how the birth control pill works? My doctor explained that Clomid works by "tricking the brain into thinking that estrogen levels in the body are low." She explained that this is what leads to the extra stimulation of the ovaries to encourage eggs to be released. One of the references for Clomid said this happens because there is less negative feedback. Can you explain to me how this "trick" and the decreased negative feedback are related? Why would these factors lead to the stimulation of the ovaries?

When the body is dehydrated, are the following items increased or decreased? Body water: Blood osmolarity: ADH release from posterior pituitary: Water permeability of the collecting ducts: Water reabsorption: Urine volume: Urine concentration:

You overhear some anatomy students imagining out loud what their bones would look like if they had compact bone on the inside and spongy bone on the outside, instead of the other way around. You tell them that such imaginary bones would be poorly designed mechanically and would break easily. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately support your claim? An outer layer of spongy bone would be constantly damaged by the bending and twisting forces applied to the surface of bone. Spongy bone consists of a thin organic matrix that serves to lighten the inside of bone, whereas compact bone consists of a dense inorganic matrix designed to resist stress. Compact bone consists of osteons, which are made up of concentric lamellae with an alternating pattern of collagen fibers designed to resist torsional stress. Made up of trabeculae that are only a few cell layers thick, spongy bone is much more fragile than compact bone.

Mitosis is the formation of sex cells creates diversity in genetic potential is always a part of the cell cycle is division of the genetic material within the nucleus

Mechanical stress on weight-bearing bones plays a large part in bone remodeling. What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength? bone length gravity vitamin E cartilage