Biological Classification Questions and Answers

Describe how MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry can be used to identify a bacterial species. What's a disadvantage of this method?

Considering what we have learned about scientific laws and theories, we know that... Laws and theories both describe a phenomenon. Laws and theories serve different purposes in science. Laws and theories both explain a phenomenon. Laws and theories can change into one or the other.

Which statement reflects the influence that the Harlem Renaissance had in changing American society in the 1920s? It signaled the end of the Great Migration. It expanded the influence of African American art. It demonstrated the changing demographics in western cities. It prohibited African Americans from returning to the south after WWI.

Vials of microorganisms that undergo the freeze-drying process called ... will remain preserved and viable for years. desiccation flash freeze lyophilization pasteurization sterilization

Two noncellular agents, smaller than viruses, are the infectious proteins called... and the infectious RNA strands called... prions; capsomeres virions; prions viroids: phages prions; phages prions; viroids

Which epidemiological tool will NOT help you answer the question, "How are people being exposed to the suspected virus and becoming infected?" Case-control Study Case Definition Longitudinal Study

Choose the term that describes a virus that has a membranous outer covering over its capsid, partially derived from a host cell. Enveloped virus Naked virus Encapsulated virus Icosahedral virus Coated virus

There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoan, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa, and helminths... do not cause many human infections are not affected by antimicrobials are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult are parasites found inside human cells have cells with fewer target sites compared to bacteria

Which of the following viruses would you expect to have the broadest range of host species? A) human papilloma virus B) rabies virus C) human T-lymphotrophic virus D) human immunodeficiency virus

Which of the following is a FALSE STATEMENT about viruses: A) they do not infect plants B) they have either DNA or RNA, not both C) they must multiply within a host cell D) they generally do not carry out their own metabolism E) they lack a nucleus

Draw a diagram of a cross section of a woody eudicot stem that has three years of secondary growth. Label the following features primary xylem, secondary xylem, primary phloem, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, pith, cork cambium, phelloderm, bark, inner bark, outer bark, annual growth rings, rays, parenchyma.

Fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota form mycorrhizal associations with orchids, a type of flowering plant. How do these associations benefit both the fungi and the orchids? A.The orchids receive water and oxygen from the fungi, while the fungi receive food and minerals from the orchids. B.The orchids release enzymes to break down sugar for the fungi, while the fungi fertilizes the soil surrounding the plant. C.The orchids gain nutrients and carbon dioxide from the fungi, while the fungi gain oxygen and sugar from the orchids. D.The orchids produce decaying material for the fungi, while the fungi provide structural support to the orchids.

What is the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring produced by the cross Aa x Aa? Assume complete dominance for the trait. 100% dominance 25% dominance; 75% recessive 75% dominant; 25% recessive 100% recessive 50% dominant; 50% recessive

After the impact, small sand grain-size tektites reentering the atmosphere produced heat that was more than the Sun's radiation. True False

What is the estimated amount of energy released by the Chicxulub meteor? 1 billion Hiroshima nuclear bombs 100 billion Hiroshima nuclear bombs 10 billion Hiroshima nuclear bombs 10 million Hiroshima nuclear bombs

What is the name of the mineral altered by tremendous pressure? shocked quartz shocked hysteria shocked granite shocked feldspar

After the asteroid impact, granite flowed as a liquid to form the Peak Ring of the Chicxulub Crater. True False

Use the following choices to answer questions 3 to 7 with either letter A, B, C, or D according to the statements listed below: A. E. coli growing in glucose broth at 37C with oxygen for five days B. E. coli growing in glucose broth at 37C without oxygen for five days c. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B Hint: Compare the net reactions of aerobic respiration versus lactic fermentation 3. Which culture produces the most lactic acid? 4. Which culture produces the most ATP? 5. Which culture consumes all the NAD+? 6. Which culture uses the most glucose? 7. Explain WHY you provided that answer in question 6

The Hell Creek Formation in the Badlands of North Dakota was deposited about 68-66 million years ago. True False

In class, we compared taxonomy and systematics. Which of the following BEST describes a limitation of taxonomy? taxonomy is more likely to lead to convergent evolution rather than common ancestry taxonomy uses evolutionarily novel traits to construct phylogenies taxonomy does not reflect evolutionary relationships between groups taxonomy classifies species based on their evolutionary relationships

Which of the following molecules is an enzyme? Protein Sucrase Mannose Glucose Sucrose

Scientific Inquiry in Medicine By Frank W. Jackson, MD Science has been a latecomer in the world's history. Up until the 20th century, there was no precise testing of any treatment. If the patient didn't die and did recover, there was acceptance that whatever treatment was given must have worked. Most of what was done for the patient was not helpful, but not harmful either. At times, however, it was dangerous. For instance, our founding father, George Washington, was bled in 1799 when he had pneumonia, undoubtedly hastening his death. In the 1800s things hadn't really changed very much. One main reason was that there were so few good treatments for any medical condition. Even as late as the 1950s, the effective medications were few: the heart medicine digitalis, aspirin, sulfa and another new antibiotic called penicillin, a few toxic diuretics, some hormones, Maalox for indigestion and herbs. Even though there was little to offer (we didn't really know it at the time), patients still came to see physicians and patients did get better. So what is [Scientific Inquiry]-on which all modern medicine and science are based? Simply put, it means that a treatment or a hypothesis is subjected to rigorous testing to see if the treatment works or if the hypothesis is true. For example, a scientist hypothesizes that a drug will be effective in treating a certain disease. The fact that the scientist wants to believe it does not make it so. Testing must be done. Sometimes, it doesn't work or it actually makes the patient worse. [The research process allows the scientific community to accumulate information to verify scientific information.] Still, it is the best system we have. All scientists, not just doctors, use this technique in one form or another. The federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) uses these scientific guidelines to approve new treatments. So whenever someone or some published article mentions a great treatment for some disease, we need to question the data. Testimonials by individuals don't really mean much. They can sound great but, from a scientific viewpoint, they are almost meaningless. In fact, they may actually be damaging, as there may be a serious underlying problem such as cancer, which is not discovered early. The FDA does an enormous amount of [regulation]. To the extent possible, they assure us that the food we eat is safe. They brought us the new food labels that provide a great deal of valuable information for the consumer on calories, fat, sodium and other nutrients. They regulate medical devices. We would never buy a heart valve from Best Buy and ask a physician to insert it just because a friend said it was great. Likewise, the FDA regulates the pharmaceutical drug industry [by creating a clear process for science to go through a systematic screening. This screening ensures that devices, drugs, and medical best practices are safe and lives up to their claims.] The public benefits by being assured that the prescription medicines they take and the medical devices used on them have undergone rigorous scientific testing. Directions: Respond to the following questions in your science journal. 1. According to the author, what are characteristics of scientific inquiry in medicine?

Link each microorganism with its classification according to its optimal growth temperature. 1. Bacteria growing in Antarctic ice 2. Bacteria that grow well at refrigerator temperatures 3. E. coli is the most common cause of urinary infections in humans 4. Bacteria living in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park (930) 5. An Archaea called "Strain 121" (Geogemma barossii) is able to survive and reproduce in an autoclave (121C) 6. Yersinia pestis, the bacteria that cause bubonic and pneumonic plague in humans 7. A green mold that cover food that you left in the refrigerator for too long 8. The bacterium Geo stearothermophilus can be isolated from soil at a temperature higher than 45 and have an optimal growth temperature of 60C

The medium Mannitol Salt Agar is selective (i.e. allows them to grow) for microorganisms that are... Mesophiles Halophiles Acidophiles Capnophiles Facultative anaerobes

The term microaerophile refers to an organism that... A. does not use oxygen but tolerates it. B. is killed by oxygen. C. uses oxygen in the levels that are present in air D. requires less oxygen than is present in air. E. requires more oxygen than is present in air.

What are some of the ways science has used technology to improve society?

Which of the following evidences support the Endosymbiotic Theory? Choose all the correct options. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similar shape and size Mitochondria and chloroplasts are two types of bacteria The type of ribosomes found in mitochondria and chloroplasts is similar to those in bacteria Bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts contain a circular DNA Bacteria have similar size and shape as mitochondria and chloroplasts

What is the morphology and arrangement of the bacteria in this figure? Morphology is staphylo; arrangement is cocci Morphology is cocci; arrangement is staphylococcus Morphology is bacilli; arrangement is staphylo Morphology is cocci; arrangement is strepto Morphology is cocci; arrangement is staphylo

Gram-negative cell wall cannot ... maintain the shape of the cell. be affected by lysozyme protect the cell in a hypotonic environment protect the cell in a hypertonic environment contain lipid A

If the streak plate is prepared correctly, you will obtain individual colonies True False

A single cell that has reproduced many times until the the accumulation of the cells can be seen without a microscope is defined as a(n): colony inoculum medium pure culture mixed culture

What was a major morphological criterion on which the traditional classification of animals was based? presence or absence of cell wall. presence or absence of specialized cells. basic pattern of cell division. presence or absence of a true body cavity. presence or absence of genetic material.

Match each component of the cell wall with "Gram-positive bacteria", "Gram-negative bacteria", or "both"

3. Antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis ultimately cause bacterial cell death as a result of... A. plasmolysis B. inhibition of molecular transport C. osmotic lysis D. decreased synthesis of peptidoglycan E. cell shrinkage

4. Some bacteria cells can convert into endospores when... A. nutrients are scarce or depleted B. the temperature is too high C. there are some toxic chemicals in the environment such as antibiotics D. the environment is too dry E. All of the above

What is the effect of alcohol (Gram stain decolorizer) in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria? O dissolves the outer membrane O dehydrates the thick peptidoglycan O close the pores O trap the primary stain insides the cell O All of the above

The resolution of an electron microscope is ______________ than a light microscope because of the O A. Higher; use of electromagnetic lenses O B. Higher; shorter wavelength of electrons O C. Lower; use of electromagnetic objective lens O D. Lower; longer wavelength of electrons O E. Higher; higher size of the microscope

A nontoxic virulence factor that helps bacteria attach to host surfaces as it establishes itself is mucous membrane pili an enzyme fimbriae

After he was elected president of the Second French Republic in 1848, what did Louis- Napoleon do in 1852? A. He named himself emperor. B. He abdicated the throne. C. He fled the country. D. He called for new elections.

Most animal phyla belong to the clade lophotrochozoa. protostomia. deuterostomia. bilateria.

Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit? A) The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lacked the structural support to stand erect in air. B) Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants. C) There was less competition for space, so they simply spread out flat. D) They were tied to the water for reproduction, thus needing to remain in close contact with the moist soil.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a fungus? bread mold slime mold yeast mushroom

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between: a. a fungus and a moss b. two kinds of fungi c. a fungus and an algae d. a plant and an algae

Fungi are classified primarily on the basis of their: a. feeding structures b. mode of nutrition c. ecological role d. reproductive structures e. when they appear in the fossil record

Mycorrhizae are: the small roots in the root systems of trees endosymbiotic bacteria associated with plant roots fungus and tree root mutualistic associations parasitic fungal infections of tree roots endosymbiotic fungal cells associated with leaves

You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (for example, 250 meters deep) and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of the following structures would you provide your protest? A) chloroplasts from both red and green algae B) pseudopods and chloroplasts from red algae C) apicoplasts and pseudopods D) hydrogenosomes and apicoplasts

In secondary endosymbiosis, a/an A) autotrophic prokaryote; heterotrophic eukaryotic protist B) autotrophic eukaryotic protist; heterotrophic eukaryotic protist C) heterotrophic prokaryote; autotrophic eukaryotic protist D) heterotrophic eukaryotic protist; autotrophic heterotrophic protist became endosymbiotic in a/an

Multicellular organisms evolved from three different ancestral lineages: alveolates, unikonts, and archaeplastids. Of these, fungi and animals evolved from two different ineages of ____, and land plants are ____ A) archaeplastids; unikonts B) alveolates; unikonts C) alveolates; archaeplastids D) unikonts; archaeplastids

Which of the following options lists the events of protist evolution in the correct order, according to current science? A) Mitochondria and then chloroplasts evolved through primary endosymbiosis; later, algae were incorporated into several other groups of protists through secondary endosymbiosis. B) Chloroplasts and then mitochondria evolved through primary endosymbiosis; later, algae were incorporated into several other groups of protists through secondary endosymbiosis. C) Mitochondria and then chloroplasts evolved through primary endosymbiosis; later, protozoans were incorporated into several other groups of protists through secondary endosymbiosis. D) Mitochondria evolved through primary endosymbiosis; chloroplasts then evolved through secondary endosymbiosis.

What is the morphology (shape) of your unknown sample? O sarcinae O spirocheate O bacilli O cocci