Introduction to Physiology Questions and Answers

content you have studied so far Question 6 Which of the following conditions occurs when the demand on a muscle is greater than normal Odysplasia atrophy Ohypertrophy O hyperplasia 1 pts

Question 3 The alteration of homeostasis the state of sameness is the underlying concept of what term pathogenesis disorder disease 1 pts

D Question 4 Which of the following is true regarding the aging process The aging process is neither progressive nor irreversible The aging process is progressive and irreversible The aging process is progressive and reversible 1 pts

is produced resulting in yellow hair You want to breed Labrador retrievers and you cross a true breeding brown Labrador retriever to a true breeding yellow Labrador retriever All 15 of the F1 puppies are black After the puppies grow up you cross two of the F1 black dogs together In the F2 generation you get 8 black puppies 4 yellow pupples and 3 brown puppies Part 1 What is are the possible genotypets of the true breeding brown lab in the P generation Obble Brown ObbEE Obbee Could be either answer bbEE or bbfe Incorrect Since the questions states that the dog is true breeding it must be homozygous for both genes Part 2 What is are the possible genotype s of the true breeding yellow lab in the P generation Obbee SO OBbee OBBee Could be either bbee or Bbee O Could be either Bbee or BBee Could be either bbee or BBee All of the genotypes shown are possible Incorrect The offspring of this cross are all black If the yellow parent doesn t have a 8 allele the offspring cannot be black Part 3 What is are the possible genotype s of the yellow puppies in the F2 generation Select all that apply Bbee bbee Bble bble 884 Incomect The Bble genotype leads to a black phenotype because of the dominant 8 and E alleles M The bble genotype leads to a brown phenotype because of the recessive b allele and the dominant allele Part 4 You have a friend who wants to breed only brown Labrador retrievers She wants a true breeding brown puppy from your 12 litter Approximately how many of your 3 brown puppies from the F2 are true breeding X

gene HH and Hh hamsters have hair and hh hamsters are hairless Multiple EeHh hamsters are mated together generating 400 progeny altogether Note that this is a different cross from the one discussed in Video 3 4 modeling use of Chi squared analysis to test for linkage here we have a cross between two dihybrids rather than a cross between a dihybrid and a tester Therefore the null hypothesis that E and H genes are unlinked will yield different expected values here compared to the testcross scenario when two dihybrids are crossed together and the genes are unlinked what proportion of each of the four progeny classes do we get Part 1 If the E and H genes are unlinked how many of the 400 progeny hamsters would you expect to be hairless and normal size 50 O 75 100 O225 150 Part 2 You perform the cross described above and get the results shown below Note that this problem uses a short hand convention you will want to get used to if a mutant phenotype is not mentioned assume it is absent Therefore assume that the progeny described below as hairless have normal body size Assume that the progeny described as dwarf have hair Hairless dwarf 33 Perform a chi square analysis for this cross testing the hypothesis that the E and H genes are unlinked using the chi square table below 1 Degrees of freedom 2 3 Wild type 212 Hairless 82 4 Dwarf 73 5 O 3 41 O 1 26 16 08 p 0 99 O 0 75 0 000157 0 020 0 115 0 297 0 554 0 95 0 00393 0 103 0 352 What is the total chi square value Round to two decimals 0 711 1 145 0 80 0 0642 0 446 1 005 1 649 2 343 0 50 0 455 1 386 2 366 3 357 4 351 0 20 1 642 3 219 4 642 5 989 7 289 0 05 3 841 5 991 7 815 9 488 11 070 0 01 6 635 9 210 11 345 13 277 15 086

What change would you want to see with covid 19 vaccination policy

How has COVID 19 vaccination policy affect your life or the life of your community

4 Final Assignment 30 For the final assignment in this class you will write a 2 page action brief using a template provided to you For this assignment you will explore a public health problem of your choice consider the gender inequities that exist that are related to this public health problem and identify and advocate for a possible solution to your public health problem specifically focusing on a solution that will reduce the gender inequities that exist Your solution can be at any level of the socio ecological model and can include for example policy changes clinical interventions health education health communication changes to physical infrastructure etc When considering your public health problem and solution you will need to address the following 1 describing of your public health problem 2 identifying gender inequities that exist related to your public health problem 3 explaining why you think these gender inequities are occurring 4 identifying a solution to your public health problem that you think will reduce gender inequities 5 consider your solution s strengths 6 consider your solution s weaknesses 7 summarize and advocate for your recommendation Your assignment should include in text citations and a list of references

True or False Even when clear cut criteria are used disease definitions often change over time as more is learned about a disease and its various manifestations True False

Which of the following refers to the proportion of the population that is diseased during a specified duration of time such as the year 2017 Incidence rate Cumulative incidence Point prevalence Period prevalence

The attributable proportion among the exposed a measure of comparison that expresses the public health impact of an exposure as a proportion is also referred to as which of the following Incident fraction Prevented fraction Etiologic fraction O Epidemiologic fraction

O Direct standardization Absolute comparison Relative comparison O Standard comparison Question 14 The attributable proportion among the exposed a measure of comparison that expresses the public health impact of an exposure as a proportion is also referred to as which of the following Incident fraction 0 5 pts Prevented fraction

You will learn about the three domains of development physical cognitive and psychosocial and how they change across the lifespan It is important to keep in mind that these domains are multidimensional That is each of these areas overlaps and interacts Take a physical milestone of infancy for example crawling Compared to a less mobile baby a crawling baby is able to explore her environment actively seeking out and investigating toys and objects which contribute to gains in cognitive development At the same time parent child interactions change which have important consequences for psychosocial development Adults often celebrate these milestones with reinforcement hugs clapping exclamations Good job etc while also setting limits in order to protect the curious inexperienced baby Parents are frequently observed redirecting their babies physically moving them from potential hazards and using verbal prompts such as No no Select an important developmental milestone You may choose any age range and the milestone can be physical cognitive or psychosocial Examples could include learning to talk read run memorize add subtract etc Milestone What type of milestone is this Physical Cognitive Psychosocial Summarize the importance of this milestone in the person s development Explain how meeting this milestone contributes to changes in the other two domains of development

d What type of gradient causes the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences Multiple Choice Osmotic gradient Concentration gradient Thermal gradient

44 The fibers that connect the AV node to the ventricle walls are referred to as the SA Node AV Node O Juctional Fibers O Purkinje Fibers 45 Which vein does lymph fluid empty into O Axillary O Popliteal O Brachial O Subclavian O Vena Cava 46 Interstitial fluid is continually exchanging materials with both blood and other surrounding cells O True False 47 The posterior and anterior cerebral veins surround the corpus collosum True

OS Wave OTWave 62 Which type of immune defenses are considered general defenses O Innate O Adaptive O Passive Immunity O Active Immunity OT and B cell Activation 63 Lymph nodes absorb and deliver fats to the bloodstream O True O False 64 Exposure to poison ivy would result in a type 4 allergic reaction O True

49 The thymus can be found in what body cavity O Mediastinum O Cranial O Abdominal O Pelvic O Hypogastric 50 Which of the following is also known as a Leukocyte O Red Blood Cell O Platelet O White Blood Cell O Clotting Factor O Thrombocyte 51 Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the lymphatic system O Transport excess fluid away from interstitial spaces O Transport fats to and from the bloodstream O Transport white blood cells to and from bone marrow O Transport carbohydrates to cell membranes

41 Leakage into interstitial spaces causes loss of O Nutrients O White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells O Neurons O Lymph 42 A primary function of lymphocytes is to O phagocytize damaged cells O produce enzymes that dissolve blood clots O release substances that initiate blood clots O act against foreign substances 43 On a white blood cell differential high neutrophils would indicate O viral infection O parasitic infection O bacterial infection O leukemia AA The fibere that connect the AV node to the ventriolo wall

34 Generally speaking when the ventricles contract the atria is O Relaxed O Contracting O Pulsing O Flutterring 35 When a chamber is contracting it is said to be in O Systole O Diastole O Relaxation O Open 36 What is determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs O Blood type O Rhesus factor O Punnett O Agglutination ABO

14 Lymph nodes are found along groups called clusters True O False 15 Antibodies produced by B cells bind to pathogen antigens to deactivate the pathogen O True O False 16 The major artery that carries newly oxygenated blood away from the heart is the O Vena Cava O Coronary Artery O Pulmonary Artery O Aorta 17 Which of the following cells have a multi lobed nucleus O red blood cells O basophils O neutrophils eosinophils

7 Which type of allergic reaction is the most common reaction O Type 1 O Type 2 O Type 3 O Type 4 O Type 5 8 Which of the following arteries does NOT branch off of the aorta O Brachiocephalic O Left Subclavian O Left Common Carotid O External Carotid 9 Which of the following serve as sites of exchange between blood and cells O Veins O Arteries O Venules O Capillaries

Use the drop down menus provided to select terms that correctly describe the L452R mutation in the SARS CoV 2 delta variant frameshift and loss of function

Respiratory System Select a region of the model or an answer below Right Superior Lobe Trachea Laryngopharynx Epiglottis Left Main Bronchus Left Inferior Lobe Right Middle Lobe Oropharynx Cricoid Cartilage

12 Which of the following is NOT a structure of the mouth Salivary Glands O Teeth O Uvula O Rugae

I II III 1 1 1 Select 1 4 Select 11 3 Select 1 11 4 Select 2 O 2 3 This pedigree shows the incidence of an autosomal recessive trait in a human family Choose from the drop down menu to report the probability of carrier status for 1 3 4 5

42 Which of the following methods is considered natural passive immunity O Mother giving immunity to a fetus in the womb O Body producing antibodies to natural exposure O Person receiving vaccines Person receiving antibody serum Person injecting themselves with antigens 43 Immunity is characterized by the development of self O Antibodies O Cells Antigens O Amino Acids O Pathogens 44 The internal and external jugulars are major arteries in the body True O False

45 The heart sits centrally in what body cavity O Mediastinum O Thoracic O Abdominal O Pelvic 46 What portion of the spleen is responsible for filtration O Pulp O Medulla O Cortex O Hiatus 47 Lymph nodes absorb and deliver fats to the bloodstream O True

22 A check point where lymph is filtered and checked for pathogens is called a O Lymph Vessel O Lymph Node Lymph Trunk O Lymph Capillary O Interstitial Space 23 The substance produced by T cells that direct T and B cell activity is called O Antibodies O Cytokines O Collecins O Interleukin 1 O Clotting Factor X 24 Which of the following is a type of Innate defense O Species resistance O Fever O Inflammation O Chernical Barriers

13 Which of the following is NOT a pathogen O Virus O Spore O Interleukin O Bacteria O Parasite 14 All fevers are bad and should be treated O True False

52 The epiphyseal plate is also known as the growth plate O True O False 53 The organelle that has an inner membrane that forms cristae is the O Nucleus O Peroxisome Golgi Apparatus O Mitochondria 54 The muscle responsible for the lifting of the scapula is the O Rhomboid major O Trapezius O Levator scapulae O Latissimus dorsi O Serratus

82 The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is O Compact O Lamellar O Spongy O Dense 83 Which bone of the cranium is the only moveable bone O Mandible O Maxilla O Vomer O Ethmoid bone 84 What are structures in muscle fibers that shorten to result in a contraction O Fascicle O Epimysium O Endomysium

49 Which group of muscles run from cervical vertebrae to the first and second pair of ribs and elevates these ribs during breathing External intercostals O Interal intercostals O Scalenes O External obliques O Internal obliques 50 Which of the following does not move the pectoral girdle O Subclavius O Deltoid O Subscapularis O Supinator Teres minor 51 Calcitriol is formed through conversion of vitamin C extracted from sunlight

61 What serves as a messenger for the nucleus O DNA rRNA O mRNA ORER 62 ATP is usable energy for the cell O True False 63 Which of the following is not a muscle of mastication O Medial and lateral pterygoid O Masseter O Temporalis O Zygomaticus

39 Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column O Vomer O Atlas O Maxilla O Xiphoid Process 40 Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as O Irregular O Sesamoid O Flat O Short bones 41 The majority of muscles in the body are arranged in a parallel fascicle arrangement O True O False

27 The O Subclavius O Infraspinatus Soleus extends flexes and assists the arm in shoulder abduction Gastrocnemius Deltoid 28 Which type of isotonic contraction involves muscle shortening to move a load O Concentric Eccentric Isometric Muscle tension

Pamona is a protein that protects lbx12 mRNA from degradation The histones in the region of the Pamona gene are deacetylated in muscle cells and acetylated in heart cells You would expect to see less more Ibx12 protein in muscle cells and Ibx12 protein in heart cells

You are helping your professor grade an assignment about biotechnology To the question Explain how beneficial you foresee CRISPR Cas9 therapy will be in immediate future a student replied I think it will be great everyone with a genetic disease will able to be cured Which would be the best feedback to provide the student You have forgotten that everyone will require different crRNAS so CRISPR Cas9 might not work for everyone CRISPR Cas9 therapy is more suitable for generating pharmaceutical products compared to gene therapy You have to recall that CRISPR is involved in treating viral infections not genetic diseases Exactly my thoughts isn t biotechnology an exciting field This would be a great result of this technology but have you considered how expensive this technology still is do you think everyone will be able to afford it

Wild type giraffes have long necks Below is a pedigree of a family of giraffes that has a history of neckless autosomal recessive disorder causes a giraffe to have little or no neck What is the probability that the male giraffe with the question mark in the third generation will have neckless disease There are no new mutations in this family O 1 6 O 1 4 1 2 1 3 Wild type M Neckless

1 II III IV 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 Part 1 Based on the pedigree could Cardik disorder be X linked recessive Answer Yes or No and provide an example from the pedigree to support your answer B I UT T I EE 0 10000 Word Limit Part 2 Based on the pedigree could Cardik disorder be X linked dominant Answer Yes or No and identify one individual in the pedigree to support your answer Briefly explain

Points 2 Question 3 What was the objective of state governments after the elections in 1868 O To create new taxes in the North to help the South To stay neutral in discrimination matters O To help the Southern economy to recover from the war O To foster minority representation in Congress Q C 13 17 21

In hamsters the gene for black fur color is on the X chromosome The dominant allele produces black fur and the recessive allele produces white fur Oreo is a female hamster with black and white patches of fur Part 1 Oreo mates with Vanilla a white male hamster of their female offspring black and white fur Incorrect Black fur in a female requires genotype XBXB White fur in a female requires genotype Xbxb Black and white fur requires genotype XB Xb 1 4 Part 2 Oreo mates with Chocolate a black male hamster What fraction of the male offspring do you expect to have patches of black and white fur O 0 1 2 3 4 01 X 1 4 X will have black fur 0 X will have white fur and 3 4 X will have patches of Incorrect X X

Drag the X and Y chromosomes to the drawings below lining them up properly for metaphase I and metaphase II of meiosis for a male A pair of autosomes is already included in the drawings and a diploid cell is shown at the left for reference Diploid cell a a Autosomes Sex chromosomes Metaphase II Gametes XX Metaphase I AX Xy AX 33 AA aa XX Xy Xy 31 XX a a x 2118 XX YY

ment 1 Ont ils What do they do Que fait ton p re Que fait ta m re Que fait ton fr re Que fait ta s ur Qu est ce que tu fais

Which of the following represents a subjective labeling process which are more susceptible to encoding human biases A web browser clicking on an ad O A credit card transaction labeled as fraud based on customer complaints A customer canceling their online subscription labeled as churn O Using length of employment at a company to label good vs bad employees

Which of the neurons in the diagram would most likely pick up an itch sensation A B 01 A OB an an

labeled In the diagram W Spinal cord sacral segment 3 2 Urinary bladder Osomatic motor neuron O parasympathetic preganglionic neuron parasympathetic postganglionic neuron

ergy charge have on the flux of the pathway reaction below 1 po Type increase or decrease The activity of ATP Synthase Write your response here Oxidative deamination Write your response here Gluconeogenesis Write your response here Glycolysis Write your response here Fatty acid oxidation Write your response here

The nurse is caring for a patient with diabetes who utilizes carbohydrate counting with insulin correction The patient is prescribed the following insulin orders PLEASE answer step 3 The nurse will administer how many total units of insulin to this patient Round to the nearest whole number Carbohydrate Ratio of 1 unit 10 grams Correction Target 130 mg dL Correction Factor of 1 unit 25 mg dL Step 1 The patient eats 65 CHO for lunch The patient needs unitsCHO units of insulin to cover the number of CHO eaten Step 2 The patient s current blood glucose level is 245 mg dL The patient needs units BS units of insulin to cover the blood sugar level Please answer Step 3 The nurse will administer how many number total units total units of insulin Round to the nearest whole

ory 1 point Which of the following is the correct name for the body system shown in the schematic A The lymphatic system B The cardiovascular system C The digestive system D The nervous system E The endocrine system

Based on the prefixes you learned from the previous video match the statements below describing sugar molecules with their correct definitions A sugar molecule that is composed of two sugar monomers y A sugar molecule that is composed of a single sugar monomer A sugar molecule that is composed of a large number of sugar monomers A sugar molecule that is composed of several sugar monomers When the heart rate increases above normal The membrane that lines the inside of the heart chambers Question 7 Mandatory 4 points Based on the prefixes you learned from the previous video match the statements below describing the heart with their correct definitions The membrane that surrounds the heart 1 Polysaccharide When the heart rate decreases below normal 2 Monosaccharide 3 Disaccharide 4 Oligosaccharide 1 Tachycardia 2 Bradycardia 3 Pericardium 4 Endocardium