Biology Questions

According to the video why is it important to learn about these fungi 0 5 If we can prevent our crop plants from being infected with C protuberata we can increase crop yields Climate change has the potential to reduce crop production and the fungus ability to confer thermal tolerance may help us increase cre production Viral diseases are decreasing crop yields and this fungus can protect crop plants from viral infection

The relationship between the fungus Curvularia protuberata and the panic grass found in Yellowstone is an example of a mutualism parasitism commensalism

When Curvularia protuberata reproduce sexually they produce the structure seen above Based on this structure you can conclude that C protuberata is a member of the Basidiomycota Ascomycota Zygomycota Chytridiomycota

A African slope B European slope Melanin is a pigment protein that causes cells to become dark in color In fungi melanin is sometimes referred to as fungal armor because it protects fungal cells from a wide range of stressors Researchers in Israel s Evolution Canyon system studied the adaptive melanin response of the soil fungus Aspergillus niger to UV radiation UV radiation causes mutations in DNA Based on your knowledge of the Evolution Canyon system which of the following is a likely difference between populations of A niger found on the African slope AS and the European slope ES Mean melanin concentration is higher on the shady ES than on the sunny AS O Mean melanin concentration is higher on the sunny AS than on the shady ES O There is no reason to expect a difference in melanin concentration between the ES and AS populations

Question 7 Why does an ascus contain 8 ascospores following meiosis which usually results in the production of 4 genetically distin daughter cells The four haploid ascospores undergo an additional round of mitosis after meiosis is complete Meiosis in ascomycetes starts with karyogamy of four haploid nuclei The diploid nucleus undergoes mitosis

2 The genome size of E coli K12 is approximately 4 6 x 106 base pairs with a mutation rate of 1x 10 9 per genome per generation how many mutations would you expect to appear in the population above after 24 hours 3 If the growth rate was r 0 1 how many mutations would you expect in this culture

In the fungal life cycle if the number of chromosomes in a diploid nucleus is 10 which one of the following statements will be true The spores will also be diploid and have five chromosomes per cell Plasmogamy will produce a dikaryon with five chromosomes The spores will be tetraploid and have 20 chromosomes per cell The spores will be haploid and have five chromosomes per cell

With the exception of flagellated spores for members of the Chytridiomycota fungi are mostly nonmotile What adap feature allows them to be such successful decomposers pathogens and symbionts even though they lack motile cells The production of large numbers of easily dispersed spores in sexual and asexual modes of reproduction They are diploid for most of their life cycle They have complex cellular specialization

1 What is the hormonal signal regulating the pathway shown in th figure 2 What s the difference between PFK 1 and PFK 2 3 How does PFK 2 regulate glycolysis 4 What s the role of CAMP

You have discovered a new species of fungus associated with plant roots It invades the cells in the roots forming arbus mycorhizzae Based just upon this character you confidently determine that this fungus is member of the Ascomycota Basidiomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycoto

A Think about diffusion and osmosis what would happen in the potato experiment if the potatoes were incubated in the refrigerator instead of at room temperature Why B Diffusion is affected by the size of the molecule that is diffusing Think about the potato experiment Do you think the potato experiment would work differently if we used a different kind of solution We are using NaCl MW 58 44 g mol what if we used sucrose MW 342 3 g mol Why or why not C In lecture we described the process of osmosis as the diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration The manifestation of osmosis depends on which specific molecules a membrane allows movement to For example consider a setup as shown below In situation 1 the membrane dotted line allows movement of water ONLY In situation 2 the membrane allows passage of water and Na2 and C1 A B

Polar bear Order of food chain Consumers herbivore Consumers omnivore Consumers carnivore Spotted sunfish Order of food chain Consumers herbivore Consumers omnivore Ecosystem Arctic Alaska 10 pts Ringed seal Arctic cod American alligator Phytoplankton Producers Decomposers Detritivores Ecosystem Florida Springs 10 pts Bacteria Zooplankton Apple snail Green algae Producers Decomposers

How might you measure the movement of water Using the above measurement how would you tell if water moved into the potato cells Using the above measurement how would you tell if water moved out of the potato cells Iain

Great white shark Orca killer whale Order of food chain Consumers herbivore Consumers omnivore Consumers carnivore Order of food chain Cougar borbivore Bull kelp Producers Decomposers Detritivores Ecosystem Colorado Rocky Mountains 10 pts Coyote Sea urchin Pika Sea otter Spotted coralroot Producers Morel fungus

QUESTION 1 Transmembrane proteins Identity markers 7 No energy Channel 4 1 Carrier 3 Transporters Transmembrane proteins Non polar amino acids Pump 5 L Protein structure 8 A Attachment proteins 8 Na K C Hydrophobic region D Passive Transport E Glycoproteins F Facilitated diffusion G Aquaporins H Hydrophilic region 1 Active transport Energy 2 Intermediate filaments 6 Polar amino acids 9

12 h the protein classification to it s function example Carrier Receptors Clathrins Glycoproteins Channels Spectrins Glycolipids Ques 7 points A Determine the shape of cells RBCs B Selective tunnels that pass sodium and potassium in neurons C Transmit information into cell bind peptide hormones and neurotransmitters D Blood type markers E Concentration of low density lipoprotein receptor with coated pits anchor proteins to specific sites F Sodium Potassium pump actively or passively transports molecules across membrane G MHC recognized by immune system Self recognition

Question 1 Using the image below answer the following questions A B CH O C O CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH3 CH N CH3 CH CH3 O P 0 O 5 0 CH CH C O CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH Using the image above which region is the polar region of the phospholipid Using the image above which region of the phospholipid is hydrophobic Which region of the image above illustrates the fatty acid tails Using the image above which region is hydrophillic

A Click Submit to complete this assessment uestion 4 The movement of solutes across a membrane along the concentration gradient is known as 1 points while the movement of water across a membrane along the concentration gradient is known as Save Ar

Moving to another question will save this response Question 3 Match the image to the correct tonicity Which of the images correctly portrays red blood cells in a hypertonic solution Which of the images correctly portrays red blood cells in an isotonic solution Which of the images correctly portrays red blood cells in a hypotonic solution C H O H O

Helps determine the overall shape of a cell Can span both layers of a membrane Can allow diffusion of gases Forms a semipermeable barrier Often carbohydrate attached to lipid or protein Interior protein network 1 4 Cell surface marker 4 4 Phospholipid bilayer 2 4 Transmembrane protein 3 4

Frequency 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 Generation 5 1 Allele and Phenotype Frequencies 2 3 Generation 4 5 Red Allele Blue Allele Red Phenotype Purple Phenotype Blue Phenotype A

Frequency 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 Generation 5 1 Allele and Phenotype Frequencies 2 3 Generation 4 5 Red Allele Blue Allele Red Phenoty Purple Phen Blue Phenot

Frequency 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 Generation 5 1 Allele and Phenotype Frequencies 2 3 Generation 4 5 Red Allele Blue Allele Red Phenotype Purple Phenotype Blue Phenotype

Frequency 1 0 5 0 0 Generation 5 1 Allele and Phenotype Frequencies 2 3 Generation 4 5 Red Allele Blue Allele Red Phenotype Purple Phenotype Blue Phenotype

Frequency 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 of Generation 40 10 20 Generation 30 O 40 Red Allele Blue Allele Red Phenotype Purple Phenotype Blue Phenotype

ABO Story B Which of the following pedigrees describe the genotypes of the members of the family described in ABO Story A U MPHN M 1 MPHN Family A Genotype 100 jpg PHD PIHh PIHh 1 Hh 2 I PIHH Question 4 1 GH 2 Pilh 2 PPHH 4 5

ing eggs males releasing sperm has two phenotypes controlled by two genes gene V controls venom production gene S controls spines length Mating between females of a true breeding population with venomous short spines and males of another true breeding population with non venomous long spines is achieved by placing them in the same aquarium The resulting F individuals are allowed to mate with each other to produce an F2 generation consisting of 300 venomous short spine urchins and 100 non venomous long spine urchins What can you conclude Mark all that applies O The alleles assort randomly The S and V genes are sex linked There were no observable crossover events between the genes O The genes are tightly linked O The genes are unlikely to be syntenic Question 15 The two alleles of the V gene of Urchinus marinus O are unlikely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium O exhibit incomplete dominance recessive relationship with heterozygotes having an intermediate phenotype between those of the two homozygotes are co dominant 4 5 pts O exhibit complete dominance recessive relationship with the venomous phenotype being dominant are epistatic in regard to the two allolog of a

All multicellular organisms belong to which domain Archea Eukarya Bacteria

5 Access a scientific database to search for a piece of primary literature that explains the effect of alcohol on membranes In 3 5 sentences summarize the results of the article using in text citations Also cite your reference at the end of your paragraph as a work cited in APA format 2 points

4 Are your data consistent with the consensus explanation for the effect on membran permeability Explain 1 point

Read the instructions on Writing a methods section Using these gu methods section for the experiment you performed today 2 points

3 Which of the three alcohols seems to affect membranes the most How did you com this conclusion 1 point a Methanol b Ethanol c Propanol

In a diploid organism with 17 pairs of chromosomes what is the possible lowest number of chromosomes in the gametes when a single non disjunction event occurs in meiosis 1

A scientist is deletion mapping a gene that encodes hair growth in mice The recessive allele leads to hairless mice and is found somewhere on the X chromosome pictured below He crosses a homozygous hairless mouse to four other mice bearing X chromosome deficiencies shown below and obtained the results shown in the table At which locus is the gene encoding hair growth Locus C Locus A Locus D Locus E Locus B X chromosome Deficiency chromosome 1 Deficiency chromosome 2 Deficiency chromosome 3 Deficiency chromosome 4 1 23 4 Locus Deficiency chromosome Locus B Locus Locus C D Phenotype of offspring Wild type Wild type Hairless Wild type Locus E

Yes the order is A B C Yes the order is A C B No based on this data alone the order could be A B C or B A C No based on this data alone the order could be A C B or C A B Yes the order is C A B Question 12 4 5 pts You obtain an F1 dihybrid by crossing the parents AABB x aabb You perform a test cross of the dihybrid AaBb and score the phenotypes of 1 071 progeny Assuming a frequency of recombination of 36 how many of the progeny do you expect to display the dominant phenotype for both the A and B genes round to nearest integer Question 13 4 5 pts

What is the m u map units distance between Mu and Phi 4 3 3 8 17 0 0 0 3 41 8

Indigenous Andean people from Chile and Argentina have been exposed to arsenic over 7 000 years They have a unique genetic mutation in the AS3MT gene which is the coding gene of the Arsenic 3 Methyltransferase enzyme that allows them to metabolize arsenic very well in the liver Indeed geneticists have found the genotype frequency for that mutation is CC 80 and these populations are NOT under Hardy Weinberg equilibrium Which of the following is the main evolutionary force acting in these populations Gene flow Natural selection Genetic drift None of the answers are correct Random mating

Precursor A is converted to B by the enzyme alphase Precursor B is converted to C by the enzyme betase Precursor C is converted to D by the enzyme gammase Precursor D is converted to examtwophyll by the enzyme deltase alphase betase gammase deltase A B C D examtwophyll To test this hypothesis you are growing some of the mutants you isolated previously on minimal medium supplemented by each of the precursors The results are shown below WT Mutant 1 Mutant 2 Mutant 3 Mutant 4 Minimal I minimal A I minimal B Mutant 1 has a defective deltase Mutant 2 has a defective betase Mutant 3 has a defective gammase Mutant 4 has a defective alphase Identify which enzyme is mutated in each of the mutants you tested in this experiment O Mutant 1 has a defective betase Mutant 2 has a defective gammase Mutant 3 has a defective alphase Mutant 4 has a defective deltase O Mutant 1 has a defective gammase Mutant 2 has a defective alphase Mutant 3 has a defective deltase Mutant 4 has a defective betase minimal minimal C D O Mutant 1 has a defective alphase Mutant 2 has a defective deltase Mutant 3 has a defective betase defective gammase minimal examtwophyll

3 8 17 0 0 3 41 8 Question 23 You are a plant breeder interested in using heirloom varieties of tomatoes In particular you are now focused on a region of one of the plant s chromosomes where two genes of interest are located One of them Cr affect the ability of the plant to grow upright and self supported as opposed to procumbent creeping trailing spreading over the ground surface The other gene is responsible for miniature size fruits cherry Ch vs large heavy fruits Procumbent phenotype Cr is dominant over upright Cr and large fruit Cht is dominant over miniature Ch You get the following numbers of offspring from your dihybrid testcross Crt Cht 105 Cr Ch 110 Crt Ch 43 Cr Cht 42 How would you calculate the distance between these genes in cM O 85 300 x 100 O215 300 x 100 O 85 1000 x 100 4 5 pts O42 300 x 100 O 85 215 x 100

Ennafol reddy is an autotrophic alga which can assimilate CO into sugar through the process of photosynthesis using a unique pigment called examtwophyll If provided with CO2 and light wild type Ennafol reddy can grow perfectly on minimal medium containing mineral micronutrients To understand the biosynthetic pathway of E reddy you screen mutagenized cultures for mutants with defects in the pathway You manage to isolate 9 such mutants which can all grow on minimal medium if it is supplemented with examtwophyll You conduct a complementation test by forcing the algae to go through a sexual reproductive cycle cross each of the mutants with all other mutants and test the ability of the F1 progeny to grow on minimal medium The results are show below 1 2 3 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 Group 1 encompasses mutant 1 Group 2 encompasses mutants 2 Group 3 encompasses mutants 3 Group 4 encompasses mutants 4 Group 5 encompasses mutant 5 I There are nine complementation groups 6 7 1 8 I 9 How many independent complementation groups can you identify and which mutants belong to them I

O Genetic linkage preserves parental combination of syntenic genes O Genetic linkage very often prevents independent assortment of syntenic genes Genetic linkage can occur only between syntenic genes Genetic linkage between two genes is severed when an odd number of crossing over events take place Genetic linkage leads to higher rate of mutation of linked genes Question 17 4 5 pts A convenient unit of distance between linked genes on a chromosome that relies on recombination frequencies between the linked

Barley alongside Emmer wheat was among the first domesticated crops Although today it is mostly about two thirds of annual production grown as foddor and as fermentable material in beer brewing there s a great interest in it as source as of useful genes for improvement of wheat and other cereals You cross two highly inbred barley strains that differ in resistance to drought and then self cross the F1 progeny to raise the F2 generation In which generation s will you find the highest genetic variation In the F2 In the F1 In the parental generation and F1 In the parental generation In the F1 and F2 Question 7 4 5 pts In your attempt to identify those drought resistant varieties of barley you are collecting seeds from wild varieties of barley you collect in the central Jordan Valley and grow them in your greenhouse at ASU s polytechnic campus While you indeed observe that most of the newly collected plants are highly drought tolerant the broad sense heritability is close to 0 This means that much of the observed phenotype variance in the population is due to heritable traits little of the observed phenotype variance is due to genetic differences little of the observed phenotype variance is due to environmental factors

Ellis always sticks to just one drink when going out with friends What is the ONLY option if Ellis wants to stick to one standard serving of alcohol O A OB O C a 1 5 ounce shot of liquor with 40 alcohol O D a 12 ounce can of beer with 5 5 alcohol a 16 ounce bottle of beer with 4 5 alcohol a 5 ounce glass of wine with 14 alcohol

Leonardo asks Yolanda if she wants some cannabis What is he offering Yolanda O A meth OB cocaine OC marijuana OD opioids

After making many poor decisions Seth s BAC was over the legal limit What MOST likely caused this to happen O A OB O C O D He abused legal prescription drugs He used illegal drugs He smoked a lot of marijuana He consumed a lot of alcohol

Corinne s parents worry that she is using a gateway drug What does this MOST likely mean OA Using prescription drugs for headaches will make her addicted to them OB Smoking cigarettes will lead to her trying more dangerous drugs O C Drinking alcohol will lower her inhibitions about taking risks O D Doing cocaine will keep her awake and cause her to make bad decisions

At a rave Logan is offered ecstasy How would this illegal drug be classified OA OB OC It is an opioid D It is a hallucinogen It is an empathogen It is a cannabinoid

Fatima is experiencing post partum depression What does this MOST likely mean O A She stopped using illegal drugs She gave birth to a baby She drank too much alcohol She has been diagnosed with HIV B O C O D

Chidi is studying the stages of pregnancy He is trying to arrange his notes in the correct order What is the correct order of the stages pregnancy A fertilization fetus post partum baby B fertilization embryo pre natal baby OC conception fetus embryo baby OD conception embryo fetus baby

What happens at the moment of conception O A OB OC O D Amale sperm penetrates a female egg All of the fetus s body organs are present A baby is considered term Prenatal care takes place