Human Physiology - Locomotion & Movement Questions and Answers

AMP-PNP is the abbreviation for a structural analogue of ATP in which the second and third phosphate groups are linked by an NH group (instead of an oxygen atom). AMP-PNP can bind to the ATP-binding site of most ATPases (enzymes that hydrolyze ATP to ADP + P). AMP-PNP differs from ATP in that the terminal phosphate cannot be removed by hydrolysis (so you cannot create ADP, therefore, you cannot get energy from AMP-PNP). Based on this information, explain the following: a) When isolated myofibrils are placed in a flask containing Ca²+ and AMP-PNP, contraction is quickly stopped. Where in the contraction cycle will contraction stop? Be specific.

Match the phase of the cross bridge cycle with the state of the ATP/ADP+P Crossbridge formation Power stroke Release of the myosin head Resetting of the myosin head (recocking) A. No change in the ATP B. Binding of ATP C. Release of ADP + P D. Burning/use of ATP into ADP+P

Which part of a muscle cell does an action potential travel down? The sarcalemma The sarcoplasm The sarcoplasmic reticulum The epimysium

Choose the statement that best describes how the skeletal muscle pump works. Increasing abdominal pressure and decreasing thoracic pressure during inhalation causes increased venous flow, Blood is pushed along the venous system as a result of the surrounding skeletal muscles pressing on veins. Blood vessels in the skeletal muscle dilate during exercise to increase blood flow. OSmooth muscle cells surrounding the veins contract to increase venous pressure.

Skeletal muscle is also known as muscle, meaning we have control over it. A. involuntary B. voluntary C. cardiac

Which statement best describes a cause and its effect that occurs during the process of muscle contraction? The release of calcium ions causes myosin and actin to attach to each other. The shortening of the sarcomere causes the release of calcium around the myofibrils. The pull of myosin on actin causes the motor neuron to send a nerve impulse. The presence of calcium ions within nerve cells causes the sarcomere to shorten.

Which is the best summary of paragraph 15 of "The Lady, or the Tiger?" A. Because of their connection the lover knows the princess holds the secret of the doors. B. The lover hopes the princess knows the secret of the doors. C. The lover fears the princess will send him to the tiger.

What is the threshold stimulus (V) in the lower forelimb muscle with a 20g load? A. 7.0 B. None C. 8.0 D. 6.0

Summarize it! 1. Organize Create a graphic organizer to summarize the functions of the muscular system and how it interacts with other organ systems. 2. Create another graphic organizer to summarize the systems of support found in plants and how they interact with one another.

Chickens use their breast muscles to do powerful, quick motions like flying or fighting. What type of muscle fiber is chicken breast muscle is probably mostly comprised of? Fast, glycolytic muscle fibers Fast, oxidative muscle fibers Slow, glycolytic muscle fibers Slow, oxidative muscle fibers

If there were no calcium-ATPases in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, what would happen to cross-bridge cycling during a single switch? It would only occur for a very short duration. It would not occur. It would occur continuously until ATP runs out.

In what starting position is the biceps brachii most likely to make the most amount of tension when contracting? Hint: Think about sarcomere length. When your elbow is bent at a 90 degree angle When your elbow is fully flexed (biceps touching forearm) When your elbow is fully extended (fingers pointing to the ground)

When is tension specifically produced within a single cross-bridge cycle? When ATP binds to myosin head Power stroke Cross-bridge formation When ATP hydrolyzed by myosin head

In a typical single twitch of a muscle, when exactly does cross-bridge cycling begin? When calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum When the action potential travels down the T-tubule When calcium binds to troponin When tropomyosin shifts and reveals the actin filament

Myoglobin produces the end plate potential is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP stores oxygen in muscle cells breaks down glycogen

During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? actin filaments Z discs thick filaments myosin filaments

An increase in the calcium ion level in the sarcoplasm starts the sliding of the thin filaments. When the level of calcium ions declines, sliding stops. True False

If a muscle fiber were to suddenly and permanently stop producing ATP the fiber would no longer be able to actively transport calcium out of the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) and the intracellular calcium concentration would rise. Which of the following would you expect to happen? No change would occur in a muscle that was relaxed to begin with. Calcium would be transported to the sarcoplasmic reticulum therefore contractions would cease. The fiber would twitch uncontrollably due to excessive calcium bound to troponin. Myosin would be able to bind to the exposed binding sites on thin filaments but it would not be able to detach.

Which symptom is NOT common in Parkinson's disease? a) Tremor b) Recurrent bleedings c) Stiffness d) Uncontrolled movements

The muscle you can see on the microscope screen was stained for myosin ATPase and a darker stain indicates a higher capacity to use ATP. This means muscles can contract more quickly and can be considered fast twitch. Which of the three cells on the microscope screen can be considered fast twitch? a) 1 and 2 b) 1, 2, and 3 c) 2 and 3 d) 1

A person with myasthenia gravis has many fewer acetylcholine receptor proteins on the membrane of skeletal muscle cells. When compared with normal muscle cells, how would you expect this decrease in acetylcholine receptors to impact muscle contraction in response to motor neuron activity? myasthenia gravis muscle cells will contract normally myasthenia gravis muscle cells will not contract, regardless of motor neuron activity myasthenia gravis muscle cells will contract less frequently than normal muscle cells

Arrange the following events in chronological order, beginning immediately after the motor neuron initiates the response by listing the numbers associated with each: 1. T tubules transmit electrical impulses throughout the muscle cell. 2. Myosin contacts actin and pulls it toward the center of the sarcomere. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle. 4. Troponin-tropomyosin complex shifts to expose myosin binding sites. 5. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Which example best describes a restoring force? the force applied to move a spring back to its original length any force that is applied to a spring to change its length the force applied to compress a spring and shorten its length the force applied to stretch a spring and increase its length

What is the relationship between mass and weight? Weight is the force of gravity on the mass of an object. Mass is the force of gravity on the weight of an object. Weight and mass are the same forces. Mass and weight are not forces.

The head of an infant grows significantly during the first four months of their life. On average, how many centimetres does the circumference increase during this period of time? Use the information below to help calculate the answer. Increase in Head Circumference 0 - 2 months of age: 2 cm/month 2 - 4 months of age: 1.5 cm/month 4 08 02

Which of the following skills are examples of linear motion? Select all the options that apply. a) A sprint athlete hurdling a barrier. b) A football receiver veering to go around an opponent c) A stride jump in triple jump d) An axel jump in figure skating

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that surrounds each myofibril in the muscle? Produce adenosine triphosphate Store and release molecules Contract the muscles Communicate with the brain

Which of the following require energy predominantly from the ATP-PC system? Anaerobic activities like sprinting (< 2 minutes) Activities requiring short burst of power (< 15 seconds) Intense, aerobic activities like marathon running. Movements of our involuntary muscles.

Read the section "Other Facts About Muscle Tissue," What does this section explain that other sections DO NOT? the differences between the three muscle tissues the idea that muscle tissues are made up of cells the fact that we can control some muscles but not others the effects that exercise can have on muscles in the body

Identify the INCORRECT statement regarding locomotion. As the flexor networks are being turned off, it will disinhibit the extensor networks. Activation of the flexor burst genator in your right leg will cause your left leg to extend. Reciprocal inhibition of extensor burst network will allow the extensor motor neurons to be activated The stance phase is regulated by the cutaneous information from the foot and proprioceptive information from the muscle

The sarcolemma, or muscle cell plasma membrane, helps maintain a concentration gradient of calcium ions (Ca²+) between a muscle cell's cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid. When a muscle cell receives a signal to contract, Ca²+ moves down this gradient, passing from the extracellular space into the cytoplasm of the cell. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which Ca²+ moves across the sarcolemma during muscle cell contraction? Choose 1 answer Ca²+ is transported through transmembrane ATPases. Ca²+ passes through membrane channel proteins. Ca²+ flows through aquaporins. Ca²+ directly diffuses through the membrane bilayer.

Which resistance exercise is least biomechanically similar (or less equivalent) to a Standing Back Squat Seated Leg Press Smith Rack Squat Standing Calf Raise Inverted Leg Press

NAME THE LEVER CLASS Knee Flexion in standing leg curl: RFL = cuff weight wrapped around the ankle; EFL distal insertion of hamstring tendons on proximal tibia and fibula: 1st class 2nd class 3rd class 4th class

Fixing eyes on a target during one-legged static balance trial likely enhances balance due to all of the following, except: Visual orientation and organization Range of motion Task-specific focus Selective attention

Identify the INCORRECT statement regarding locomotion: As the heel strikes the ground, the mechanoreceptors will feed sensory information from your foot before you start the swing phase again We have the stretch reflex, Golgi tendon reflex, as well as the extensor thrust reflex, and the output of these reflexes cannot be switched from flexion to extension We have 2 CPGs, one for flexion & one for extension as a complete set for each leg The swing phase starts only if the leg is not bearing weight, the hip is extended, and the opposite leg is in stance phase

Gerald has difficulty in initiating voluntary movements, but is able to move smoothly once he gets going. Which area of the brain is most likely affected? epithalamus medulla oblongata limbic system cerebellum basal nuclei