Biology Questions

A an pigment that can be used to measure pH B part of the fish used in swimming C an instrument used to measure mass OD a part of the fish used in breathing

Taring refers to A using a weigh boat B setting the balance to zero C calibrating the balance for accuracy D both A and B

A primary research article is one which contains the methods results and discussion of laboratory research True False

A has the goal of determining if an article is fraudulent OB is accomplished by experts in the same field OC makes sure the experimental design is correct OD both B and C E all of the above

The sugar arabinose was needed during the pGLO lab to A cause bacteria to become resistant to ampicillin B allow the GFP protein to glow green C allow GFP mRNA to be produced allowing the protein to then be translated

The solution in this diagram is A hypertonic B hypotonic C isotonic

Water moves across membranes by the specific process called diffusion True False

A B C Mass Change D DEASETONY 3 5 A B Five potato cores A E were placed into beakers with various concentrations of sucrose solutions At 10 minute intervals the cores were massed weighed to see water intake or release and the percent change in mass of each bag was graphed Which line represents the solution that was most hypertonic to the potato cores C DE 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time minutes

For the results section of a paper which of the following sentences would be the best to include A Liver contains a lot of catalase so that it can detoxify substances B The foam layer reached 11 2 mm though it was difficult to measure since it disappeared rapidly C The control did not demonstrate any catalase activity D After the addition of 2 drops of liver extract the tube was placed at room temperature for one minute then the foam layer was measured to be 2 mm

Which of the following is a conclusion best supported by the data shown Diffusion Diameter cm 2 5 1 5 0 5 5 10 15 X 20 25 30 Time min 35 40 Temperature has an effect on diffusion rates Temperature speeds up chemical reactions X4 45 50 Figure The Effect of Molecular Size and Temperature on Diffusion Rates of Two Different Chemical Methylene Blue and Potassium Permanganate KEY Red Potassium permanganate at 25 degrees Celsius Red square Blue Potassium permanganate at 5 degrees Celsius Blue diamond Purple Methylene blue at 25 degrees Celsius Purple X Green Methylene blue at 5 degrees Celsius Green triangle

Given the agar plate above measuring the diffusion rates of Potassium permaganate orange and methylene blue dark blue which would you predict to have a larger molecular weight Agar plate

www 10 A cell wall In this cell undergoing mitosis the structure highlighted by the arrow with the question mark is known as this

is the term used to describe the process by which a cell or group of cells becomes committed to a particular fate refers to the resulting specialization in structure and function Determination Differentiation Differentiation Determination

Match the following terms with the statements Meroblastic cleavage Holoblastic cleavage Neural crest cells organogenesis Choose develop along the neural tube of vertebrates and form various parts of the embryo incomplete division of the egg occurs in species with yolk rich eggs such as reptiles and birds complete division of the egg occurs in species whose eggs have little or moderate amounts of yolk such as sea urchins ar D various regions of the germ layers develop into rudimentary organs Choose Choose

The lungs digestive sytem pancreas originate from which of the following germ layers Ectoderm Oendoderm Mesoderm

The heart cardiovascular system kidneys and gonads originae from which of the germ layers ectoderm endoderm mesoderm

The nervous system skeleton outermost layer of epidermis originate from which of the germ layers ectoderm mesoderm O endoderm

The vertebrate ectoderm is the origin of the nervous system liver pancreas heart

In humans identical twins are possible because OA of the heterogeneous distribution of cytoplasmic determinants in unfertilized eggs B of interactions between extraembryonic cells and the zygote nucleus C the gray crescent divides the dorsal ventral axis into new cells D early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated

Which of the following is TRUE about apoptosis A Essential for the development in animals B lack of apoptosis can lead to developmental defects C Apoptosis leads to the presence of webbed fingers A and B all of the abo

Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ tissue layers during A determination OB cleavage C fertilization E gastrulation

As an embryo develops after fertilization occurs new cells are produced as the result of OA differentiation B preformation OC mitosis D morphogenesis

Match the terms below with the statement that describe them below Totipotent stem cell Unipotent stem cell Multipotent cells Choose Cell has the capacity to differentiate into only one cell type Hematopoetic stem cells gives rise to different types of blood cells Has the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism fetus or give rise Choose

During fertilization the acrosomal contents A block polyspermy B help propel more sperm toward the egg C digest the protective coat on the surface of the egg D nourish the mitochondria of the sperm

Cadherins and other cell adhesion molecules that guide cell migration are A steroid hormones B glycoproteins C fatty acids D prostacyclins

The vegetal pole of the zygote differs from the animal pole in that A the vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk OB the blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole C the posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole OD the vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis

Fertilization normally A reinstates diploidy OB follows gastrulation OC is required for parthenogenesis D merges two dipoloid cells into one haploid cell

The fast block to polyspermy is due to A a depolarization of the egg cell membrane B the consumption of yolk protein C the jelly coat blocking sperm penetration D formation of the fertilization envelope

The cortical reaction functions directly in the A formation of a fertilization envelope B production of a fast block to polyspermy C release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm cell D generation of a nerve like impulse by the egg cell

From earliest to latest the overall sequence of early development proceeds as follows OA gastrulation organogenesis cleavage formation of the blastula B ovulation gastrulation fertilization C cleavage gastrulation organogenesis D gastrulation blastulation neurulation

1 A new drug is developed which selectively cleaves covalent bonds between two sulfur atoms of non adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain Which level of protein structure in affected molecules would be most directly affected by the drug A Primary structure B Quaternary structure C Tertiary structure D Secondary structure

Brain size is important for understanding intelligence but there are several caveats that indicate that brain organization and learning experiences are more important than brain size alone For example check your answer in section 2 and 5 The Flores hominins had very small brains but still exhibited behaviors similar to larger brained Homo erectus used stone tools hunted and built fires Neanderthals had larger brains that most humans but did not appear to be consistently producing art like smaller brained modern human were all of these brain sizes within the same species do not appear to have any relevance to intelligence in those species brain size scales with body size

C Protein glycosylation D Alpha helix formation 38 Certain bacteria synthesize toxic proteins which are responsible for many of the problems they cause in humans If you were to develop a drug designed to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis without interfering with normal human protein synthesis what might be a logical target for the drug Choose one of the following A RNA B Ribosomes C Golgi apparatus D DNA 39 A nonsense mutation has occurred in the DNA segment which codes for protein A After it has been transcribed and translated what is the most likely product formed from this mutated region Choose one of the Following A A small truncated nonfunctional protein A B A product that differs in only a single amino acid from protein A C A product that differs in only a single base pair from protein A but with entirely different amino acids D A normally shaped fully functional protein A Can the change of a protein shape cause changes in function True or false Protein shape can inhibit protein function true or false When cellular ATP is low glucoses are broken down true or false

Heavy brow ridges in Homo heidelbergensis do not appear to have any obvious adaptive purpose It seems likely that these exceptionally large brow ridges may instead be largely the product of check your answer in section 1 and section 5 O expensive tissue hypothesis O Mendel s principle of independent assortment means that traits such as intelligence cranial shape hair or skin color do not necessarily co occur and indeed do not O genetic drift natural selection

Understanding the history of biological anthropology is important because All sections O The history of knowledge and past research is what drives the current research questions e g fossil research in Africa had historically been ignored in part due to scientific racism but now there is much research there O All of these answers O You can learn what mistakes have been made and how they were corrected e g scientific racism or misunderstanding how gene are inherited O Sometimes multiple researchers independently come to the same conclusions for example with natural selection building new paradigms e g contributions Goodall and Imanishi or Wallace and Darwin

Paranthropus or the robust Australopiths was check your answer in Section 5 O adapted for eating a specialized diet hard or gritty foods found in Asia contrary to what researchers expected O the most likely ancestor for early Homo O very different from Australopithecus gracile Australopiths post cranially neck dow

7 A certain genetic disorder prevents the production of signalling molecules which direct the intracellular trafficking of proteins If the disease exclusively affects the signal which directs proteins to the proteasome what primary effect would most likely be observed A Decreased synthesis of proteins B Decreased degradation of proteins C Increased synthesis of proteins D Increased degradation of proteins 8 If the Golgi apparatus were damaged by an ingested toxin what aspect of protein synthesis would be most affected A Beta sheet formation B Translation C Alpha helix formation D Protein glycosylation

2 A group of researchers isolate Protein X from the wall of a human stomach with the intent of learning how to synthesize stomach tissue in the lab Subsequently they determine the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein in its unfolded state and create a functional mRNA template to translate Protein X in vitro They manage to translate an exact copy of the polypeptide chain in the lab but then realize that it takes several days for the protein to fold into its final tertiary structure In vivo they observe that several thousand copies of Protein X are folded from polypeptide chains every minute What is NOT a plausible explanation for this difference in folding times A The in vitro study lacks a key tRNA molecule B The pH in vitro is too high C The in vitro study lacks a key enzyme D The temperature in vitro is too low

5 The major protein component of human hair is a keratin Hair straighteners are commonly used tools which use heat to iron hair into temporarily lying flat and straight What is the best biological explanation for this phenomenon A Hair straighteners disrupt ionic bonds between a keratin molecules B Hair straighteners denature proteins by disrupting the pH C Hair straighteners disrupt hydrogen bonds in a keratin D Hair straighteners disrupt disulfide bridges in a keratin 4 6 Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD is a degenerative neurological disorder Biopsy of the the brains of affected individuals reveals aggregations of a prion protein a protein which is capable of folding into multiple structurally distinct forms In CJD two versions of the offending protein have been identified The normal form is predominantly composed of alpha helix while the variant has significant beta structure The beta structure presumably has more solvent accessible hydrophobic groups lacking a polar outer layer Knowing only this how might you differentiate between the normal and variant conformations given a sample of each in the lab A Attempt to dissolve both samples in water knowing that if it dissolves it is the normal protein B Determine the mass of the crystallized structure of a single molecule of each sample knowing that the heavier of the two is the normal protein C Denature each sample with heat and analyze the polypeptide chains by NMR D Determine the polypeptide sequence of each sample and compare them to a known database

4 What relative change in protein concentrations would most be the most direct result of a disease which halts the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum A Increased concentrations of intracellular proteins B Decreased concentrations of intracellular proteins C Increased concentrations of extracellular proteins D Decreased concentrations of extracellular proteins 4

3 Albumin is a large protein which circulates freely in human plasma Another type of protein called aquaporins act as a channel for water to enter and exit a cell and are located within the lipid bilayer of a cell s plasma membrane Based on their physiological locations how would the tertiary structure of these two proteins mostly likely compare A Albumin has a more nonpolar core with a polar outer layer while aquaporins have a more polar core with a nonpolar outer layer B Albumin has a more polar core with a polar outer layer while aquaporins have a more nonpolar core with a nonpolar outer layer C Albumin has a more polar core with a nonpolar outer layer while aquaporins have a more nonpolar core with a polar outer layer D Albumin has a more nonpolar core with a nonpolar outer layer while aquaporins have a more polar core with a polar outer layer

Which term refers to a specific form of a gene cross O allele O hybrid trait

The parent plants used in a cross are referred to as the F1 generation True False

A Punnett square is a diagram of an individual s ancestors used in human genetics to analyze the Mendelian inheritance of a certain trait O True O False

Autosomal inheritance refers to the inheritance of alleles located on sex chromosomes O True O False

An allele that if present is always expressed is called a recessive allele True False A n allele is the offspring of two different true breeding plants True 4 False 1 point point

P generation refers to the offspring of an F1 generation cross True False

A monohybrid cross is a cross designed to study the inheritance of only one 1 point trait O True O False

A Punnett square is a tool used for determining the probability of a single offspring having a particular genotype True False

How many alleles do your cells have for each gene 2 4 O 1 3