Molecular Basis of Inheritance Questions and Answers

0 00 0 24 A C B Speed 1x Pau Genetic drift can occur due to the bottleneck effect when a few individuals start a new population Genetic drift can occur due to the bottleneck effect which may happen after a forest fire

Organisms inherit specific traits and characteristics from their parents Albinism is an inherited disorder that occurs when an organism is unable to produce or distribute melanin Melanin is a substance in the body that helps determine skin color hair color and eye color Which is the basic unit of heredity that carries the trait of albinism from parent to offspring base pairs genes 59 55 proteins

Shown below is the 5 end of an mRNA Translation of this mRNA should begin at nucleotide numbered not one 5 1 2 5 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 15 16 13 17 GIA A IIA ILG CAGCAA G C 4 14 10 Enter the number only e g 3

How is the lac operon regulated W HIZ A It is regulated by chemical signals B It is regulated by transcription factors C It is regulated by the presence of lactose and the lac repressor gene D It is regulated by the TATA box

Which of the following is the correct term for when two alleles equally share dominance and do not blend A equidominance B dual dominance C codominance

What kind of mutations can cause the reading frame to be moved one direction or the other A point B inverted C frameshift

How many alleles does a gamete carry for each trait A one B two C millions The Law of Segregation Before gametes can make an organism they first need be created When gametes are created during meiosis allele pairs separate or segregate from one another For example if an individual has two dif

Look at the two DNA strands below The bottom strand has undergone a mutation What type of mutation has occurred when comparing the top to the bottom strand TAGGCAT ATAGGCAT A insertion B deletion C chantic

What makes a genetic disorder different from other disorders A They all show up at birth B The mutations are in the sex chromosomes C They are not treatable D Their root cause is in the genes of the organism

Structie regulation organs in the body Proteins are body processes They help build id in repair role in the and DNA anscription is the process of turning anslation is the process of building made of adenine cytosine guanine and strands RNA into using made of adenine cytosine guanine and protein synthesis uses the information from the nucleotide sequence of DNA to create the uence of a protein This process involves many organelles and molecules including RNA strand

and 2 Refer to the following sequence of the coding DNA strand for a gene s protein coding region NATG CGC GAG TAC TGA 3 C 3 NTG C 5 1 The amino acid at the C terminus of the polypeptide encoded by this sequence is A Ser B Tyr C Met D His E none of the above Atc 6 A T C

The human microbiome can be described as a all microbes that cause disease b all microbes that are commensals c all microbes that colonise the human body d only microbes that are transferred from mother to child e only microbes that are transferred from animals to humans

12 Which statement about regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes is true a The most common form of regulation of gene expression is at the level of translation b The most common form of regulation of gene expression is at the post transcriptional level c Regulation of gene expression occurs through operons d Regulation of gene expression occurs through alternative splicing e Regulation of gene expression occurs through the addition of a 5 cap and a 3 poly A tail and removal of introns 13 Translation is a process in which a polypeptide is produced from mRNA What is the role of tRNA in this process a It carries a particular amino acid to the correct codon site b It stores genetic information c It provides information to a ribosome d It carries genetic information from DNA e It proofreads the growing polypeptide

Date 19 Which of the following is true with respect to the lac operon a The repressor only binds to the operator when it is bound to the product of the enzymes coded for by the genes of the operon b The repressor only binds to the operator when it is bound to the mRNA transcript of the lacZ and lacy genes c The repressor only leaves the operator when it is bound to the protein product of the lacl gene d The repressor is always bound to the operator but changes shape when lactose binds to it allowing RNA polymerase to pass e The repressor is bound to the operator except when it is bound to the inducer 20 The repressor protein of the lac operon has two different recognition and binding sites for other molecules Which of the following pairs of molecules do you think it likely that these sites would bind a RNA polymerase and lactose b RNA polymerase and DNA c a DNA sequence on the operator and lactose d a DNA sequence on the regulator gene and lactose e lactose and DNA polymerase

f a certain trait s allele frequency is 100 describe the genetic variation for that trait in the population

ection B Short Answer einenoqmoo erit etsitaulli of merpsib balladels seus 7 marks 1 Label the following diagram A B C MM MM MM YN Date D E

What is the relationship between gene pools and allele frequency

ular Genetics Test Section A Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question 1 Which mutation can potentially affect future populations or generations a a thymine dimer resulting from too much sunbathing b a point mutation in a liver cell resulting from exposure to a chemical mutagen c a deletion of a gene segment in a stomach cell chromosome d a base pair substitution during the early cell division of an ovarian germ cell e a point mutation in a salivary gland cell resulting from a viral infection 2 Why might a nucleotide substitution have no effect on a resulting protein a The same amino acid might be coded for due to the redundancy of the genetic code b The substituted bases are always the same for a particular segment of DNA c The protein that has been changed can usually still function correctly d Mutations of this type do not alter the DNA

b Explain how the lac operon is an inducible operon How does it differ from the trp operon 2 marks

3 What type of mutation has no effect on the metabolism of a cell a silent mutation b mis sense mutation c nonsense mutation d frameshift mutation e deletion 4 What type of mutation results in a protein product that is slightly altered but still functional a silent mutation b mis sense mutation C nonsense mutation d frameshift mutation e deletion

Which of the following processes is irreversible Oa Information flow from DNA to RNA b The direction of DNA polymerase O c Information flow from RNA to proteins d Information flow from RNA to DNA Oe Information flow from DNA to DNA

Section B Matching Match each item with the correct statement below a anticodon loop b missense mutation c acceptor stem d initiator tRNA e P site f operator g transposon h activator 1 A short segment of DNA capable of moving within the genome of an org 2 Determines how fast the genes are transcribed 3 A DNA sequence to which a protein binds to inhibit transcription initiat 4 Has no effect on the amino acid sequence of a protein 5 Results in an altered amino acid sequence of a protein codon i A site j activator k silent mutation 6 A sequence of three nucleotides that is complementary to a specific m chain de 7 The 3 end of a tRNA molecule 8 The first tRNA that binds to the codon 9 Contains the tRNA with the growing polypeptide attached to it 10 Contains the tRNA with the next amino acid to be added to the pol

b What is the difference between gene mutations and chromosomal mutation 2 mar

Date a Use a labelled diagram to illustrate the components of an operon 2 marks

17 Why is the tryp operon of E coli an example of co repression a The operon is normally off until tryptophan is present in the cell and then it becomes active b The operon is normally on until excessive levels of tryptophan cause the repressor to block the operator c The operon includes five genes Each of these genes represses the activation of the others d Both the promoter and operator sites are repressed at the same time by the repressor e all of the above 18 Which process es may be involved in post transcriptional control in eukaryotic cells a not adding a poly A tail to pre mRNA molecules b not adding a 5 cap to pre mRNA molecules c binding of repressor molecules to promoter operator regions of DNA d binding of co repressors to repressors in the nuclear region of the cell e not adding a poly A tail to pre mRNA molecules and not adding a 5 cap to pre mRNA molecules

Which of the following is NOT required for transcription O a Ribonucleotides Ob RNA primers O c DNA template O d RNA polymerase O e Promoter

What is the function of dideoxynucleotides in Sanger DNA sequencing O a They act as primers for DNA polymerase b They act as primers for reverse transcriptase O c They cut the sequenced DNA at specific sites O d They allow only the specific sequencing of the RNAs of a genome e They stop synthesis at a specific site so the base at that site can be determined

C A linear chromosomal DNA molecule is shown below Since DNA replication is semiconservative each DNA strand will serve as the template for synthesizing a new DNA strand i Inside the dotted box carefully draw one newly synthesized DNA strand next to each of the two template strands as they would appear at the end of 1 round of replication in a cell that lacks telomerase Label their 5 and 3 ends in in 3 5 3 5 3 one round of replication 5 3 3 5 3 Lack of Telamarn 5

5 ATG GGA GTC TTG ATT TAA 3 Consider the following scenarios separately and write out the resulting polypeptide sequence labeling the N and C termini for each polypeptide a no mutation b deletion of nucleotide 4 strand for a protein coding region is shown below c deletion of nucleotides 4 6 d a transition at nucleotide 11

5 Pierce worked problem A series of auxotrophic mutants were isolated in Neurospora Examination of fungi containing these mutations revealed that they grew on a minimal medium to which various compounds A B C and D were added growth responses to each of the four compounds are presented in the following table Give the order of the compounds A B C and D in a biochemical pathway Outline a biochemical pathway that includes these four compounds and indicate which step in the pathway is affected by each of the mutations Compound Mutation number A B C D 134 276 987 773 772 146 333 123 F 1 1 I 1 I 1

5 64 Complete each of the fol lowing nuclear equations 5 2 a 59CoMn He b 4N e 27 25

OF B TDT TI XX The Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome What does this mean A The Y chromosome takes up much more space than the X chromosome The X chromosome has more genes than the Y chromosome

The difference between a deoxynucleoside triphosphate dNTP and a dideoxynucleoside triphosphate ddNTP is An oxygen in the ribose sugar ring O The presence of a nitrogenous base A hydroxyl group at the 3 position A hydroxyl group at the 2 position

The chain termination method of sequencing uses labeled dNTPs uses labeled ddNTPs O uses only dideoxynucleotides uses only deoxynucleotides

Which process is part of transcription O DNA is copied to create a second DNA strand O mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons assemble amino acids O DNA is unzipped with the aid of DNA polymerase O mRNA is synthesized from a strand of DNA

What does it mean if the 23rd pair of chromosomes reads XY in humans A female B male C mutated Sex and Autosomal Chromosomes Karyotype These are the two types of chromosomes found in organisms Autosomal chromosomes do not determine an organism ILL 33 cots of

Which two plates should be compared to determine if any genetic transformation has occurred Choose both from the options below PGLO LB O pGLO LB amp O PGLO LB amp ara PGLO LB pGLO LB amp

1 Briefly describe how a protein is made using these 7 terms Gene Ribosome DNA mRNA Amino Acids tR Genetic Code blueprint Auto far

Cystic fibrosis 19 caused by a mutation in the affected individual s DNA What type of mutation cause cystic fibrosis A the loss of one base B the loss of a whole amino acid 3 base pairs C the CAG codon repeating at least 40 times D the addition of several different codons

They on orting important tools in determining www and can be wily by colors when helping couples decide to have children when of a picatly order in new both They are also used when trying to erd the digits of me to carry a hereditary do for example fasilial brost carver Ame Samatimes you will we shape filled in only half max this natation indicates a Abrid hetery carrier of the trail VIS XY O Interpretting a Human Pedigree Ce e pedigree below to awer 1 5 m II IV XV XX Not F 56 hapedigree a square represants a male If il is darkened he has hemophila il clear he had normal blood a How many males are there How many males have hemophilia Chumpe MA b How many females have hemophilia mariage is indicated by a horizontal line connecting a circle to a square C cicle represents a female It is darkened she has hemophilo Il open she is normal a How many female are there how many chilchen did the third couple couple in row have resent the first generation level represents the second generation A 7 many generations are there many members are there in the fourth generation AA O 00 a How many marriages are theret perpendicular to a mariage line indicates the offspring If the line ends with either a circle or a square ale had only one child However if the line is connected to another horizontal ne then several children duced each indicated by a short verfical line connected to the horizontal line The first child born o the left and the last born to the right How many chilchen did the first couple couple in row have Aa heterozygous homozygous dominant 28 1 Is PKU dominant or recessive Explain 2 2 Which individuals in this pedigree have PKU7 5 8 3 What are the genotypes of individuals 1 27 01 Pe R P 4 What are o genotypes of individuals 3 47 3 Pe 4 2 Which individuals in this pedigree have Huntington s Problem 2 The following pedigree follows the inheritance of Huntington s disorder shaded in shapes in a family People afflicted with Huntington s disorder do not show symptoms until they are about 35 40 years old Use H for the dominant allele and h for the recessive pleje HH or Hh 1 Is Huntington s disorder Dominant or recessive Explain 3 What is the genotype of individual 17 4 Suppose that individual 14 marries an unaffected woman What is the probability that their children will have Huntington s Disorder Show work What are the genotypes of Individuals 2 4 and 77 2 7 4 3 What are the genotypes of individuals 3 6 and 87 3 6 8 12 4 What is the probability that Individual 5 and an unaffected male would have a son with hemophilla CH 13 AP 10 PROBLEM 3 This pedigree shows the typical Inheritance of hemophilla a sex linked recessive disorder Because their blood does not clot property people afflicted with hemophilla live to about 50 years old Use X for the dominant allele X for the recessive allele and Y for the male chromosome 1 How Is hemophilia Inherited 10 10 15 11 What about have a daughter who is a carrier 12 with short short plant he recessive r wants only g herd blue eyed e and en her eyes all is but her mother ll have ptosis 13 re dominant les marries an no dimples

A mutation in the promoter of an E coli gene that makes the 10 region a closer match to the consensus would be expected to Both b and c Both a and c b be an down stream mutation a be an up stream mutation c improve the binding of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme to the promoter

e X chromosome O carries the genes for sickle cell anemia O is found only in females O is found in both males and females J O is an autosomal chromosome

Who is at more risk of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome O Patricia 24 yrs old O Jessica 45 yrs old O Amy 40 yrs old 1 O Alice 32 yrs old

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to ribosomes for assembly into proteins A microRNA C tRNA B rRNA D mRNA

What problem is caused by Primase in DNA replication They make RNA which must be removed in order for replication to complete They make short and discontinuous DNA which must be annealed using Ligase They cause excessive twisting of the DNA which must somehow be relieved in order for replication to continue

Which of the following statements is FALSE O All genes encode proteins Sometimes multiple protein coding genes are transcribed into a single mRNA A gene can be defined as any DNA that is transcribed into RNA

X X 1 3 2 11 6 7 JU 13 14 19 8 15 4412 20 9 10 16 21 4 11 17 22 5 12 GRU 18 X Y

Which of the following is an example of alleles O Cc and DD O Tandt O X and Y XX and XY

What base pairs do DNA and RNA share and what is different

What problem is created when a cell becomes larger than its DNA can control A Information max B DNA overload C Nuclear outage