Human Physiology - Breathing & Exchange of Gases Questions and Answers

What is the D Value or DRT in this Microbial Death Curve log10 of number of live bacterial cells 99876 HO 10 1 0 Microbial Death Curve 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Time min Arithmetic scale O Log 10 D value Source OpenStax Microbiology half an hour 50 minutes Arithmetic number of live bacterial cells 10 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 100 000 000 10 000 000 1 000 000 100 000 10 000 1 000 100 10 1 Logarithmic scale O 10 raised to the power of 6 bacterial cells Time min 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Number of cells 1010 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 10 10 10

ATP performs work by direct transfer of a phosphate group breaking down completely into all of its component parts releasing a sugar molecule to its surroundings hydrolyzing the molecule it is acting on

Identify the two structures that contain mechanoreceptors within muscles and tendons that collect proprioception information Golgi tendon organs muscle spindles Pacinian corpuscles extrafusal muscle fibers

What is the total energy cost associated with the compound below adopting the shown conformation 3 8 kJ mol 11 kJ mol O 14 kJ mol 16 kJ mol 18 kJ mol HCH3 HH H CH3

36 If the temperature of a rock unit is elevated significantly the rock is more like a Deform plastically than elastically b Undergo brittle failure than plastic deformation C Deform elastically rather than undergo brittle deformation d Deform elastically than plastically 37 The amount of earthquake shaking and ground motion is a result of The magnitude of the earthquake event a b The depth of the focus C The geology of the soil and rock d All of the above contribute to the shaking 38 The type of fault most commonly found in divergent plate boundaries a Normal or gravity faults Reverse faults b C Strike slip faults d Transform or thrust faults 39 If an earthquake occurs the first waves to arrive at a seismographic station a P waves b S waves c Rayleigh waves d Love waves 40 Transverse S waves are only generated through a Liquids b Solids C 1 Any substance d Gas 41 A Love wave is C a A transverse surface wave with a swaying side to side motion b A longitudinal surface wave with an up and down motion The primary wave d The first wave felt as it is generated faster than a Rayleigh wave

Your trachea have short hair like cell process that move the mucus What is the name of these hair like structures and which cytoskeletal elements form them Cilia microtubules Microvilli microtubules Villi intermediate filaments Flagella microfilaments

14 FILL IN THE BLANK STA Select the best term from the list below and complete the following statements antecubital space arrhythmia diastolic electrocardiogram metabolism pulse radial respiration 3 8 1 dilated 6 The rhythm 2 The is a procedure that measures the electrical activity of the heartbeat and can be used in th detection and diagnosis of heart abnormalities 7 The sphygmomanometer stethoscope temperature thermometer tympanic volume is the term used to describe the blood pressure reading when the heart chambers are relaxed and refers to the physical and chemical processes that occur within a living cell or organism that a necessary for the maintenance of life 4 An irregularity in the force or rhythm of the heartbeat is termed 5 relates to the fold in the arm in front of the elbow is a rhythmic throbbing of arteries produced by regular contraction of the heart artery is located at the base of the thumb on the wrist side is the act or process of inhaling and exhaling breathing 15 The quantity or amount of a substance is its 9 The instrument used for measuring blood pressure is the 10 The instrument that is used for listening to sounds produced within the body is the 11 is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or an environment 12 The instrument used for measuring a person s temperature is the 13 is a sequence or pattern relates to or resembles a drum

In the reaction pyruvate CoA NAD acetyl CoA CO 2 NADH O Pyruvate is oxidized and NAD is reduced O Pyruvate is oxidized and CoA is reduced O Pyruvate is reduced and CoA is oxidized O Pyruvate is reduced and NAD is oxidized

Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets Rectus abdominis Transversus abdominis Linea alba External oblique Aponeurosis of external oblique Internal oblique Inguinal ligament Rectus sheath Rese

Question 5 What happens to the oxygen that is used in cellular respiration O It is converted to carbon dioxide O It is used to make glucose used to make Krebs cycle intermediates O It is OIt is reduced to form water O It is converted to acetyl CoA

You conduct an experiment to see how color of light affects photosynthesis in spinach According to these data which light is best for promoting photosynthesis in spinach Color of light Floating disks White Red Blue Green white red blue 100 70 80 10

A Because DNA polymerase can only add to the 3 end the DNA copy can only grow in the direction 5 to 3 B nonparallel C 3 to 5

1 1 11 6 You are a pediatrician treating a patient IV 2 for a rare genetic disorder and examines the genetic history of his extended family see diagram below The pattern revealed by the pedigree appears to be that of a sex linked recessive trait The gene KenB seems to be encoded on the X chromosome and has to alleles the dominant G allele and the recessive G allele Match the likely genotypes of the following individuals 111 N IV 2 111 5 11 7 IV 3 111 3 11 Choose l Choose Choose Choose Choose Choose Choose Choose l

Listen The simple squamous epithelium sample shown in figure 4 5 is located in the pleura kidney pancreas heart point Question 7 1 point Listen The kidney contains many tiny tubes or tubules These tubules are formed of what type of epithelium simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium stratified squamous epithelium stratified cuboidal epithelium Question 8 1 point Listen What is the function of a goblet cell to produce hormones Oto contract

What is the concentration of DNA whereby a 1 100 dilution has an absorbance reading of 0 215 at 260 nm 6 0 ug mL 1075 ug mL 175 ug mL 1750 ug mL

The AaBb x aabb and the following offspring were produced AaBb 43 Aabb 11 aaBb 14 aabb 32 Part 1 Which of the following correctly describes the arrangement of alleles in the heterozygous parent OA and b alleles on one chromosome a and B alleles on the homologous chromosome More information is necessary to answer this question OA and B alleles on one chromosome a and b alleles on the homologous chromosome Part 2 Using the information given in the instructions determine the predicted map distance between genes A and B O 75 CM 32 CM 11 CM

Match the symbol with the name of the element hint these are all elements you need to recognize by their symbols iron carbon calcium potassium sodium nitrogen 1 C 2 Ca 3 Fe 4 K 5 N 6 Na

This organism is used for neural development studies O E coli Drosophila melanogaster O Arabidopsis thaliana Saccharomycos

If the promoter region of a gene is more methylated under environmental condition A and less methylated under condition B in which condition will MORE mRNA be transcribed from this gene O The two conditions will have the same result O Condition A O Condition B

When you exhale the diaphragm O contracts and arches but only when you are exercising vigorously O relaxes and arches O relaxes and flattens contracts and flattens contracts and arches O

8 21 gen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to plasma buffers plasma proteins carbon dioxide carbonic acid hemoglobin Question 2 1 point Listen Why are bird lungs considered much more efficient that mammal lungs bird lungs have large air sars for gas exchango but mammell

During inhalation what makes oxygen from the air in the lungs move into the lung capillaries The force of breathing pushes the oxygen into the bloodstream Special pumps in the cells of the capllilaries move the oxygen As carbon dioxide moves out of the capillaries oxygen is pulled in The amount of oxygen in the air in the lungs is greater than the amount in the capillaries so it moves by diffusion Red blood cells can directly pick up oxygen molecules from the air

In mammals most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the Olarynx bronchioles trachea alveoli bronchi

5 18 21 When you exhale the diaphragm contracts and arches contracts and arches but only when you are exercising vigorously relaxes and arches relaxes and flattens contracts and flattens

3 Explain why late pregnancy often results in the types of air volumes that are noted in the scenario above Individual A

Individual C 35 year old male patient was gasping for breath at times during the procedure Vital capacity Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve Calculate the oxpiratory reserva 3500 300 2400 Lower hower hower

How do the microvilli on the absorptive epithelia of the small intestine enhance nutrient absorption they have a large amount of surface area that is in contact with digested food they contain thick and thin filaments to help absorb molecules they help protect the intestinal lining from abrasion they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood they move back and forth to keep food moving in the digestive tract

Individual F 18 year old male patient who suffered a knife wound in the right thorax Tidal volume Expiratory reserve Inspiratory reserve Calculate the vital capacity 300 700 1900 Lower Lower hower

Individual Individual A 30 year old female nearing the end of her pregnancy Air Volume Vital capacity Expiratory reserve Inspiratory reserve Calculate the tidal Spirometer Reading ml 2600 600 1500 Higher Than Expected Lower Than Expected Lower normal Lower

Which structure is highlighted smooth muscle fibers circular layer O skeletal muscle fibers longitudinal section O skeletal muscle fibers cross section O cardiac muscle fibers longitudinal section P Pears

Listen point The stages of complete metamorphosis in insects are in order larva egg pupa adult egg pupa larva adult egg larva pupa adult adult pupa larva egg egg adult 15

In anatomical position the A upper limbs hang in a natural position at the side of the body O B feet are slightly apart and the toes point forward C human is sitting D head is turned to the side

The mammary region is to the sternal region A lateral B medial C superior D inferior

2 Use a flow chart or a diagram to describe the passage of air from the nasal cavity to the alveoli where gas exchange takes place Include the following terms in your answer Terminology Intercostal muscles diaphragm Contraction Relaxation Thoracic cavity Nose Nasal cavity Cilia Mouth Oxygen Carbon dioxide Trachea Bronchii Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Checkmark

Where on an EKG tracing do you evaluate ST segment changes

What areas would the nurse listen to if wishing to listen to the pulmonic and tricuspid valve A Areas 1 4 B C D E Areas 2 5 Areas 2 3 Areas 1 5 Areas 2 4 9

The metabolic conversion of glucose to amino acids is called Glycogenolysis Gluconeogensis There is no metabolic conversion of glucose to amino acids Protein synthesis

following sentences using an appositive Emma is the hardest worker I know She has a big blue binder of notes A She has a big blue binder of notes and Emma is the hardest worker I know B Emma the hardest worker I know has a big blue binder of notes C Emma has a big blue binder of notes and is the hardest workor I In 24

River is home to many different species of fish and other aquatic organisms The is very reliant on the Sound s sea grasses which get energy from photosynthesis Clear water is critical to bay grasses The sun s rays must be able to pass through the water to reach these underwater plants growing in th Passaic s shallows Sunlight is the single most important factor determining bay grass survival Fish also need clea water to see their prey and avoid being eaten by predators Water clarity is the percent of light that passes throug the water Clear lake having a small algal population results in a deep SDT reading high clarity Light Penetration di Turbid lake having large algal population results in shallow SDT reading low clarity To measure water clarity The Secchi disc is lowered into the water until it disappears then pulled up until it can just barely be seen Scientists mark the water line on the rope and measure the distance between the Secchi disc and the water line Nutrient and sediment pollution are the main causes of the Sound s poor water clarity When excess nutrients run off into the Passaic River they can fuel the growth of water clouding algae Similarly when soil erodes and washes into the Sound particles of sediment can become suspended in the water Weather plays a large role in water clarity Rain storms wash dirt and pollutants into the Passaic which causes the water to look muddy During drier conditions the water tends to be clearer Water clarity will always fluctuate naturally depending on weather conditions Questions Write a problem statement for the above scenario

Use a flow chart or a diagram to describe the passage of air from the nasal cavity to the alveoli where gas exchange takes place Include the following terms in your answer Terminology Intercostal muscles diaphragm Contraction Relaxation Thoracic cavity Nose Nasal cavity Cilia Mouth Oxygen Carbon dioxide Trachea Bronchii Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Checkmark

to inhale and exhale more forcefully the maximum amount of air moved in and out of the lungs is called the VITAL CAPACITY which is the amount of air a person can expel from the lungs at maximum inhalation Materials Balloons metric ruler meter stick Prediction Which factor s have the most affect a person s vital capacity Rank in order from MOST effect 1 to least effect 5 The weight of the person The sex of the person Activity level athletics PROCEDURE Consider the factor you think will have the greatest effect on both vital capacity and tidal volume Explain your choice In this activity you will be measuring the vital capacity of members of the class If you have any breathing difficulties asthma or other condition you should not participate You will be using the diameter of a balloon and the graph shown to estimate your capacities 1 Choose 3 subjects from your group and record data on their height age sex and activity level The height of the person The age of the person 2 Measuring Vital Capacity Stretch a round balloon several times to stretch it out Take a deep breath and then exhale into the balloon Pinch the end of the balloon and measure its diameter in cm Record on data table 3 Convert the diameter to volume using the graph and record this on your table 4 Estimated Vital Capacity Research has shown that the capacity of a person s lungs is proportional to the surface area of his body and his height This online calculator will use your height and age to estimate your vital capacity Have each of your subjects record their data Go to this site http biol co vitcap1 DATA TABLE Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4 Sex Height Age Subject Data Lung volume cubic centimeters 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Metric ruler Diameter 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Baloon diameter centimeters and input information on test subjects It will calculate the vital capacity Activity Level low medium high Balloon Diameter Vital Capacity Volume from graph Volume from Calculator ANALYSIS 1 What is the difference between tidal volume and vital capacity Suggest a way you could measure a person s tidal volume

Number 1 on the graphic refers to nitrogen What happens when nitrogen is breathed in by an organism A It reacts with the tissues in the lungs and causes the organism to die B It dissolves into tissues and sometimes builds up to deadly levels C It is exhaled 20 95 Percent of the Atmosphere 0 97 2 1 78 08

Carotid and Aortic Bodies directly monitors blood pressure heart rate blood concentration of O2 and CO2 respiration rate

If our blood CO2 carbon dioxide increases then there is an increase of hydrogen ions or a decrease in pH that is detected by central CNS receptors True o False Previous

The respiratory tract is a fragile system if trauma occurs and one lung is punctured and collapses unfortunately then the other lung will also collapse and death will occur True False

The mechanics associated with air movement into and out of the lungs are best explained by none of these are correct Daltons Law Newton s Law Law of conservation of energy Charles Law

Cigarette Smoke acts to complete the sentence from the choices given decrease the movement of the alveoli s cilia o increase the movement of cilia within the trachea decrease the movement of cilia within the trachea increase the movement of microvilli within the trachea Previous

The anatomic location where gas exchange occurs in the respiratory tract is the a bronchi alveoli more than one is correct o nasal cavity otrachae opharynx

Write the component part definitions using the correct format with the separation marks slashes placed in the appropriate location s for the term TRACHEOTOMY

2 pts Write the medical term without separation marks slashes from the definition condition of difficult voice