Principles of Inheritance & Variation (Genetics) Questions and Answers

What would result from a yellow round pea RRYY crossed with a green wrinkly pea rryy A Only 1 green wrinkly pea B Only 1 yellow wrinkly pea C Only 1 yellow round pea D Only 1 green round pea

In the demo the penny represents a recessive trait and the quarter a dominant trait An organism with one of each is A incompletely dominant B heterozygous C sterile D homozygous

Which of the following are NOT characteristics of the pea plant that make it an ideal subject for experimentation A short germination time B easy to manually pollinate C rare and exotic traits D easy to grow

In a H W question about a recessive trait calculate first A 2pq B p2 C aa D q2

Which of the following blood types could NOT belong to the child of a mother who has type A blood and a father who has type B blood O A OB O AB all are possible

MHC Class I is expressed on expressed on whila Ta cells recognize while MHC Clas TH cells recognize

and transplanted them in mouse 3 which had been thymectomized and lethally irradiated no T cell Use experiments Zinkernagel took bone marrow from mouse 1 and a thymi producing T cells from mouse 1 those T cells will mat ure in thymus and be exposed to self antigens He them challenged the reconstituted mouse with LCM virus and removed spleen cells These splee incubated with LCMV infected target cells cells expressing MHC plus antigenic components of the different MHC haplotypes and the lysis of the target cells was monitored The results of 2 such e using H 2 strain C57BL 6 mouse 1 mice and H 2 mouse 2 strain BALB C mice are shown in the Remember that the TCR has to recognize the MHC antigen complex of the haplotype in which it wa recognize A B Experiment Bone marrow and thymus donor Mouse 1 H 2 x Mouse 2 H 22 Mouse 1 H 22 Mouse 2 H 22 Thymectomized x irradiated recipient Mouse 1 x Mouse 2 H 2bxd Mouse 1 x Mouse 2 H 2bxd Lysis of LCN H 2d All of the cells in these mice suiral antigen

a At what stage do you find gene rearrangement b At what stage do you find expression of IgM c At what stage do you find expression of IgD d At what stage do you find class switching

Two plants that are heterozygous for flower color and produce red flowers are crossed Some of their offspring produce white flowers Which claim is best supported by this information A New combinations of alleles can form due to lateral gene transfers during conjugation B Inheritable genetic variations can arise due to mistakes made during replication C New combinations of alleles are inherited from two different parents due to fertilization D Inheritable genetic variations can result from mutations caused by environmental factors such as chemicals

How is the phenomenon of genetic divergence related to the process of speciation

What is the link Telomere shortening and Down syndrome

Q4 6 What does it mean to say that extension by DNA polymerase III proceeds 5 3 The 5 end of a DNA polymerase molecule attaches to the 3 end of primase ODNA polymerase adds nucleotides to a growing strand moving in the 5 3 direction ODNA polymerse seals nicks as it moves along a DNA strand toward the 3 end ODNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA at the 5 end of an existing strand of DNA

An individual with a karyotype 47 XY 22 is also known as O Tetraploid triploid O Tetrasomy

Female Drosophila fruit flies deposit mRNA coding for Bicoid protein at the anterior head and upper body side of unfertilized eggs they produce After fertilization a concentration gradient of Bicoid develops ranging from high concentration anterior to low concentration posterior or rear end and abdomen Anterior structure develop in the presence of Bicoid and posterior structures develop in its absence in this way Bicoid plays a critical role in the development of Drosophila Considering its role in the development of Drosophila Bicoid is most likely O a cell receptor O part of the cytoskeleton O a transport protein O a transcriptional regulator

You are analyzing DNA to determine which suspect was at a crime scene with a victim You have PCR amplified short tandem repeats STRs from the samples and separated them w gel electrophoresis to perform DNA fingerprinting as follows DNA sources are noted above each lane Victim Lane 1 Suspect 1 Lane 2 Suspect 2 Lane 3 and Crime Scene La 4 DNA was loaded into wells at the top of the gel near the lane labels i e Victim etc Question Based on the data below which suspect left DNA material at the crime scene Please explain your choice referring to specific band s on the gel Victim Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Crime Scene

How can you determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive Autosomal or sex linked Follows a more complex pattern of inheritance such as incomplete dominance or codominance

A species of pea plants produces peas that are either smooth dominant trait or wrinkly recessive trait Two plants are crossed one that is heterozygous dominant and one that is homozygous recessive About what percentage of the offspring should be homozygous recessive OOOO 25 O 100 O 50 O 0

Which of the following would you NOT expect to see in a cancer cell O A mutation in the DNA coding for a relay protein in an inhibitory pathway leading to an altered relay protein locked in an off state O A mutation in the DNA coding for a relay protein in an inhibitory pathway leading to that protein getting degraded within the cell O A mutation in the DNA coding or a receptor protein in a stimulatory pathway causing the receptor to have a mutated active site such that the corresponding ligand signaling molecule cannot bind O A mutation in the DNA coding for a receptor protein in an inhibitory pathway causing the mutated receptor to behave as though the ligand never bound

A man with an X linked recessive trait such as hemophilia can pass this allele on to only his sons only half of his sons Oonly his daughters all of his children

Match the person described on the left with the proper genotype on the right CF patient like Emily A carrier like Emily s mom A person who is not a CF patient or a carrier of CF A person who has one parent with CF and one Choose Choose AAaa a AA Aa aa A Choose

A plant is homozygous for the production of yellow seeds YY and homozygous for wrinkled seeds rr What possible gametes will this plant produce OA YR Yr yR and yr OB Y y and ronly O C YY and rr only OD Yr only

he law of independent assortment states that A B C D Allele pairs do not separate independently of each other during meiosis Allele pairs do separate independently of each other during meiosis Allele pairs do not separate independently of each other during mitosis Allele pairs do separate independently of each other during mitosis

Which of the following encephalopathies are transmitted via contaminated surgical instruments latrogenic CJD Variant CJD Familial CJD

Members of the cnidarians include which have cnidocytes used to capture prey A slime molds B jellyfish C octopi D snails

4 points Save A Medical evolution has real importance for the comprehension of the origin of various genetic diseases Researchers have examined the distant homologues technially orthologues of genes which are known have disease associations in Humans such as Waardenburg syndrome What can be accomplished by examining these long distant cousins of our genes such as can be found in plants or yeast O A We can learn how other species deal with these diseases OB We can learn the basic and universal functions of these genes to better understand how the disease causes problems O C To understand how these plants and distantly related species may be causing the disease seen in humans OD It is not important and has apparently been a waste of time and money for these researchers and tax payers but it is important to know which research paths should not be taken

Eye color brown B is the dominant allele and blue b is the recessive allele For the shape of the nose pointy P is the dominant allele and flat p is the recessive allele Samantha is heterozygous brown eyed and has a flat nose She marries Murry who is heterozygous brown eyed and a heterozygous pointy nosed person What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their children Use a punnet square to support your answer 5 A

A Identifying the Probability Using Punnett Square predict genotype percentage of traits of th offspring following a simple pattern of inheritance Mendelian Genetics Write your answers on separate sheet of paper 1 8 Identify the possible genotypes of the offspring given the following parental genotype Male RR X Female Rr male R female R r Male Gg x Female Gg G male female G g Quarter 4 Male AA x Female aa A male female a a Male pp x Female Pp male R g Grade 8 A genotypes number percentage genotypes number percentage MATH SCIENCE ENGLISH MAPEH genotypes number percentage gonotypes number porcentago Page 10 of

Listen Which of the following statements best summarizes evolution by genetic drift It is really is the same as gene flow Natural selection can only occur when mutations happen It represents the result of selection for acquired characteristics in organisms It is the random change of allele frequencies over time It can only occur in very large populations

Imony to constructing a phylogenetic tree choose the tree with the fewest branch points choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes either in DNA sequences or morphology choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable base phylogenetic trees only on the fossil record as this provides the simplest explanation for evolution

Code Female XX male XY mom XX DAD XY

What is the chance of a tall white offspring if one parent is heterozygous tall and white and the other parent is short and heterozygous green Show all 8 steps in your answer

Which of the following best summarizes the process of DNA replication O O O mRNA nucleotides copy information from one strand of the DNA DNA nucleotides build new copies of both strands of DNA It involves transcription and translation of both strands of the DNA It occurs at the ribosome and involves all three types of RNA I DON T KNOW YET

Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch Starlings producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness Which of the following terms best describes this situation O sexual selection stabilizing selection artificial selection disruptive selection directional selection

Which of the following accurately describes what occurs at the M checkpoint and what would most likely occur if the M checkpoint failed during mitosis A B C D The M checkpoint ensures the proper replication of DNA during the DNA synthesis If the M checkpoint fails then the cell cycle will be inhibited from this point forward The M checkpoint checks for correct attachment of the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers If the M checkpoint fails then the cell may undergo nondisjunction of chromosomes The M checkpoint checks if the DNA is damaged and promotes DNA repair If the M checkpoint fails then each of the daughter cells will end up with damaged DNA The M checkpoint ensures that all the components required for cell division are avail able If the M checkpoint fails then the cell will immediately begin the process of apoptosis

In butterflies red wing color R is dominant to yellow wing color r and long antennae A are dominant to short antennae a A researcher crosses a true breeding butterfly with red wings and long antennae and a true breeding butterfly with yellow wings and short anten nae The researcher finds that all of the offspring contain red wings and long antennae The farmer then crosses two F1 butterflies which produce an F2 generation with approximately nine times as many offspring with red wings and long antennae as butterflies with yellow wings and short antennae Which of the following best explains these results A B C Alleles that are on nonhomologous chromosomes recombine The allele pairs of each parent stay together resulting in identical gametes to the parents Gene segments on sister chromatids cross over increasing genetic variation

MacLellan John 12 23 p m Tall plants T are dominant over short plants t and white flowers g are recessive to green flowers G What is te chance of a white short plant being produced if both parents are heterozygous tall and green Show all 8 steps in your answer

What is the relationship between DNA genes and chromosomes ODNA is made of genes which are located on chromosomes O Chromosomes contain hundreds of genes which are made of DNA O Genes contain hundreds of chromosomes which are made of DNA O Genes are made of DNA but have no relationship to chromosomes

Mom and dad plastipig s both have three legs and are carries for one lethal allele What is the chance of their next child having four legs normal

Which of the following is NOT a well known type of RNA A aIRNA B tRNA C mRNA D rRNA

DNA fingerprinting requires a process called gel in which electricity is used to move molecules through agarose A electroshock transfer B electrophoresis C Northern blotting chromatography

The complementary DNA CDNA can be derived by working backwards from an mRNA strand using the virus derived enzyme A p680 B reverse translatase

12 Use the codon chart to determine the amino acids created from each DNA DNA G RNA Amino acids Normal DNA GA CTT O Blood Cell Amino Acids C T T GA Normal DNA 13 Which codon in the sickle cell DNA is altered Sickle Cell DNA G GA CAT T T JOU HUN HAN Sickle Cell DNA C 0 www bology com 1st 2nd or 3rd 14 What happens in people that have this difference in their DNA 15 Explain how it would be possible to have a change in a single base of DNA but have the protein NOT change and be functional Hint look at the codon chart

first base O Silent U O Frameshift C Here is a codon in an mRNA sequence O Nonsense A G UUU UUC UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG GUU GUC U GUA GUG phe leu leu AUU ACU AUC ile ACC AUA ACA AUG met start ACG Which type of mutation would this be considered to be val UCU UCC UCA UCG C GCU GCC GCA GCG second base CCU CCC CCA pro CCG ser thr ala A UAU tyr UAC UAA Stop UAG Stop CAU CAC CAA 1 CAG gin AAU AAC AAA AAG GAU GAC GAA 1 GAG his asn lys asp glu glu G Cys UGU UGC UGA Stop UGG trp CGA There is a mutation that occurred in the DNA sequence to give a new mutated codon in the mRNA sequence AGA CGU CGC CGA CGG AGU AGC AGA 1 AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG arg ser arg gly DCAGUCANDUAGDAG third base

Examine the following figure O 0 O 25 O 75 BOTH MY PARENTS WERE COLORBUND SO 50 HEY IF WE MADE MORE THAN TWO WE D HAVE A BETTER THAN EVEN CHANCE OF ADORABLE RED HAIR If the woman on the right her father has normal vision and her mother is colorblind has children with the man on the left what is the probability that a son of this couple will be color blind OOH AND CHECK THIS GREEN EYES G TRIVIA 30 OF BIOLOGIST FIRST DATES DISINTEGRATE INTO MAKING PUNNETT SQUARES 2 pts

Answer the following question about this Punnett square dealing with an X linked recessive genetic disease XAXa XAY Which of the parents are affected with the disease O Only the mother O Only the father O Both the mother and the father XA Y XA Xa XAXA XAXa XAY Xay

Cold case files recently began re investigating an old murder case The murder took place in the park a young man James was hit over the head with a brick and killed Police suspected the jealous former boyfriend of James wife Karen Whoever killed James may have washed their hands in a nearby bird bath as detectives found blood in the bird bath Since the murder took place before DNA fingerprinting was available the suspected killer Ronnie went free Detectives are now reviewing the blood evidence using DNA fingerprint Based on the DNA fingerprints above of all the possible suspects who is James killer Consider the DNA Fingerprint below Birdbath Babs Aubrey Karen Ronnie

A mutation occurs and adenine replaces cytosine What impact do you think this will have on the DNA structure 5 Thymine O H N NH N Guanine Adenine H N NH N NH 3 OH Ne impact on the structure Cytosine 5 HO3 O Adenine is smaller than cytosine so it will not base pair properly with the guanine on the opposing strand leading to a new type of DNA strand Adenine is larger than cytosine and will not be able to base pair properly with the guanine on the opposing strand causing the DNA to bulge The strand will not fold the helix properly and leads to the strand unfolding

In Guinea pigs black hair B is dominant over white b rough coat texture R is dominant over smooth r and short hair S is dominant over long hair s Assuming these genes are on separate chromosomes draw the Punnett square for a cross between a homozygous black rough short haired Guinea pig and a white smooth long haired one What would the phenotype s of the offspring be BBRRSS brs F1 If two of the F1 offspring were crossed draw the Punnett square for this cross A Make a list of the possible gametes making sure each has exactly one copy of each of the genes one allele for each gene B What would the phenotype ratios be for the F2 generation F1 Offspring Gametes F1 Offspring

a Robert has a widow s peak b Robert s father and paternal grandfather also have widow s peaks c Robert s mother and paternal grandmother do not have widow s peak d Robert s maternal grandparents also do not have widow s peaks ase Study 1 Questions

Select the correct answer Jason adds the antibiotic penicillin to a bacterial culture The bacteria develop genetic modifications in their genome which gives them resistance to the antibiotic penicillin What caused this genetic modification OA mutations to the DNA sequence OB normal gene regulation OC operon gene induction OD RNA interference