Introduction to Physiology Questions and Answers

9 Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides disaccharides oligosaccharides and polysaccharides What functional group links two monosaccharide simple sugar molecules together to form a disaccharide molecule CH OH c Carboxylic Acid b Ether d Ketone e Amino Acid O a Amide CH OH H 0 H AG OH H H HO H OH OH H H HO H CH OH

2 Identify the following organic compound functional group H H OH H C C 0 C C H d Ketone b Amine e Ester c Glycerol a Ether IT H H I H

3 c Aldehyde Identify the following organic compound functional group HHH OHH 11111 1 H C C N C C C H d Ketone O e Ester b Ether a Amide J1 HH H H

6 b Amine d Ketone Identify the following organic compound functional group HHH H 11 1 O c Carboxylic Acid a Amide e Amino Acid I H N C C C H 11 1 HHH

4 Identify the following organic compound functional group HHO d Ketone a Amide c Carboxylic Acid O e Amino Acid b Amine H N C C 0 H I H

This figure shows the metabolism of glucose and oxygen to CO2 and H O From what molecule do the carbon in CO2 and the hydrogen in H O come from high energy content of molecules low glucose 0 energy level of products The catalyst O The product Activation energy required to start the reaction energy level of reactants Glucose progress of reaction CO HO

fatality of infants hcidence of illness cases 100 child years 20 15 10 5 0 14 46 Placebo control 2 15 2 15 Low 6 19 0 Medium Dose of vaccine 6 86 0 High In the graph interpret the data that are shown regarding the response of a large number of infants to vaccination from dangerous rotavirus infection Which of the hypotheses is NOT supported by these data results O The new vaccine is ineffective in protecting infants from any rotavirus infection O Hypotheses about the vaccine doses can t be evaluated because the placebo group is biased with high incidence of illness in those infants O The high dose of the new vaccine does not offer any stronger protection from any rotavirus infection than the medium dose The low dose of the vaccine reduces incidence of illness from any rotavirus in general and also severe rotavirus O Medium and high doses of the vaccine are more effective at reducing severe rotavirus illnesses than re

Extra credit The solutions in the two arms of this U tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose Side A is half filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose Side B is half filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose Initially the liquid levels on both sides are equal Sucrose 2 M Glucose 1 M A B U isotonic Sucrose 1 M Extra credit Refer to the figure Initially in terms of tonicity the solution in side A with respect to the solution in side B is Ohypertonic Osaturated Glucose 2 M

had more dangerous rotavirus strains that can hospitalize or lead to fatality of infants Incidence of illness cases 100 child years 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 86 14 46 Placebo control 2 15 2 15 Low Any rotavirus illness Severe rotavirus illness 6 19 0 Medium Dose of vaccine 6 86 0 High In this diagram the Y axis of the graph shows values of Incidence of Illness in infants The varying numbers of infants getting sick with rotavirus represents the O independent variable of this medical study O normal infant baseline for reference to results from this medical study O standardized variable of this medical study O control group of infants in this medical study

Hyposmotic solution 0 Impermeable solute Isosmotic solution A solution is said to be isotonic if it contains Hyperosmotic solution O the same number of nonpenetrating solute particles as the interior of cells Ofewer nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of cells 0 more nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of cells

Outside cell Inside cell O Na O Plasma membrane Na aquaporins leaky K channels leaky CI channels Na K diffusion leabyCat channel Na diffusion Na Protein Na In addition to the sodium potassium pump that establishes the concentration gradient of Nat and K across the membrane action of is needed to establish the resting membrane potential Na Na Na K pump Na Na

Ventral root Dorsal root ganglion Central canal Dorsal root White columns Spinal nerve Gray matter

1 When blood calcium is too low the parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone This hormone causes bone to be broken down releasing more calcium into the blood Once the blood calcium level reaches homeostatic level again the stimulus ends a Which type of feedback mechanism regulates this response i e positive or negative b Explain why you think it is that type of feedback

3 Patients who are dehydrated receive IVs filled with saline solutions which contain NaCl Explain why it would not be wise to use pure water in an IV and why a saline solution is a better choice Include at least three of the following words in your answer hypotonic isotonic hypertonic crenation hemolysis

Mason is a four month old infant born with alcleft lip la condition where the skin that forms a baby s upper lip does not completely join and leaves a slit in the skin Mason stayed in the neonatal intense clipa condicion whereted a feeding tube to eat the first few weeks of life The family shared with you that their time in the hospital was an extremely stressful experience Mason is now doing great and only needs the help of a specialized bottle nipple for eating Mason s mother and father are thrilled to have Mason in your program and Mason s mother is excited to return to work They ve said they are looking forward to enjoying our baby and returning to a normal life Mason s cleft lip is noticeable and other staff and some family members of other children in the program have asked you questions such as What happened to that little baby or What kind of bottle is that You are not sure how to respond or what Mason s family feels comfortable sharing You feel you should communicate with Mason s parents that others have asked questions about their child How will you initiate this conversation with Mason s family Think about how to be sensitive to the fact that the family has been through a stressful experience and are now excited for their child and themselves to return to normal Record some notes on how you would discuss the situation with the family and share your responses with a coach trainer or administrator

8 4 3 V 2 v 5 V V V Released into the stomach to begin the digestion of proteins after they have been emulsified Pancreatic enzymes released in Pancreatic Juice to complete the digestion of proteins Released into the duodenum of the small intestine to complete the digestion of carbohydrates Released into the duodenum to emulsify fats Released from the gastric pits of the stomach to denature proteins and kill microorgansisms An enzyme in Pancreatic Juice that digests fat lipid droplets after they have 1 Salivary amylase 2 Pancreatic amylase 3 Pepsin 4 Trypsin Chymotrypsin and Carboxypeptidase 5 Lipase 6 Nuclease 7 Bile 8 Hydrochloric Acid HCI

V V V V Local normone Trom the duodenum that stimulates secretion of Pancreatic Juice Intrinsic nerves in the muscularis externa that detect stretch of the wall and trigger peristalsis Local hormone released by the stomach to increase all gastric secretions from the gastric pits Local hormone from the duodenum in response to a high fat meal causes secretion of bile slows the emptying of the stomach and causes a sense of satisfaction Extrinsic nerves from the central nervous system that slow all digestive activity 1 Sympathetic Nervo 2 Parasympathetic Ne 3 Myenteric Plexus 4 Gastrin 5 Secretin 6 cholecystokinen 7 Submucosal Plexus

R Fibrous Pivot Ball and socket Plane Hinge

Sally s face has a reddish flush after finishing a 5k run What pigment is most responsible for this appearan Hemoglobin Rhodopsin Pheomelanin Eumelanin

Muscles pulling on bone at their attachment sites places which type of mechanical force on the bone 1 Compression 2 Shear 3 Bending 4 Tension

Which part of the stress strain curve represents the normal daily stress and strain placed on ligaments Toes region Physiological region Plastic region Yield point

Which of the following structures has a stress strain curve that includes a period of laxity called the toe region where the fibers are crimpled 1 Ligaments O2 Bone 3 Cartilage 4 All of the above

An injury such as a meniscal tear will increase a person s likeliness of developing osteoarthritis True False

Supination and Pronation of the foot is a pure motion occurring in only one plane of motion 1 True 2 False

Select ALL of the following that can result from excessive sun exposure Clumping of the elastic fibers in skin resulting in a leathery texture Mutation in the DNA of skin cells which can lead to skin cancer A healthy base tan that will protect your skin from further damage A temporary depression of the immune system

A Variation is the raw material for natural selection therefore without nothing would evolve asexual reproduction B sexual reproduction C many similarties

SCENARIO Tanya and Fazid raised their children to be actively involved in their religious tradition One of the children Lillian grew up moved out of the house and decided to adopt a non religious worldview The process that Lillian went through is called O pilgrimmage secularization O revitalization O desecration

Destion 9 1 point What part of the somatic reflex arc is the arrow pointing to c080b21 Skin Skeletal Muscle

HO 010 H C CHC CHOH 0 c OH NAD O NADH and isocitric acid O NAD O a ketoglutaric acid SO Isocitric acid HO NADH H H C OH Isocitric acid In the reaction above which reactant molecule is losing electrons 0 CH2 C O 0 c OH a ketoglutaric acid

nella occur as a mucous of non keratinized type designed for protection and lubrication during chewing and swallowing In contrast to the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium flattened surface cells of a mucous type are nucleated and living Notice that the bottom cells aren t flat shaped You always name the stratified epithelium based on the shape of its top layer non keratinized stratified squamous living nucleated cells at surface keratinized stratified squamous dead keratinized cells at face cells flatten toward surface moti dvicions motic divisions LOADA Where do you find the keratinized type of epithelium note nucleated surface cells stratified squamous epithelium

According to Keynesian Economic Theory the economy experiences natural fluctuations of growth and downturns and the government cannot do anything to alleviate these fluctuations A True B False

of popular governments never finds himself so much alarmed for their character and fate as when he contemplates their propensity to this dangerous vice He will not fail therefore to set a due value on any plan which without violating the principles to which he is attached provides a proper cure for it The instability injustice and confusion introduced into the public councils have in truth been the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished as they continue to be the favorite and fruitful topics from which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious declamations In Federalist Paper 10 Madison thought that the best form of government to handle the problems of faction was direct democracy dictatorship autocracy

Diffusion is always from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration O True O False

D PO Figure 31 Using Figure 31 match the following Replicate for cell division E

D TI F E C G B Spr AUS A Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc K H

zes 310131 take Match the cytoplasmic organel RNA and protein containing particles for protein synthesis stack of membranous flattened sacs responsible for processing packaging and distributing proteins or other substances outside boundary of the cell controls what enters and leaves the cell lipid metabolism and production and drug detoxification no ribosomes present double membrane organelle for cellula respiration sugar is broken down to produce has ribosomes attached for protein an membrane production built of microtubules centrioles are involved in spindle production during cell division thin fibers of DNA and protein coils into chromosomes during cell division

000000000 Figure 3 2 gegoodg E axbo L Using Figure 3 2 match the following Cell Exterior Identification tags for the cell B Cell Interior

Lysosomes are always used for the cell to commit suicide O contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell O maintain a highly alkaline internal environment are the major site of protein synthesis

The cell is the basic unit of life The following is a glossary of animal cell terms All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane The cell membrane is semipermeable allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others It is composed of a double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins Plant cells have an additional layer surrounding them called the cell wall The cell wall is made of nonliving material called cellulose The centrosome also called the microtubule organizing center is a small body located near the nucleus The centrosome is where microtubules are made During cell division mitosis the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome Only animal cells have centrosomes At what level of organization does life begin

17 As Ht move through the above protein the protein changes shape due to the electrical charge and accomplishes work This work is the bonding of inorganic phosphate molecules bonded to thus forming nin

18 For the antigen antibody combinations below indicate whether you expect to see agglutination or not Blood Type antigen A B AB O AB A A A Mr Smith Ms Jones Antibody Anti B Anti B Anti A Anti A Anti D Anti D Anti A 19 Fill in the Blood Type based on the agglutination reaction data in the table below Result Agglutination No Agglutination Anti A Serum Anti B Serum Anti D Serum Blood Type

Mitochondria are always the same shape are single membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function synthesize proteins for use outside the cell

A Figure 3 2 E Cell Exterior Hydrophilic portion Using Figure 3 2 match the following B C Cell Interior

Ca ctional folds ACh cholinesterase arcolemma 1 2 3 neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction membrane surrounding muscle fiber portion of sarcolemma containing ACh receptors ion triggering exocytosis

Passive membrane transport processes include O movement of a substance down its concentration gradient O movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration O consumption of ATP O the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration

During development embryonic cells will fuse to form muscle fibers This will result in O the striations that appear in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues O the coordination of nerve signals to muscle fibers O interlocking of cells that can prevent the filaments from sliding Omultinucleated muscle fibers that can extend as long as 30 centimeters

c What is the source of carbon dioxide Where did the carbon and oxygen atoms come from Explain

15 These proteins accept a pair of high energy electrons from NADH and FADH As is son the electrons are passed from protein to protein work is sometimes accomplished What is that work Tay ThL 79 1970 19E LINE

b If you strike a match in air it ignites into flame What do you suppose would happen if you placed the lit match in the gas accumulated in the U tube Why

An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPS per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is glycolysis O the electron transport chain O hydrolysis O the citric acid cycle