Cell: The Unit of Life Questions and Answers

If a positively charged ion is more concentrated outside the cell, the forces required to balance the chemical gradient would be directed________________. Thus, the equilibrium potential for this ion would be charged. outward: negatively inward: positively inward: negatively outward: positively

Describe what is happening to microbes in a culture tube as they pass through the phases of growth. In which phase, microbes are most sensitive to antibiotics and why?

Match the parts of microscope on the left with the function the right magnifies the image 10 times Focusses light on the specimen Controls the amount of light Moves stage up or down for dear image

Which statement best describes a cell? A small compartment that includes a cytoplasm, a nucleus, and a cell membrane. A sac-like membrane that stores water. A compartment that contains DNA and regulates when genes are turned on and off. The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism that can be said to be alive.

The functions of mitochondria include all but 1. Regulation of cell death by apoptosis 2. Regulation of signaling pathways that using Ca2+ as a messenger 3. ATP production and some amino acid synthesis 4. Glycolysis

Salivary glands produce a large quantity of enzymes, which are transported out of the secretory cells. Which of the following organelles would be in abundance in these cells? A Nuclei B Ribosomes C Smooth ER D Lysosomes

A scientist is studying the various prokaryotic and eukaryotic species found floating in a sample of water taken from a marine ecosystem. Which cellular component will be found in the widest range of organisms in the sample? A The chloroplast, since all organisms need a source of energy. B The ribosome, since all organisms need to synthesize proteins. C The mitochondrion, since all organisms need to break down glucose. D The cell wall, since all marine organisms need them for support.

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory? Very few cells are able to reproduce. Cell are the basic unit of life. All living things are made of cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Which of the following is not part of cell theory? Cells are the basic unit of life in all organisms. All living things come from one or more cells. All cells must be able to make their own food. All cells come from existing cells.

What is the correct order of the levels of organization in a living thing, starting with the smallest level? a cell to tissue to organ system to organ to organism b organism to organ to organ system to tissue to cell c cell to organ to tissue to organ system to organism d cell to tissue to organ to organ system to organism

Which of the following is NOT commonly a part of the mechanism of enzyme- based catalysis? metal ions acidic and/or basic groups positioning of substrates bonding R group changes

As part of the cell cycle, a cell produces new daughter cells that are identical to the original cell. During which phase are the two daughter cells physically separated? A Cytokinesis B Synthesis phase C First growth phase D Second growth phase

Writing to Learn: Exploring Your Habits of Mind What habits of mind do you already possess as you approach this course? To determine this, think about your high school study habits or how you mastered a subject, hobby, or technology inside or outside of school. Then write down your answers to the following questions: • What sparked your interest in the first place? • What questions did you initially have? • How did your questions evolve as you learned more? • How did you go about finding out answers to your questions? • How did the answers you found lead to further questioning or additional research? Having looked back on your experience, which habits of mind did you form as you satisfied your curiosity and followed through on your interest? You may see as you read on that you have a head start on the habits expected of college students.

Match the following part to its most appropriate function listed below. coarse adjustment knob Initial knob used to focus an image when the scanning or low power objectives are selected 4X objective 100X objective 10X objective This is the bottom portion of the microscope that is grasped when carrying it Handle of the microscope used for carrying This supplies light for viewing Only focus knob that should be used when using the high power or oil-immersion lenses Textured knob used to position different objective powers Where the eye is placed to view specimens; has 10X power flat area where slide is placed 40X objective Lens beneath the stage that bends light rays to the specimen Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen. This cylinder joins the eyepiece to the arm

Cells may have different shapes and different numbers of organelles, depending on their function. Which features do plant cells have that animal cells lack? A Chloroplast, ribosome, and cell wall B Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, and vesicle C Cell wall, chloroplast, and central vacuole D Central vacuole, chloroplast, and smooth ER

The cytoplasm (Select all that apply) is a viscous gel-like solution that slows rate of diffusion within cells contains a mixture of soluble ions, metabolites and macromolecules has filamentous proteins that make up cytoskeleton determines the pH and osmotic pressure of the cell

The organelle in most cells that produces a significant quantity of energy (ATP) is the mitochondrion. This organelle has two membranes, the inner of which is highly folded to maximize surface area. What does this highly folded membrane most likely indicate? it is present due to random chance with no functional significance it is functioning to perform a specific task for the mitochondrion it is contributing to the death of the mitochondrion it is an artifact of evolution that modern humans no longer need

Which of these cell structures is NOT correctly matched to its cellular function? Golgi complex: where membrane vesicles are added around new proteins mitochondria: where photosynthesis takes place plasma membrane: selectively allows certain molecules in/out of cells lysosome: where breakdown of macromolecules occurs ribosome: where new proteins are produced

"Oh, I go by various names. I am the wild huntsman in some countries; the black miner in others. In this neighbourhood I am known by the name of the black woodsman. I am he to whom the red men consecrated this spot, and in honour of whom they now and then roasted a white man, by way of sweet-smelling sacrifice. Since the red men have been exterminated by you white savages, I amuse myself by presiding at the persecutions of Quakers and Anabaptists; I am the great patron and prompter of slave-dealers, and the grand-master of the Salem witches." Identify how the narrative has been developed. Use of lengthy sentences Use of introspection Use of reflection By description

A cell is placed in a water solution with the same salt concentration as the cell. The cell is placed in a hypotonic solution hypertonic solution Isotonic solution

The passively diffuses oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the cell. cell wall plasma membrane nucleus protoplasm

Which of the following are not characteristics of the cell wall? Select all that apply. cellulose and chitin hydrophilic and hydrophobic structures found in cells of fungi and algae double-layered membrane

If a cell was observed under the microscope and found to have a rigid cell wall and be green in color that cell is most likely a Animal cell Plant cell Bacterium cell Algae cell

Match the following terms and definitions. 1. powerhouse of the cell 2. protein producers 3. shipping and packaging center 4. food and pigment storage 5. transportation highway of the cell 6. enzyme producer for digestion lysosomes ribosomes mitochondrion Golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum

What is an organelle? OA small structure within the cell that serves specialized functions. OA specialized protein that speeds up chemical reactions. OPackets within the cell cytoplasm that contain powerful enzymes. OThe semipermeable membrane surrounding a cell.

Which scientist discovered cells by observing cork with a homemade microscope? Carolus Linnaeus Rudolf Virchow Robert Hook Theodor Schwann

A food molecule that contains 17 covalent bonds contains more energy that a food molecule that contains 9 covalent bonds. Explain why this is true.

You have discovered a new kind of cell with a never before seen type of organelle that contains a highly hydrophobic compartment. Which type of large biological molecule would most likely be abundant in this compartment? proteins there is not enough information to decide carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids

Cells in multicellular organisms must adhere, interact and communicate with each other. This is achieved by using A) Gap junctions B) Anchoring junctions C) Tight junctions D) Plasmodesmata E) All the above

The plasma membrane is composed of: cellulose cellulose and protein lipid only phospholipid and protein

Which of the following is an incorrect match of molecule to the location where it is principally used? DNA-nucleus mRNA-nucleus and cytoplasm rRNA cytoplasm glucose lysosome proteins ribosome

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following biological molecules? steroids smooth ER starches lipids rough ER glucose proteins

Choose the true statement(s) about prokaryotic external appendages. To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements as there may be more than one correct answer. Pili allow for adhesion, movement, and aid in gene transfer through conjugation. Fimbriae aid in gene transfer through conjugation. The glycocalyx promotes adhesion and interferes with phagocytosis. Flagella allow for motility.

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells? a. The cytoplasm of both cukaryotes and prokaryotes is surrounded by a plasma membrane. b. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes both contain ribosomes, but the ribosomes of eukaryotes are more complex in structure than those of prokaryotes. c. Eukaryotes exchange segments of internal membranes between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, but prokaryotes have no such internal membranes. d. Some organelles contain their own DNA that is more similar to prokaryotic DNA in structure and function than to the eukaryotic DNA found in the cell's nucleus.

In an experiment a fluid sample containing RBCs, bacteria, mycoplasma, PPLO, and viruses was strained aseptically (without allowing any contamination by unwanted organisms) using filters having different pore diameters. One filter (filter X) had a diameter of 2 micrometers. The other filter (filter Y) used was of diameter of 200 nanometers. Which of the following is the correct option regarding the general types of cells, in the filtrate X obtained by straining through filter X and filtrate Y obtained by straining through filter Y, the residue of filter X? O Filtrate X: bacteria, mycoplasma filtrate Y: viruses, PPLO O Filtrate X: mycoplasma, PPLO, filtrate Y: viruses O Filtrate X: mycoplasma, PPLO, viruses: filtrate Y: no organism O Filtrate X: RBCs, filtrate Y: bacteria, mycoplasma, PPLO, viruses

During a fight-or-flight response, epinephrine is released into the body's circulatory system and transported throughout the body. Some cells exhibit a response to the epinephrine while other cells do not. Which of the following justifies the claim that differences in components of cell signaling pathways explain the different responses to epinephrine? a. Cell signaling depends on the ability to detect a signal molecule. Not all cells have receptors for epinephrine. Only cells with such receptors are capable of responding. b. Cell signaling depends on the transduction of a received signal by the nervous system. Not all cells are close enough to a synapse to receive the signal and respond. c. Cell signaling depends on the signal being able to diffuse through the cell membrane. Epinephrine is incapable of diffusing through some plasma membranes because of the membrane's phospholipid composition. d. Cell signaling requires reception, transduction, and response. All cells can receive epinephrine, all cells respond with a pathway, but only select cells have the proper coding in their DNA to respond.

Temperature ranges for bacterial growth varies by species. Match the following temperature ranges with the correct organism type. Thermophiles 4°C to 25°C 20°C to 45°C 80°C to 110°C 0°C to 15°C 50°C to 80°C

Bacterial capsules can...choose all the correct answers and only the correct answers allow bacteria to stick to things (i.e. surfaces or other bacteria) allow bacterial cells to move across solid surfaces allow bacteria to move through liquid environments protect bacteria against parts of our immune system

The Latin name Helacyton gartneri was controversially proposed for a new species of what? O a. 2.5 billion-year-old fungus O b. Jellyfish parasites O c. Multicellular yeast, evolved in the lab O d. Very flat organism with no organs or internal structures O e. Independently-living human cells

What protein provides the energy/force needed to translocate proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum? Dynamin Oligosaccharyl transferase Ran-GTP The ribosome The translocator

Which of these is not connected to the endomembrane system by vesicle trafficking? inside of nucleus endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane All of these are connected by vesicle trafficking endosomes

Which statement accurately describes the modification process for plasma membrane glycoproteins? Glycosylation and oligosaccharide modification occurs solely in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosylation begins in the ER and modification of the attached oligosaccharide continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosylation and oligosaccharide modification occurs solely in the endoplasmic reticulum. Glycosylation begins in the Golgi apparatus and modification of the attached oligosaccharide continues in the ER None are correct because only cytosolic proteins are glycosylated.

Describe the characteristics of the phospholipid bilayer that permit small hydrophobic lipid molecules to pass directly across the membrane. c. The phospholipid bilayer has a hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tails. This means that the small hydrophobic molecules will pass through the hydrophobic head and be pushed through the hydrophilic tails since the molecule is hydrophobic. a. Reread the question above and analyze the work. Explain how the response above could be improved or why this student lost credit

During oxidative phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species are sometimes released that can damage mitochondria. What is the name of the process by which a cell can remove/eliminate damaged mitochondria? Apoptosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Autophagy

Which of the following is an example of potential energy? vesicle movement across the cell chemical bonds between atoms energy of disordered movement muscle contraction for locomotion membrane transport of molecules

What happens for cells to get out of Mitosis? Cdc2 is translated by the ribosome CDK is spliced by the spliceosome cyclin is degraded by the proteosome CAK is condensed into chromosome Wee1 is attached to desmosome

Fermentation takes place, in the mitochondria. in the cytosol (cytoplasm). In the Krebs cycle. in the electron transport chain.

Which of the following organisms is mismatched with its trophic level? a. phytoplankton-primary consumer b. eagle - tertiary or quarternary consumer c. algae - produca d. carnivorous fish larvae - secondary consumer

Which of the following are the three types of cytoskeleton found in eukaryotic cells? Cthulingtons Microtubules Microfilaments Microtubingtons Intermediate filaments Nuclear bridges

Which one of the choices is a characteristic shared by integrins and cadherins? Both proteins have a cytoplasmic domain connected to the cytoskeleton. Both facilitate the adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix proteins. Both are peripheral membrane proteins