Molecular Basis of Inheritance Questions and Answers

What does real time mean in rRT PCR A relatively small amount of PCR product can be quantified All of these choices It can be used to screen for results in Real Time We can monitor the progress of a PCR while its running

Describe the genetic material of SARS CoV 2 O ds DNA ve sense ssRNA ve sense ssRNA 5 DNA Question 4 1 point Listen Why do we use no template control in the reaction To screen for CDNA To test for viral RNA To screen for any contamination in the reagents

Directions After identifying the amino acid sequences for your gene follow the model below to construct the resulting structure of each protein on your own sheet 1 Using graph paper provided start your sequence in the third box down and third box from the left 2 The original protein will be contained within the first sheet and the other three proteins should each be on their own sheets for comparison 3 Write the first three letters of the amino acids into the three boxes if space allows Where boxes may be too small shade the boxes in and label each amino acid next to that shape 4 Use the key on the following page to assemble each protein Once all 4 models have been drawn on your graph paper you can more easily determine where the shape of the protein has changed if at all Circle the point at which the shape first changed in each altered protein Answer the following questions based on your completed translated sequences What is an addition insertion What is a substitution What is a frameshift What is a silent mutation Of the four mutation types above which can cause one of the others Explain using evidence

DNA mRNA OR 1 2 4 5 1 3 4 5 Ligand A Ligand B Protein Protein A Plasma Membrane Protein B Plasma Membrane Exon Intron 2nd Messenger Figure 1 Receptor proteins produced as a result of alternative splicing followed by activation of a second messenger 4 Cell signaling in eukaryotes is often dependent on receptor proteins located in the plasma membrane During the production of the mature mRNA molecules coding for these receptors pre mRNA molecules are processed to remove introns and to connect exons together The exons contain the sequences that code for proteins In certain instances different mature mRNA molecules can be formed from the same pre mRNA by alternative splicing which results in different protein sequences in the resulting polypeptides Figure 1 represents the expression of a gene with 5 exons that can be alternatively spliced to produce receptor protein A and receptor protein B a Explain how ligand A and ligand B can cause identical cellular responses in a cell b Predict the most likely effect of a two nucleotide deletion in the middle of the intron located between exc 4 and 5 on the structure of protein A Justify your prediction

Variations on Mendelian Inheritance Two gene cross blue eyes Select the crosses that would lead to only blue eyed progeny Choose all that apply Check All That Apply oohh x oohh

Green Genotypic ratio of offspring AA Aa aa 4 If you had a plant that developed with a purple stem what type of plant could you cross it to tell if it were homozygous or heterozygous Explain using a Punnett square

B galactosidase is encoded by the of the lac operon QUESTION 2 extends from the termination codon at the end of an mRNA coding region to the end of the poly A tail QUESTION 3 In prokaryotes nearly all the DNA encodes RNAS or proteins with little between individual transcription units

Melosis 1 MEIOSIS Independent assortment Independent assortment takes place during Metaphase I This is when homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in a random orientation This results in different combinations of chromosomes in each daughter cell KEY 88 XX XX XX Drag drop the chromosomes from the parent cells into the daughter cells to show how the possible combinations of chromosomes Maternal chromosome came from the mother 88 s OO Paternal chromosome come from the father

QUESTION 24 What was the new name of Beadle and Tatum s hypothesis after it was discovered that some enzymes were composed of more than one polypeptide chain O the One Gene One Enzyme hypothesis the One Gene One Polypeptide hypothesis O the One Polypeptide One Enzyme hypothesis O the One Polypeptide One Gene hypothesis O the One Gene Two Gene hypothesis QUESTION 25 What are the three distinct activities of protein synthesis in the correct order O initiation elongation termination O termination initiation elongation O initiation termination elongation O elongation initiation termination

b How many copies of the Wallele are present in the gene pool What is the frequency of the Wallele Show your work 3 points aloon snobne natteliv siterap of colalls at nonclugod mill chep dose not How many copies of the B allele are present in the gene pool What is the frequency of the B allele Show your work 3 points

If a cell contained a mutation in the gene that encodes FtsZ which process would be affected Multiple Choice Prophase Septation DNA Synthesis Cytokinesis

cellular Matrix protein ranscription factor intracellular domain ptor tyrosine Kinase In the signaling diagram on the below the ligand binds to a blank Ligand binding domain Extracellular Fill in the Ligand paracrine factor Cytoplasm Inactive P P responding protein ATP ADP P Active responding protein

H O Formation of a nucleotide Condensation water removed Hydrolysis water added A nucleotide is formed when phosphoric acid and a base are chemically bonded to a sugar molecule In both cases water is given off and they are therefore condensation reactions Double Stranded DNA The double helix structure of DNA is like a ladder twisted Into a corkscrew shape around its longitudinal axis It is unwound here to show the relationships between the bases The way the correct pairs of bases are attracted to each other to form hydrogen bonds is determined by the number of bonds they can form and the shape length of the beso The template strand the side of the DNA molecula that stores the information that is transcribed into mRNA The template strand is also called the entisense strand The other side often called the coding strand has the same nucleotide sequence as the mRNA except that T in DNA substitutes for U in mRNA The coding strand is also called the sense strand a Sugar deoxyribose b Phosphate c Hydrogen bonds between bases 2 a Explain the base pairing rule that applies in double stranded DNA Formation of a dinucleotide Two nucleotides are linked together by a condensation reaction between the phosphate of one hudentide and the sugar of another 1 The diagram above depicts a double stranded DNA molecule Label the following parts on the diagram d Purine bases e Pyrimidine bases b Explain how this differs in mRNA c Describe the purpose of the hydrogen bonds in double stranded DNA

M B A A B A C The diagram above shows Eukaryotic transcription Match the letter labels from the diagram to the names t MA M mRNA template strand non template strand N DNA polymerase D

A B C GG GOU GAC AGU GOU tRNA D Anticodon Codon Match the labels from the diagram above to the names below mRNA Ribosome UGG AC A GAU E

Number of newborns 25 20 15 10 5 0 44 46 Lengths of Newborns 47 49 50 52 Length cm 53 55 56 58 a About how many babies make up 85 of the births represented in the histogram 2 points b About 8 babies make up 15 of the births represented in the graph Which range s in the histogram represent the 15 of babies with the most extreme phenotypes 2 points

TACC GTGAT The strand experiences an insertion mutation that causes the addition of an adenine A between the two cytosines C It is not corrected by the DNA repair mechanism a Draw a model showing how the strand of DNA looks after the mutation 1 point b Is this mutation likely to have a significant effect Why or why not 2 points

synthesis Then explain how the structures of these two DNA segments are different Finally explain how having different structures is likely to affect the structures and functions of the proteins made by these two genes 5 points CTG CAT GACGTA GTACTG CATGAC 2 Protein synthesis has two main steps transcription and translation

A plant population has the following distribution of genotypes for flower color Genotype RR Number of 20 individuals Phenotype Dark red Rr O A 100 OB 30 O C 20 O D 50 50 Red What is the frequency of the Rr genotype rr 30 White

The density of the polyacrylamide will influence the speed and resolution of the proteins on the gel True False Question 6 1 point Listen Q Sepharose beads in lon exchange chromatography are positively charged True

2 Describe 3 distinct lines of evidence that support endosymbiotic theory Make sure to describe how these lines of evidence support the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

DNA Replication Worksheet

3 Show the cross of a white eyed female X X with a red eyed male XRY What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring xr Phentypes Genotypt xr A XRxYXR tr

e c What are the genotypes of the parents How may are White eyed and male White eyed and female XHXh female who is a carrier XhXh female with hemophilia Red eyed and male Red eyed and female In humans hemophilia is a sex linked trait Females can be normal have the disease or be carriers for the trait Males will either have the disease or not but they won t ever be carriers XHXH normal female XHY normal male XhY male with hemophilia 2 A woman who is a carrier marries a normal man Show the cross 1 Show the cross of a man who has hemophilia with a woman who is a carrier What is the probability that their children will have the disease What is the probability that their children will have the disease What sex will a child in the family with hemophilia be 3 A woman who has hemophilia marries a normal man Draw a Punnett square to answer How many of their children will have hemophilia and what is their sex

osome don mRNA IRNA ES 100 W In the diagram of translat X C Amino acid EK HER Hook BOK Z Amino acid HOOK OOK W X Y Z

The next few questions refer to the pedigree below The pedigree illustrates the inheritance of a rare disease in humans Small numbers above selected shapes indicate specific individuals First what is the phenotype of individual 1 DO female with the disease O male without the disease male with the disease O female without the disease motion to answer this question 3 4 Ho

Plants and fungi also have haploid gametes and diploid zygotes but because of differences in the order in which meiosis fertilization and growth and development take place they have different life cycles Fungi undergo meiosis rather than growth and development immediately after fertilization so the zygote is the only stage of the life cycle that is diploid 2N and all other stages are haploid N Fungi thus have a haploid life cycle Plants undergo growth and development after meiosis and after fertilization so have multicellular stages that are haploid and multicellular stages that are diploid and their life cycle is referred to as alternation of generations you will learn more about plant life cycles in BIOL 2120 During meiosis the number of chromosomes in a diploid cell is halved haploid cells never undergo meiosis This process has both a random and a non random component In meiosis homologous chromosomes line up and then are separated This is the non random component of meiosis because assuming no errors occur each gamete gets one and only one of the chromosomes from each pair of homologous chromosomes The random part of meiosis is in the combinations of different chromosomes that each gamete receives You probably remember some of the different relationships that genes on homologous chromosomes can have with each other such as dominance co dominance etc For today s lab we will not worry about these relationships too much as what we are doing is general to homologous chromosomes regardless of their relationships Meiosis splits homologous chromosomes This means that if we look at genes for a single trait with two alleles call them A and a we can graphically represent what happens Figure 1 What are the possible gamete genotypes Parent Cell 2N Aa Daughter Cells N Meiosis Possible gamete genotypes Figure 1 The results of meiosis for a single gene with 2 alleles A and a Notice that Figure 1 is a bit simplified What also must have happened to progress from a single 2N parental cell to 4N daughter cells After meiosis fertilization occurs In fertilization the diploid condition is restored Two gametes each with a single chromosome from each of their parent s homologous pairs fuse The resulting cell now has the same number of chromosomes as the parent 2N and homologous chromosomes are again paired up However the identity of those chromosomes is not the same as either parent An important point is that genes on different chromosomes move from one generation to the next completely independently of one another This is called the principle of independent assortment Although this is certainly not always the case for today s lab we will deal only with genes that assort independently

The Punnett square is a simple simulation of sexual reproduction meiosis followed by fertilization Punnett squares allow you to predict the likely results of sexual reproduction for both individuals and populations Today s lab will help you set up and solve some simple Punnett squares at the level of the individual The first step of doing a Punnett square is to determine the likely gametes that can be produced by the individual parents i e determine the possible results of meiosis For a single parent and considering a single gene on two homologous chromosomes this is straightforward The gametes that result from meiosis of the haploid cell can have either the allele on one chromosome or the allele on the other there are no other options Genotypes of diploid cells are generally denoted with simple abbreviations For example for a species with only two alleles for a given gene the Alleles can be represented by any letter using different cases For example we can let A represent one allele and a represent a second allele for the same gene we could use A A a a etc to represent more alleles as needed Below are three different possible genotypes for a diploid individual using this system of representation For each determine the possible haploid genotypes of Gametes that meiosis could produce MONOHYBRID CROSS Determining the possible gamete genotypes each diploid can produce Diploid genotype AA Aa Parental description Homozygous A 2 identical A alleles Heterozygous 2 different alleles Homozygous a 2 identical a alleles aa Parental description Homozygous B 2 identical B alleles Heterozygous 2 different alleles Possible gamete haploid genotypes A A or a To keep track of separate genes we can simply use different letters For example if A and a represent different alleles for hair color then we might use B and b to represent alleles for eye color Diploid genotype a With your group determine the possible gamete genotypes each diploid individual can produce Possible gamete haploid genotypes List all

2 AaBBx AABb a Possible gamete genotypes for AaBB b Possible gamete genotypes for AABB c Punnett square d Offspring genotype ratio You can go further If you know the total number of offspring that result from the mating you can determine how many of them should have a specific genotype assuming that your understanding of the genetic system is correct For example if a pair of fruit flies following this genetic system had 40 offspring we would expect that 40 0 25 10 of the offspring would have genotype AA We can use this to test hypotheses about the relationships between different genes alleles and even to determine possible parent genotypes In fact this is the basic logic of paternity tests used in courts of law tabloid talk shows STATISTICALLY COMPARING GENOTYPES The chi square test The chi square x pronounced kai square test is very useful in Mendelian genetics Categorical data are usually counts of occurrences in different mutually exclusive categories Each genotype is a category as are phenotypes Thus these are categorical data and a chi square test is appropriate This chi square test uses the observed numbers and the numbers expected if the results follow the hypothesis predicted by the Punnett Square which follows Mendelian principle of independent assortment to calculate the probability that the observed results could have occurred by chance The chi square test is statistically testing these hypotheses when analyzed with Mendelian genetics ratio data Ho The observed ratio is not different from the expected ratio as predicted by Mendelian genetics Ha The observed ratio is different from the expected ratio as predicted by Mendelian genetics

Finally be a ribosome and TRANSLATE your mRNA sequence into the predicted protein chain of amino acids for the normal form of the Mystery Gene Hint 1 Use the Dictionary of the Genetic Code below Start with the first AUG in your mRNA Ribosomes recognize AUG as the start site for translation Hint 2 Many people find it helpful to write out the mRNA sequence on paper and put lines between the codons for easy reading Like this AUG GUU CAU etc Write your protein sequence using the three letter names for the amino acids Put a space or a hyphen between amino acids Like this Met Val His etc

Clotted blood and blood in EDTA are collected to provide respectively for general serologic investigations of AIHA O Cells plasma O Cold sample warm sample O Serum cells O Antigens antibodies O Serum plasma and

with a globin chain mutation that alters hemoglobin Question 3 Answer a oxygen binding b function C stability d solubility

Which of the following are features of operons Select all that apply Choose one or more O A riboswitch OB promoter C operator OD poly U tail E protein coding genes stert odon ALG

b aaBBccdd c AaBbCcDd 50 Hint don t do a tetrahybrid cross do monohybrid crosses for each gene then use the multiplication rule 3 Approximately 4000 years ago a small number of people settled in areas of Finland and became separated from the rest of the population These people reproduced but due to the low number of people it caused a loss of genetic diversity in the subsequent offspring which caused many disorders to arise These disorders are collectively known as Finnish heritage diseases This event was so significant that even today one in five Finnish people carry at least one gene related to a Finnish heritage disease A man and a woman both of Finnish heritage are aware of this so they see a genetic counselor They are interested in having a child but fear they may pass on a disease They have their DNA analyzed and it comes back that they are both carriers for the recessive disease known as megaloblastic anemia a type of anemia common in Finnish descent Thankfully if they have an affected child it is treatable a What is the probability that if they have a child it will have megaloblastic anemia b Let s say they decide to have three children total What is the probability that all three AABE Show w

Choose two types of lateral gene transfer to compare and contrast the type of genetic information that is transferred the mechanism of transfer and under what conditions each type of transfer would be beneficial

DO True False

What level of structure in proteins is held together by intermolecular R group interactions O primary structure O secondary structure O tertiary structure O quaternary structure QUESTION 26 vitamins E and C beta carotene and the parent compound for vitamin A are example of some common examples of antioxidants QUESTION 27 What type of protein secondary structure is characterized as being highly extensible because of its coiled structure OB pleated sheet O double helix Oa helix

The calculated X value way of freedom chart as seen on the right Unless in otherwise compare your value to the p 0 05 row 1 A science teacher is bothered because of all the noise outside of his classroom each day He decides to see where th noise is coming from and finds that several groups of freshman students use the water fountain located by the door to his classroom There are three other water stations on campus and after studying the frequency at which students visi each water fountain he becomes convinced that students prefer the water fountain by his room rather than the other three fountains The teacher assigns a student to be at each water fountain and count the total number of students getting water from each one The data is as follows water fountain 1 by the teachers door 45 students water fountain 2 36 students water fountain 3 25 students and water fountain 4 30 students Is the teacher correct the students prefer to use the water fountain by his door Toumain 1 45 fountain 2 36 fountain 15 25 fountain 14 30 Step 1 state the null hypothesis Step 2 determine your expected values Step 3 complete the Chi square chart 113 Observed 05 Expected E TEL O E O E O E E Step 4 calculate your degrees of freedom 366 W20 30live 30 T

QUESTIO You are observing a cell Its cell wall is made of peptidoglycan and contained pigments capable of photosynthesis what would it be called For the toolbar press ALT F10 PC or ALT FN F10 Mac BIUS Paragraph V Arial I V 10pt V A v v I Q

Which statement about DNA is true DNA consists of two strands that run in opposite directions DNA has exactly two nitrogenous bases Thymine and guanine are complementary bases Each DNA nucleotide consists of three nitrogenous bases and a sugar

atch each term with the best description Codon DNA Nucleotide Transcription Translation Composed of two chains of nucleotides wound in a double helix The process by which a single strand of RNA is synthesized from DNA Triplet of nucleotides containing the instructions for the production of amino acids The process by which proteins are formed from the genetic code of mRNA Molecule consisting of a phosphate group sugar group and a nitrogenous base

What was the Alpha helix Just making sure you downloaded and read the correct paper posted on Canvas If this is a difficult question read all instructions prior to starting any assignment throughout this course DO NOT stop this test or close it as it is timed and you only get one shot to answer the questions An oceanic research vessel owned by the Scripps Institute to provide technologically advanced laboratories to experimental biologists The structure of a polypeptide chain O The proposed structural model of DNA proposed by Watson and Crick A program initiated in 1964 by the US National Sciences foundation for international research More than one of these answers are correct All of these answers are correct

What is the name of the waxy lipid found in the cell wall of acid fast bacteria O teichoic acid O lipid A O mycolic acid Olipopolysaccaride

What is contained within the nucleoid O a chromosome O ribosomes O lipids proteins

The experiment done by showed that DNA replication is O Hershey and Chase conservative O Meselson and Stahl semi conservative O Meselson and Stahl conservative Hershey and Chase semi conservative

Question 10 Which of the following statements correctly describes the processes included Dogma ODNA DNA RNA ORNA IRNA protein acid protein RNA

In a cross between a white eyed female fruit fly and a red eyed male fruit fly what is the expected outcome All female offspring with white eyes All offspring with white eyes All male offspring with white eyes All offspring with red eyes

Transcribe the following DNA sequence non template strand 5 ATGGCCGGTTATTAAGCA 3 O 5 ACGAATTATTGGCCGGTA 3 O 5 AUGGCCGGUUAUUAAGCA 3 O 5 ATGGCCGGTTATTAAGCA 3 O 5 TACCGGCCAATAATTCGT 3

Where does transcription take place in human cells O Nucleus O Nucleoid Nucleosome O Cytoplasm

What is the correct sequence of steps in the central dogma O DNA Protein RNA ODNA RNA Protein