Evolution Questions and Answers

A new species of insect to a particular area builds very deep nests. In anteaters, having a short tongue has no advantage because the tongue is not long enough to reach the insects. Anteaters with a medium length tongue do a little better with reaching the insects, but still does not thrive. Anteaters with the longest tongue have the greatest advantage in reaching the insects and thrives in great numbers of offspring. The anteater tongue is an example of what pattern of natural selection? A.) Directional selection B.) Disruptive selection C.) Stabilizing selection

A population of aliens, ten with green skin and ten with blue skin, are flying around in the atmosphere of their home planet. While flying around, the door of the spacecraft suddenly flies open. Eight of the aliens with blue skin fly out of the spacecraft and are lost forever. After a few generations, this population has no aliens with blue skin. What evolutionary force has influenced the allele frequency of this population? A.) Genetic drift B.) Gene flow C.) Mutation

During the 19th century, elephant seals were hunted to near extinction. In the early part of the 20th century the seals were placed under protection from hunting when is was discovered there were only 20 breading pairs remaining off the coast of California. Today's population originated from those 40 seals. What type of microevolution is that an example?

Which of the following is FALSE? Emergency preparation: a) will prevent emergencies from happening. b) leads to a quick and proper response. c) is critical because no workplace is immune from emergencies. d) can be the difference in damage being minor as opposed to major.

Determine which situation is an example of interspecific competition. A. A moose and an eagle hunting in the same territory. B. Wolves marking their territory. C. Squirrels hide stashes of acorn nuts from each other. D. An herbivore and a carnivore searching for food in the same field.

Which of the following statements regarding the transition from traditional hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies is FALSE? Novel selection pressures lead to differentiation between agricultural populations and hunter-gatherer populations Agricultural societies had reduced dietary variety Agriculture increased the dietary concentration of energy-rich, carb-dense foods Human populations were pre-adapted to the shift and had sufficient concentrations of enzymes required for digestion of their new diet

Thousands of years ago many newly formed post-glacial lakes were initially colonized by a small number of a single species of three-spined sticklebacks (originating in the ocean). Today these lakes contain freshwater-adapted sticklebacks that lack the bony armor and spines found in the marine environment. What is the most plausible way in which this morphological change came about? Disruptive selection associated with habitat choice within each lake. The environment induced the desired genetic changes. Selection for alleles resulting in the deactivation of key homeotic genes associated with armor. Selection for increased protection from larger fish predators present in the brand-new freshwater environment. Inheritance of traits acquired by the sticklebacks during their lifetimes.

Which of the following is an example of frequency-dependent selection? A. Evolution of mouth-position in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish, Perissodus microlepis. B. Evolution of beak size in the soapberry bug of Florida C. Evolution of "Tube Mozzie" mosquitos during WWII in the London Undergound. D. Evolution of beak size in Geospize fortis due to a drought in 1977.

In a population of cats there exist two alleles for coat color. The allele 'B' codes for blue fur and is dominant to the allele 'b' which codes for pink fur. Assuming a population of 100 cats in Hardy- Weingburg equilibrium and 64 of them have pink fur and 36 have blue fur, what is the frequency of the 'B' allele?

While traveling in South America, Darwin and others observed marine shell fossils in the Andes Mountains at ~12,000 ft above sea level. He then observed a massive volcanic eruption and earthquake that raised the coastal shelf by 8 ft. He also came to understand that the Earth is very old. What did these observations help Darwin conclude? There have been many extinctions in Earth's history The sea level of oceans was once much higher than previously thought Shelled marine organisms evolved from species that lived on land There has been enough time for divergence in organisms to create all of modern biodiversity

Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to a phylogeny, as represented by a phylogenetic tree? Shared ancestral characters are excellent traits to use in developing a phylogeny A monophyletic group can be properly based on convergent features Members of the same clade likely share many derived characters The ancestral group often has all the derived characters of the descendant species

What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise? to maintain an equal number of senators from the North and the South to allow new states to decide whether they would ban enslavement to set rules for immigration into the United States to encourage the North and the South to have separate economies

A large population of zippleflops live in a rainforest on the forest floor. Ten years ago a large strip of the forest was cleared for agriculture which resulted in a small portion of the zippleflop population being separated from the larger population. The clearing is large enough that zippleflops cannot cross it. Which of the following statements is true? Select all that apply. Genetic drift will have a larger impact on the smaller, separated population because of the founder effect The genotype frequencies of the smaller population are likely quite different from the larger population If a mutation arose in each population, the mutation would likely become fixed (reach 100 %) in the smaller population The ailele frequencies of the populations are identical to each other.

Which of the following scenarios is NOT an example of adaptive radiation: A few marsupial species travel from South America to Australia, where they inhabit the numerous new niches, resulting in dozens of marsupial species over a relatively short amount of time After a few plant species have gone extinct in an area, a surviving plant species spreads into this same area, and its population triples in size A few mice from a single species leave the mainland and inhabit an island. Over time, the mice develop local adaptations that result in divergence of the original species After the dinosaurs went extinct, the mammals they coexisted with them see a significant increase in species

Organisms have structural and biochemical _____. both similarities and differences similarities differences

Which of the following is an example of directional selection? The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened

After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which of the following statements is most likely to apply to this population? O The post-bottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the pre-bottleneck population O The bottleneck subjected the population to stabilizing selection O The post-bottleneck population has less of a chance of going extinct than did the pre-bottleneck population O The post-bottleneck population exhibits more genetic variation than the pre-bottleneck population

Which of the following violate the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a statistically significant manner? (select all that apply) gene flow mutation Ogenetic drift non-random mating

Dr. Schmidt talked about Mark Ritchie's study on ground squirrels because it illustrates which of these really well? (Select all that apply) A. Variation influences the struggle B. Heritable variation C. The struggle for existence D. Natural selection

Which of the following are bird-like features of Archaeopteryx? long, bony tall Flat Sternum reduced fingers a wishbone (furcula) 3 claws on each wing belly ribs (gastralia) Teeth Feathers Lightly built body with hollow bones

What does "descent with modification from a common ancestor" mean? Each species gradually changes over evolutionary time, becoming ever more different from the individuals who lived before them. Species living at any given time-such as the present-are derived from a common ancestor, and their traits reflect that ancestry as well as changes over time. An organism's environment induces changes in its inherited traits, making the organism better suited for that environment. Descendants inherit traits from their ancestors. Descendants can then choose to modify these traits as needed.

A transitional species illustrates the descent with modification from an ancestral to a derived species or group. Which of the following statements MUST be true about a transitional species? The transitional species has some, but not all, of the traits that distinguish derived from ancestral species. Derived species outcompeted the transitional species for resources. The transitional species only existed for a short time. The transitional species did not co-occur with either ancestral or derived species.

A paleontologist is excavating rocks from 375 million years ago (mya) and finds a fish fossil. What is the paleontologist most likely to find in the layer of rocks above this, estimated at 300mya? an identical fish species a transitional organism that exists between a fish and a snake a tiktaalik an amphibian

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare metabolic disease worldwide, however it is quite common in the Mennonite communities in Pennsylvania (US). One of the early members of the community had the mutation resulting in MSUD, and given the small, insular nature of the community, the gene was repeatedly passed on. Over time, the presence of the MSUD gene increased in the population. This is an example of: the principle of succession artificial selection microevolution macroevolution

Adaptations can also sometimes arise abruptly in response to strong environmental selective pressures. As discussed in the lesson, what are 3 examples of adaptations that have arisen abruptly, in comparison to most other types of adaptations? morphological changes in the peppered moth populations leg size in horse populations antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations neck length in giraffe populations pesticide resistance in insect populations

Which of the following assumptions or observations is NOT part of Darwin's idea of NATURAL SELECTION? a. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support. b. Organisms compete for limited resources. c. Heritable traits that promote successful reproduction should gradually become more common in a population. d. Whether an organism survives and reproduces is usually a matter of random chance.

In the woods there is a population of 1000 rabbits. Fur color in these rabbits is inherited using Mendelian genetics. The fur color gene has two alleles; Black (B) is completely dominant and white (b) is recessive. There are 160 white rabbits in the woods. The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What is the frequency of the BB genotype? (answer with a decimal value: 0.00) Type in a number

Natural selection is sometimes described as "survival of the fittest." Which of the following beast measures an organism's fitness? a. how many fertile offspring it produces b. how strong it is when pitted against others of its species c. its ability to withstand environmental extremes d. how much food it is able to make or obtain

Which of the following statements regarding natural selection is false? a. Natural selection depends on the local environment at the current time. b. Natural selection and evolutionary change can occur in a short period of time (one or a few generations). c. Natural selection can be observed working in organisms alive today. d. Natural selection is the only evolutionary force that changes allele frequencies.

Which of the following statements would Darwin have disagreed with? a. Descent with modification occurs by natural selection. b. Living with species are derived from earlier life forms. c. Descent with modification occurs through inheritance of characteristics acquired during an individual's lifetime. d. Species change over time.

A population of 1,000 birds exists on a small Pacific island. some of the birds are yellow, a characteristic determined by a recessive allele. The others are Green, characteristic determined by a dominant allele. A hurricane on the island kills most of the birds from this population. Only ten remain, and those birds all have yellow feathers. Which of the following statements is true? a. The hurricane has caused a population bottleneck and a loss of genetic diversity. b. This situation illustrates the effect of a mutation event. c. Assuming that no new birds come to the island and no mutations occur, future generations of this population will contain both green and yellow birds. d. There has been no change in allele frequency.

The image above represents two species of finches discovered on the Galapagos Islands by Charles Darwin. He noted many distinct differences and similarities between the species. Which of the following conclusions would Darwin MOST LIKELY agree are correct? These species likely contain many living members on the mainland and islands, since the islands are separated from the mainland. These finches share many similar characteristics because they share a common ancestor. These finches possess different characteristics by acquiring traits over a lifetime. The process of differentiation for these two species occurred in 1-2 generations. These two species would not be able to produce viable offspring together.

In peas a gene controls flowers color such that R+purple and r= white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple- flowering plants and 64 white -flowering plants A) assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency (written as a decimal number) of the homozygous recessive (q2) individuals in this population ? B) what is the value of q for this population?

Lord Howe Island is a volcanic island in the Tasman Sea that is about 11 km long and 2.8 km wide. The island has two species of palm trees, Howea forsteriana and the more abundant Howea belmoreana. The two species do not interbreed even when they grow very close to each other. Which evolutionary process fails to occur? Genetic drift of Howea forsteriana Natural selection of adaptive traits in both species Gene flow between the two species Mutations in Howea belmoreana

Antibiotics have been used to treat bacterial infections since the 1940s. In recent years, many antibiotics have become less effective as resistance to these treatments rises. Which statement best describes how bacterial resistance to antibiotics demonstrates natural selection? The bacteria are able to mutate when they are exposed to antibiotics, allowing the next generation of bacteria cells to have immunity from the antibiotics. The antibiotics are becoming weaker because it is harder to find sources for the chemicals that are used in their production. The human immune system has become desensitized to the chemicals in antibiotics, which causes the antibiotics to be less effective. The bacteria cells that are able to survive the antibiotics reproduce while weaker bacteria die, causing the bacteria population to have more antibiotic resistant individuals over time.

Monarch butterflies are a type of milkweed butterfly that belongs to the family Nymphalidae. Many butterflies, including monarchs, eat plants that have bitter or poisonous juices, which make them taste bad to their predators. The organisms advertise their bad taste with their bright colored wings, something known as "warning coloration". Based on this information, how has adaptation allowed monarch butterflies to be successful? They can fly fast enough to avoid predators and can spend more time sleeping. They have an easier time attracting good mates and can make more offspring. They are not attacked by predators and can reproduce successfully. They can camouflage into their environment and can live longer.

A structure that species have but no longer use is known as a ...? Homologous structure Analogous structure Vestigial structure

Knowledge of which of the following would provide the best evidence regarding the evolutionary relationships of the species shown in the diagram? Feeding patterns Neck Lengths DNA sequences Common Predators

A field of pea plants is in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium. The yellow pea phenotype is dominant and controlled by the Y allele. The green pea phenotype is recessive and controlled by the y allele. In the field, the frequency of Y = 0.7 and the frequency of y = 0.3. What is the frequency of green peas in this population? You can use a scratch piece of paper to work out the problem, then answer the question.

If the green and brown beetles were sprayed with a pesticide and only the brown bugs survived because they are resistant to the pesticide, what would the beetle population eventually look like? There would be more green beetles because they have a favorable variation (resistance) to the pesticide and would survive to reproduce. There would be more brown beetles because they have a favorable variation (resistance) to the pesticide and would survive to reproduce. There would be equal amounts of green and brown beetles because beetles reproduce so fast so the pesticide really has nothing to do with it.

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Which of the following events likely impacted the survivorship of the 1920's cohort that you studied in this week's lab? the Great Depression the invention of vaccines & antibiotics World War II the Dust Bowl All of the above

The Rh(-) allele is recessive to the Rh(+) allele. Given that p²+2pq+q²=1 and p+q=1, calculate the genotype frequencies form the homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive alleles. (Again, write only the first 3 numbers after the decimal and round the third number up if necessary). p² = Blank 1 2pq = Blank 2 q² = Blank 3

Which type of selection occurs when a population experiences a shift in diversity toward the larger organisms? stabilizing selection directional selection disruptive selection adaptive selection

Which statement describes what will most likely occur in the rabbit population due to the introduction of the predator? The rabbits will mutate their genes and express genes that increase their speed. Slower rabbits will develop stronger legs and pass this trait to their offspring. Rabbits will mate and produce offspring with a different species that has faster runners. Faster rabbits will survive and reproduce increasing the average speed of the rabbit population.

Discuss three specific problems or injustices that were present in American life during the 1800s and early 1900s. Explain how reforms proposed during the Progressive Era attempted to address these problems.

Petroleum geologist Glen Penfield was looking for gravity and magnetic anomalies in the Gulf of Mexico when he accidentally located a large meteorite crater. True False

A biologist is studying jaw size in a population of Atlantic wolf fish (also called sea wolves). She notes that specimens collected in 1922 had a jaw width of 8±4, but the present-day population has a jaw width of 8±2.5. Of the following options, which is the most likely explanation? a. Directional selection took place in this population over the past century. b. Stabilizing selection took place in this population over the past century. c. Disruptive selection took place in this population over the past century. d. Natural selection was not acting upon tooth length in this population, because the mean value for tooth length stayed the same. e. Genetic drift caused an increase in the phenotypic variation in this population.

In situations where there are very closely tied, interacting species, evolution in one species is frequently matched by evolution in the other species. An example of this is that as cheetahs evolved to run faster, their prey, gazelles, also evolved to run faster. This is known as: a. Mutualism b. Kin selection c. The Red Queen hypothesis d. The meiotic drive hypothesis e. Interference competition

Choose all of the following situations below that are examples of pre-zygotic barriers to reproduction. (Choose all that apply) a. The embryo dies due to a lethal combination of genes b. Incompatibility of sperm and eggs (sperm cannot fertilize the egg) c. Behavioral isolation d. Lions and tigers produce hybrid offspring, but all hybrids are sterile e. Two species of ants are capable of breeding under laboratory conditions, but do not because one species is only found in association with white pines and the other ant species is only associated with willows, thus the two ant species never occur together in nature to breed f. Ecological isolation