Anatomy and Physiology Questions

Which of the following ions are stored in bone as well as the sarcoplasmic reticulum and play a major role in muscle contraction 1 Sodium 2 Potassium 3 Calcium 4 Magnesium

Holding a plank is an example of what type of exercise OA Open chain B Isometric C Isotonic OD A and C E All of the above

Excitation Contraction Coupling would not occur without which of the following 1 Acetylcholine 2 Calcium 3 Sodium 4 Potassium 5 All of the above are needed

Which reflex is the reason we automatically remove our hand or foot from a painful stimulus 1 Cross Flexor Reflex 2 Flexor Reflex 3 Stretch Reflex 4 Cutaneous Reflex

Which fiber type s are active when exercising at high intensity 1 Type I 2 Type lla O3 Type llb 4 all h

Which of the following joint angles positions would provide the best length tension relationship at the elbow 1 5 elbow flexion 2 80 3 Full range elbow extension 4 Full elbow flexion

Select the statement that best describes the force velocity relationship of muscle performance A In eccentric muscle action a greater force requires a slower velocity of contraction B In concentric muscle action a greater force requires a faster velocity of contraction O c In concentric muscle action a greater force requires a slower velocity of contraction D A and B E A and C

Which has the largest physiological cross section area 1 Biceps Brachii 2 Gluteus Maximus 3 Rectus Femoris 4 Biceps Femoris

Training with plyometric exercises will help the body learn when it is and is not appropriate to inhibit the inverse stretch reflex 1 True 2 False

Muscles with a smaller physiological cross section area will produce less force but can produce greater velocity of movement 1 True 2 False

Two of the four primary tissue types contain excitable cellls cells that receive stimuli and generate electrical signals One of these is muscle tissue Name the other A connective B epithelial OC nervous

You are observing the letter e under a compound microscope Which of the following indicates how the image appears as you view it through the ocular lens O Ale B C E

Match the muscle functional group with its description 000 Prime mover Antagonist Synergist Fixator 1 2 3 4 A muscle that adds extra force to help an agonist perform that movement A muscle that opposes the movement of an agonist The main muscle that produces a specific movement A type of synergist that immobilizes a bone or a muscle s origin to give the agonist a stable base

presence and absence of oxygen True False Question 6 1 point glycolysis to occur but glycolysis can occur both in the Listen All of the following are true of smooth muscle EXCEPT Similar to skeletal muscle fibers neurotransmitter binding always results in action potentials that stimulate contraction Calcium binds to calmodulin instead of troponin during contraction The have diffuse junctions where neurotransmitters are released into a wide synaptic cleft The myofilaments are arranged diagonally instead of in sarcomeres

During muscle contraction the thick filaments pull the thin filaments towards the center of the sarcomeres causing the thin filaments to shorten True False

Common knee injuries include the 3 C s Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 C s Collateral ligaments Cruciate ligaments Capsules Cartilages

does it tell you about the muscle The muscle is able to change direction twice three times or four times faster than other muscles respectively The muscle has two three or four functions respectively The muscle has two three or four insertions respectively The muscle has two three or four origins respectively Question 38 2 points Listen Select ALL of the following that are true regarding arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis affects three times as many women as men while gout is more common in men Osteoarthritic is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the tissues of joints Lyme Disease is caused by a bacteria that is transmitted by tick bites and can result in an acute form of arthritis Gouty arthritis is due to excessive uric acid being deposited as crystals in the in inflammation

a first class lever a second class lever a third class lever a fourth class lever Question 30 2 points Listen Which type of lever is exemplified by the flexing of the forearm by the biceps brachii muscle O a second class lever O O a third class lever a fourth class lever onstrated by using a wheelbarrow a first class lever

Following the end plate potential there is a wave of depolarization that causes voltage gated sodium channels to open resulting in more sodium entering the cell Acetylcholine ACh binding to its receptors causes voltage gated sodium channels to open producing an end plate potential Sodium entering in to the cell causes depolarization and potassium exiting from the cell causes repolarization Acetylcholine ACh released by the motor neuron diffused across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptors on the muscle fiber s sarcolemma Question 14 2 points 4 Listen Select ALL of the following that are true regarding the microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscles Dystrophin helps bind sarcomeres together and helps maintain the alignment of sarcomeres Elastic filaments which are composed of the protein elastin helps the myofibril recoil after stretching and helps resist excessive stretching Thick filaments consists of many myosin molecules each of which has two heads and a tail region

Lunch was okay We had sandwiches and juice This text is lacking diction O sensory details O connotation

MODULE CARDIOVASCULAR TOPIC STRUCTURES TYPE MULTIPLE CHOICE What structure is highlighted A Small cardiac v B Middle cardiac v C Coronary sinus D Right posterior ventricular v E Great cardiac v

In an electrocardiogram which wave involves ventricular repolarization T P

Which phase of the cardiac muscle action potential involves the movement of calcium into the cell and out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum repolarization plateau quiescent period polarization

What is a typical adult stroke volume at rest 24 ml 12 mL 51 mL 72 mL

What role or roles do erythrocytes have in the blood Carry hormones and ions Carry oxygen Move both oxygen and carbon dioxide All of these Transport carbon dioxide

What is a unique role of globulin proteins in the blood that the other plasma proteins have little to no role with ATP production help with blood clotting maintain osmotic pressure

Question 3 1 point What is the role of hemocytoblasts Mark all that apply make erythrocytes make leukocytes make platelets make fibrinogens Question 4 1 point What is the first step in hemostasis vascular spasm activating factor X platelet plug

Which of the following structures contains the other four items listed Select one a postsynaptic membrane X b presynaptic terminal c synaptic cleft d neuromuscular junction e receptors on postsynaptic membrane

ST NESIS Some of the structures of oogenesis can be observed under the microscope including the primordial follicles with primary oocytes Figure 13 7 The single layer of cells forming the primordial follicles are known as follicular cells As the follicles mature they form primary follicles with granulosa cells forming a layer external to the follicular cells Primary follicles develop further to form secondary follicles in which a central cavity appears called the antrum antrum a cave The antrum is filled with fluid produced by the follicular cells that line it Every 28 days approximately one secondary follicle from either ovary develops into a larger Graafian follicle which surrounds a secondary oocyte The Graafian follicle has a large antrum filled with fluid and several layers of granulosa cells that form the corona radiata A second clear glycoprotein layer the zona pellucida is found between the oocyte and the corona radiata After ovulation the Graafian follicle forms a corpus luteum corpus body luteum yellow The corpus luteum is a source of progesterone and estrogen If fertilization does not occur it soon degenerates to form a corpus albicans alba white which eventually disappears Exercise 6 Structures of the Ovary and Oogenesis 1 Label the structures of the ovary in Figure 13 7 by writing the numbers in the blanks below Germinal epithelium Ovarian ligament Medulla 8 Word Bank Tunica albuginea 7 corpus luteum primordial follicles corpus albicans primary follicles 1900 2 Cortex Granulosa cells Oocyte Developing corpus luteum 3 Figure 13 7 The ovary frontal section secondary oocyte antrum ovulated secondary oocyte secondary follicle Corona radiata Mesovarium and blood vessels 6 4 5 bluedoor LLC

ND MAMMARY GLANDS The anatomical term for the female external genitals is the vulva vulva the womb or alternatively the pudendum puda modest The structures of the vulva include the mons pubis the labia majora and minora the urethral and vaginal orifices the hymen and the greater vestibular glands The mons pubis is an elevated area overlying the pubic symphysis forming a cushion of fat Extending inferiorly and posteriorly from the mons pubis are two hair covered folds of skin known as the labia majora singular form is labium majus which are homologous to the male scrotum Medial to the labia majora are the smaller hairless labia minora The labia minora enclose an area known as the vestibule which contains the clitoris at its anterior end the external urethral orifice next and the vaginal orifice near its posterior end The clitoris clitoris small hill is a small cylindrical organ homologous to the penis Similar to its homologue it is composed of erectile tissue and many sensory receptors and its distal end includes a cap called the prepuce of the clitoris The vaginal orifice is partly closed in most prepubescent females by a thin fold of mucous membrane called the hymen hymen membrane Flanking the vaginal orifice are two pea sized greater vestibular glands These mucus producing glands lubricate the vaginal orifice during sexual intercourse Exercise 3 Gross anatomy of the Female External Genitals 1 Using models and charts that may be available in the lab identify the gross anatomical fea tures of the female external genitals Use the list of terms below as a checklist in your study vulva mons pubis labia majora labia minora vestibule clitoris prepuce of the clitoris vaginal orifice external urethral orifice hymen greater vestibular glands 2 Label the external genitalia in Figure 13 4 by filling in the blanks after the figure 1 1 2 Hymen Anus 3 Prepuce of clitoris 4 External urethral orifice 5 Figure 13 4 The female external genitals 4 bluedoor LLC

Exercise 1 Anatomy of the Uterine Tubes Uterus and Vagina 1 Using models and charts that may be available in the lab identify the gross anatomical features of the uterine tube and uterus 1 2 3 4 5 6 ampulla cervix internal os myometrium vagina fimbriae Uterine cavity Perimetrium 11 12 ovarian ligament infundibulum endometrium uterine cavity external os isthmus Ampulla 2 13 14 Fundus of uterus 8 9 10 11 Figure 13 1 The ovaries uterine tubes and uterus posterior view The right side is partially sectioned 12 ovary broad ligament body cervical canal 13 rugae suspensory ligament 10 9 8 5 6 7 bluedoor LLC

2 Using a prepared slide of a smear of spermatocytes observe several sperm cells under high power Figure 12 11 Notice the head acrosome midpiece and tail Sketch the image under high power and label these parts of the sperm cell a Tail Nucleus Ring centriole Figure 12 11 Spermatocytes a Photomicrograph of a b Anatomy of a sperm cell c Student sketch Acrosome cap sperm smear Head Midpiece Spiral mitochondria bluedoor LLC

1 Label the structures of the testes in Figure 12 7 by filling in the blanks following the figure 1 2 3 4 Head of epididymis 2 3 4 5 Body of epididymis Tail of epididymis CMA 6 7 8 9 10 Blood vessels and nerves lee Bico sy Messe Figure 12 7 Structure of the testis and epididymis 9 Septum 8 Cavity of tunica vaginalis 6 bluedoor LLC 0

the ductus deferens Under low power find the lumen and notice the pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia lining the lumen Sketch the image under low power and label ductus deferens lumen mucous mem brane stereocilia and smooth muscle Use Figure 12 13 as a guide Lumen Stereocilia Mucous membrane Smooth muscle a Ductus deferens te b gh wall of ducrus deferens a Photomicrograph b Student sketch bluedoor LLC

3 Obtain a prepared slide of a section through the epididymis Under low power find the duct and notice the pseudostratified epithelium of the mucous membrane and the smooth muscle Make a sketch of the image under low power and label duct of epididymis lumen mucous membrane and smooth muscle using Figure 12 12 as a guide b a Duct of epididymis Lumen Pseudostratified epithelium Smooth muscle bluedoor LLC

1 Using models and charts that may be available in the lab identify the gross anatomical fea tures of the mammary glands Use the list of terms below as a checklist in your study mammary duct lobules 2 Label the structures of the mammary glands in Figure 13 5 by filling in the blanks after the figure 1 areola lactiferous ducts 2 Rib Pectoralis major Intercostal muscles 2 Lactiferous sinus 3 Subcutaneous fat AD 4 Nipple Figure 13 5 The Mammary glands a Sagittal view b Anterior view 3 4 bluedoor LLC

5 Obtain a prepared slide of a section through the penis Under scanning power identify the corpora cavernosa the corpus spongiosum and the spongy urethra Sketch the image under power and label corpora cavernosa corpus spongiosum and spongy urethra Use Figure 12 14 as a guide to assist you low Corpora cavernosa Corpus spongiosum Spongy urethra a E Figure 12 14 Shaft of penis transverse section a Photomicrograph bluedoor LLC

NATOMY OF THE SCROTUM TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS The scrotum is composed of loose skin that is underlain by a layer of smooth muscle The smooth muscle is called the dartos muscle dartos skinned which causes the scrotal skin to wrinkle when contracting Internally the scrotum is divided into two compartments by a septum of connective tissue Each compartment houses one testis Several layers of fascia and a capsule of connective tissue known as the tunica vaginalis envelop each testis providing some support and protection Attaching to the tunica vaginalis is a cord of tissue including blood vessels nerves and the ductus deferens collectively forming the spermatic cord that extends upward into the body cavity A narrow continuation of the internal oblique muscles known as the cremaster muscle cremaster hanging surrounds the spermatic cord Contraction of the cremaster muscle pulls the testis closer to the body wall for warmth when the exterior temperature drops and relaxation drops the testis to fall away when the exterior temperature rises Exercise 4 Anatomy of the Scrotum Testes and Epididymis 1 Using models and charts that may be available in the lab identify the gross anatomical features of the testes and scrotum Use the list below as a checklist for the terms for figures 12 6 and 12 7 1 testes tunica vaginalis cremaster muscle straight tubules corpus spongiosum 2 2 Label the structures of the scrotum testes and epididymis in Figure 12 6 by filling in the blanks following the figure scrotum tunica albuginea seminiferous tubules rete testis corpus cavenosa Internal oblique muscle dartos muscle spermatic cord lobules ductus epididymus efferent ducts Spermatic cord Transverse section of penis Pampiniform plexus Spermatic fascia Figure 12 6 Structure of the scrotum testes and epididymis 5 6 7 bluedoor LLC

Oogenesis is the process of producing the female gamete reproductive cell by meiosis reductive division The purpose of oogenesis is to reduce the chromosome number in the gamete from dip loid 2n the total number of 46 chromosomes to haploid n half the total chromosome number of 23 chromosomes Therefore at fertilization the diploid number is restored with half the genetic information from each parent before Oogenesis consists of two mitotic divisions meiosis I and meiosis II and begins in the ovary birth with diploid stem cells called oogonia They soon divide to form millions of germ cells most of which degenerate Some of the surviving ones develop into the primary oocyte 2n The primary oocyte begins the first meiotic division and then stops in prophase I Here it remains until puberty At puberty several primary oocytes divide each month to form two unequal haploid n cells The larger one the secondary oocyte contains most of the cytoplasm and will become the ovum The smaller one is called the first polar body and will eventually degenerate The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II but stops just before ovulation release from the ovary It will not complete meiosis II unless it is fertilized At that time it will complete the second meiotic division and form an ovum and second polar body When the sperm nucleus n unites with the ovum nucleus n a zygote 2n is formed Exercise 5 Oogenesis Label the cells of oogenesis in Figure 13 6 by writing its number in the blank before its name Before birth Each month from puberty to menopause If fertilization occurs Begins Meiosis I and stops in Prophase I 3 Completes Meiosis I 6 Ovulation Completes Meiosis II 20 2 5 7 8 Word Bank first polar body oogonium ovum primary oocyte second polar body secondary oocyte sperm cell zygote

cain a slide of the ovary and observe it under the microscope Use Figure Locate the differ ent stages of follicular development Make a sketch of your observations and label primordial follicle secondary follicle graafian follicle antrum secondary oocyte zona pellucida a b Primordial follicles Primary follicle Antrum Graafian follicle Secondary oocyte Corona radiata Zona pellucida Figure 13 8 Histology of the ovary a Photomicrograph of follicles b Student sketch

Question 11 Points 1 The diagram shows reproductive organs of a human male Which tube carries both sperm and urine B A O A OB OC C D R 20 X TO 100 Re af as Q

Label the events of spermatogenesis in Figure 12 9 by filling in the blanks following the figure 1 2 Mitosis 4 2 Meiosis I 3 Meiosis II Figure 12 9 Spermatogenesis 5 bluedoor LLC

Question 1 The figure below shows a sperm cell Which labeled structure A B C or D carries enzymes that help the sperm to penetrate an egg cell A STIL B O A Points 1 OB O C C D

Gross Anatomy of the Accessory Reproductive Glands The gross anatomy this exercise 7 of the seminal vesicles prostate gland and bulbourethral glands are examined in 1 Using models and charts that may be available in the lab identify the gross anatomical fea tures of the seminal vesicles prostate gland and bulbourethral glands Use the list below as a checklist for the terms seminal vesicles bulbourethral glands membranous urethra prostate gland 2 Label the accessory glands in Figure 12 4 by filling in the blanks following the figure Ureter Pubic bone cut 1 2 Prostatic urethra 3 Coffe Urinary bladder Ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct 4 Ampulla of ductus deferens Urogenital diaphragm Figure 12 4 The accessory glands Spongy urethra

Ruptured follicle develops into a corpus luteum Mitosis The first polar body undergoes meiosis II Meiosis Which of the following best completes the diagram Spermatogenesis A secondary oocyte is released from the ovary

Anatomy of the Uterus and Vagina 1 Using models and charts that may be available in the lab identify the gross features of the uterus and vagina 1 2 3 3 4 cervix myometrium labium minora clitoris 1 area of uterus 2 3 A 4 5 6 fundus uterine cavity labium majora endometrium NOWS 7 8 9 urinary bladder vaginal orifice rugae of vaginal 10 Figure 13 2 The uterus and vagina a Midsagittal view b Human model 11 s anatomical 7 layer 8 9 9 10 11 bluedoor LLC

2 3 4 Exercise 1 Gross Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System O 1 Using models and charts that may be available in the lab identify the gross anatomical fea tures of the male reproductive system for Fgures 12 2a and b and Figure 12 3 Use the list below as a checklist for the terms epididymis ampulla of ductus deferens membranous urethra external urethral orifice scrotum corpora cavernosa AWN 2 Label structures of the male reproductive system in Figure 12 2 12 13 14 ductus deferens ejaculatory duct 10 spongy urethra testis bulb of penis corpus spongiosum me 5 6 9 root of penis prostatic urethra shaft of penis glans penis prepuce prostate gland seminal vesicle

G Phase CYTOKINESIS cytoplasmic division MITOSIS nuclear division O G phase OS phase INTERPHASE G O G phase G Which of the following phases is NOT found in the interphase stage of cell cycle S GROWTH

Points 1 Where are eggs and sperm made Sperms Sperm duct Testis Question 12 Eggs Oviduct A B Ovary C Ovary D Uterus O A OB O C Urethra Testis

Question 3 Points 2 Study the following analogy Fusion of sperm and egg Two genetically unique zygote O Dizygotic twins Which of the following best completes the diagram Monozygotic twins O Trizygotic twins Zygotes that develops simultaneously