The Living World Questions and Answers

We often think of evolution as a tree and that s roughly accurate Populations split and diverge and become new species and so one branch becomes two But the concepts of endosymbiosis as well as lateral gene transfer suggest this model of a tree isn t totally accurate after all Discuss why not and what might be a better model for evolutionary history than a perfectly branching tree Start your discussion by copying the figure below and adding lines to it that illustrate at least one major endosymbiotic event that we studied Do this before your written discussion because it will help you see the point I m trying to get you to address Upload discussion and figure Bacteria Puple bacteria Cyanobacteria Ravobectoria Theretogaler Green non sulfur bacteria Gram positives Crenarchaeo Archaea Euryarchaeolu Mechanosarcina Methano bacterium Methanocovyur Thermprojet Pyrodiction Thermococcus celer Eukarya Animals Entamoebae Slime molds Halophiles Pungi Plants Ciliates Flagellates Trichomonads Microsporidia Diplomonad

2 Yellowstone and Hawaiian Hotspots Slides 3 and 4 show the path and approximate times of the Yellowstone and Hawaiian hotspot traces a Calculate approximately how fast each of the plates overlying these hotspots are moving in mm year b The Hawaiian hotspot has erupted continuously for hundreds of millions of years According to the map how many calderas have formed from the Yellowstone hotspot the last 17 million years this number is close to the number of eruptions Each yellow circle and age is a different caldera c The Hawaiian hotspot occurs on the Pacific Plate and produces mostly effusive mafic eruptions almost continuously The Yellowstone hotspot occurs on the North American Plate and produces very very very large explosive felsic to intermediate eruptions every few million years The source of the mantle plumes that feed each hotspot is similar both seem to originate at or near the core mantle boundary and will be compositionally the same as it reaches the bottom of the crust Most Hawaiian eruptions are VEI 0 1 Volcanic Explosivity Index the most recent Yellowstone eruptions was VEI 8 The volume of material produced by each hotspot is the same over time but obviously the timing and size of each is very different Talk to your group and come up with a few ideas of why these hotspots produce such different results Hint Think about how their locations are different but also about temperature of magma formation explosive large moderate small on ery large VEI 0 8 Erupted tephra volume 0 0001 km 0 001 km 0 01 km 0 1 km 1 km 10 km 100 km 1 000 km O O Examples Mount St Helens October 1 2004 Mount St Helens December 7 1989 Mount St Helens June 12 1980 Merapi Indonesia 2010 Mount Helens May 18 1980 Pinatubo 1991 Krakatau 1883 Tambora 1815 Mazama 7700 years ago Long Valley Caldera CA 760 000 years ago Yellowstone Caldera 600 000 years ag

Carbon atoms can be linked together to form the QUESTION 2 Where are hydrophobic interactions most likely to occur Oon the surface of a water soluble protein O the core of a water soluble protein O in contact with water molecules O between two charged molecules Obetween two ions QUESTION 3 of a virtually unlimited variety of organic molecules is able to dissolve more types of substances than any other solvent

Water s hydrogen atom attracts electrons better than does oxygen O True O False QUESTION 5 A release of hydrogen ions to a solution would most likely O raise pH O lower pH O buffer pH O change salinity O keep pH steady QUESTION 6 Which of the following is not a macromolecule formed by polymerization O proteins O lipids O polynucleotides Opolysaccharides O DNA

plecules the contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms QUESTION 17 Proteins always have a single binding interface and thus not capable of binding several different partners O True O False 3 1 and 2 O2 and 3 QUESTION 18 Why are free ionic bonds of little importance and relatively unlikely to form in living organisms 1 Cells are composed mostly of water which interferes with ionic bonds between free ions 2 Cells are largely hydrophobic 3 They are crystals 01 02

The most electronegative atoms typically present in biological molecules are and O O C O O P OO N O C N O C Na QUESTION 14 molecules can act as either acids or bases STION 15 Under which circumstances would electrons be most likely to be shared equally O when they are equidistant from nuclei O when they are equidistant from each other O when atoms of the same element are sharing them

Atoms or molecules that have orbitals containing a single unpaired electron tend to be highly unstable are called QUESTION 22 Hydrogen peroxide is normally destroyed in the cell by the enzymes QUESTION 23 in living systems resist changes in pH QUESTION 24 or glutathione peroxidase

What kind of noncovalent interaction is typified by interactions between two molecules that are so close together that they can experience weak attractive forces bonding them together OH bonds ionic bonds Ohydrophobic interactions polar covalent bonds Ovan der Waals forces QUESTION 29 Why is silicon not suitable for making covalent bonds stable and strong enough to form the basis of living organisms even though it is just below carbon on the periodic table O Silicon is too large for its nucleus to attract the valence electrons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together sufficiently O Silicon is too small for its nucleus to attract the valence electrons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together sufficiently O Silicon is too large for its nucleus to attract the protons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together O Silicon is too small for its nucleus to attract the protons of neighboring atoms enough to hold molecules together QUESTION 30 Mammals lack the enzyme that hydrolyzes cellulose O True

Creutzfeld Jakob Disease CJD could be passed from one organism to another organism O True O False QUESTION 35 Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme responsible for the destruction of a type of free radical formed when molecular oxygen picks up an extra electron O True O False QUESTION 36 together

If stromatolites increased in abundance in the late Archean and began releasing massive amounts of oxygen why didn t the atmosphere and oceans become oxic right away other organisms used the iron for lithotrpohy O the oxygen reacted with iron to form red beds on land the oxygen escaped to space O the oxygen reacted with the reservoir of dissolved iron in the ocean to form the BIFS

Which two metabolic reactions do cyanobacteria perform O anoxygenic photosynthesis Ofermentation oxygenic photosynthesis aerobic respiration

What geologic evidence shows that the Archean environment was anoxic O detrital pyrite grains stromatolites O terrestrial red beds banded iron formations

ren I date and copy iew es of 3 Suggest a control treatment for each of the following experiments a Frogs are captured from ponds with polluted water The investigator records the number of limb deformities 0 5 pt b Patients take different doses of a new medication were monitored for weight loss Species bird bird bird bird bird bird bird bird bird Temp C Female 25 25 25 29 29 29 33 33 33 54 47 49 52 42 50 54 49 48 Male 46 53 51 48 58 50 46 51 52

4 A scientist wants to study mating behavior of deer She observes deer during mating season to obtain data For each male she counts the number of male male fights that he wins and then the number of females that the male mates with The scientist expects that males who win the most fights will mate with the most females a Design a null and alternate hypothesis for this study 2 pt Ho H b What was the scientist s prediction 1 pt c What was the independent variable 0 5 pt d What was the dependent variable 0 5 pt Species bird bird bird bird bird bird bird bird bird Gizmo Resource Temp C Female Male 25 25 25 29 29 29 33 33 33 54 47 49 52 42 50 54 49 48 545458 SC 46 51 52

For Questions 12 15 I asked students to draw plots of p frequency of A against time for various scenarios you should practice drawing the plots To enable automated grading here I ask you to fill in the blanks instead In every scenario assume that p is initially 0 9 and that no evolutionary forces are acting other than those indicated in each scenario Indicate the direction of change in p using the words increase decrease or remain constant Indicate the equilibrium value of p as 0 1 or intermediate between 0 and 1 If Mendelian Inheritance is operating in the absence of evolutionary forces p will remain constant At equilibrium p will be intermediate between 0 Mark for Review What s This Question 13 of 23 Selection at the hemoglobin sickle cell anemia locus in a region in Africa where malaria infection is common Here p is the frequency of the normal not sickled allele p will decrease At equilibrium p will be intermediate between C Mark for Review What s This 1 Points Question 14 of 23 1 Points Solection at the hemoglobin sickle cell anemia locus in a region in the United States where malaria infection is nonexistent Here p is the frequency of the normal not sickled allele

this location

Of the following which is not one of the types of geologic evidence that supports the notion of an impact Oglass spherules O pieces of the bedrock that the impactor struck O shocked quartz grains large pieces of the impactor itself

Which kinds of sedimentary deposits first helped lead geologists to the general area of the impact crater O breccias pulverized rock O thick dust deposits ancient tsunami tidal wave deposits

The layer of rock that records this event at most localities in the world is a thin layer of O gravel course sand O clay hone hed la dense layer of fossil bone

Which discovery initially triggered the idea of an impact as responsible for the extinction event O small fragments of meteorite at the proper boundary in geologic time O the presence of a distinct reddish layer of rock at the appropriate place in geologic time O high concentrations of iridium an element rare on earth at the appropriate boundary in geologic time

The event occurred about Ma means millions of years ago O 2 5 Ma O 543 Ma O251 Ma O 65 Ma

The event that the book focuses on is the mass extinction that marks the end of the Triassic O Cretaceous Tertiary boundary end of the Ordovician Permo Triassic boundary end of the Devonian A

hree layer branching question tree to guide an issue or investigation of interest to you

Please list and explain the 3 main types of chemical bonds

POND WATER IF AVAILABLE TOIT Jugos Table 1 Pond Water Diversity Results attach an additional sheet if necessary Total Number Observed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Species Observed Brief description or name if known 20 ABAI 009 1018 Other comments MOIT

1 PREPARATION OF A WET MOUNT Sketch cells below a Estimation of the size of an individual onion cell PART Length mm Width b Estimation of the size of an individual carrot cell Length mm Width C Estimation of the size of an individual potato cell Length mm Width d Estimation of the size of an individual Elodea cell Length mm Width mm mm mm mm

Based on your reading about the patterns of survivorship which of following curves indicate relatively constant survivorship over all ages Percentage of Individuals Surviving Listen 100 0 1 Curve III Curve I Curve II 11 Time

1 Calculate the volume of vector and PCR product that you need for each of the reactions 2 Setup a reaction mixture of 20 L to perform the four ligation reactions Tube 1 Digested pUC19 or digested pBR322 without insert Tube 2 Digested pUC19 or digested pBR322 with insert Tube 1 I Reagents Digested pUC19 or digested pBR322 10X ligase buffer Digested GFP PCR amplicon insert Sterile water Ligase Tube 2 1 L 1 L Final Volume 20 L 20 L Note the values of the table will be calculated in class Question What role does each of the ligation reactions play ex control what type to control what sample 3 3 Transformation of competent E coli

For example all breeds of domestic dogs belong to one species Dogs belong to a different species than coyotes but these two species are similar enough to be included in the same genus Wolves dogs and coyotes share enough characteristics to be included in one family Traditionally two organisms were considered to belong to the same species if members of the opposite could mate and produce viable fertile offspring The classification of bacteria is not straightforward because 1 bacteria do not reproduce sexually so they do not mate 2 bacteria may look very much alike when viewed through the microscope but may not be related closely and 3 bacteria can acquire DNA horizontally through conjugation for example from various microbes Phenotypic bacterial classification schemes utilize the Gram stain bacterial morphology staining properties growth requirements and biochemical tests The environmental reservoir of the organism vectors and means of transmission of the pathogen are of importance to clinicians The ability of bacteria to grow in the absence or presence of oxygen is an important characteristic in classifying bacteria for example Bacteroides found in the large intestine are strict anaerobes The types of biochemical reactions each organism can perform serve as a thumbprint for identification For example the catalase test identifies microbes that produce the enzyme catalase such as Streptococcus species Data Wor FGK Figure Catalase G C moles 43 Gelatin hydrolyzed Gram stain A H S produced Indole produced Lactose fermented Metabolism Methyl red Sterols required Voges Proskauer Glucose fermented Acid gas Methyl red Sterols required Voges Proskauer G 53 Figure Catalase G C moles Gelatin hydrolyzed Gram stain H S produced Indole produced Lactose fermented Metabolism 50 Glucose fermented Acid gas H FEH C Acid Acid only only 2 8 1EFE 45 58 Anaerobe Acrobe Anaerobe Facultative Facultative Facultative anaerobe anaerobe anaerobe I 60 Q D Acid only 40 Acid only Facultative anacrobe Acrobe Acrobe Acrobe J 1111 B 66 E 30 Acid only K S JE Facultative anaerobe Acid gas H F 53 ODJ Acid gas OE I

1 2

3 Temporal lateral view 6 Sacrum posterior view

Which of the following are not considered to belong to the Archaea O Methanogens O Halophiles O Acidophiles O Thermophiles O Eubacteria QUESTION 11 is present in large quantities in all cells it is easy to purify and tends to change only slowly over long periods of evolutionary time QUESTION 12 Cells can grow and reproduce in culture for a limited period O True

QUESTION 27 The blood forming cells are particularly sensitive to and toxic chemicals QUESTION 28 What is the most appropriate unit of measurement for macromolecular complexes including ribosomes and microfilaments O picometers O angstroms O nanometers Omicrometers O centimeters QUESTION 29 Bacteria often live in complex multi species communities like the layer of plaque that grows on your teeth such a community is called a n

From what is the lipid containing outer envelope surrounding the viral capsid of many animal viruses derived O the nuclear envelope O the outer mitochondrial membrane O the plasma membrane O the lysosomal membrane O the outer membrane of the chloroplast QUESTION 37 Usually a virus infects a cell and arrests the normal synthetic activities of the host redirecting the cell to use its available materials to manufacture viral nucleic acids and proteins which assemble into new viruses Ultimately the infected cell ruptures and releases a new generation of viral particles that can infect neighboring cells This type of infection is called a n infection QUESTION 38

Cells carry out a variety of emotional reactions O True O False QUESTION 34 Adult stem cells cannot be isolated directly from the patient and grown in culture O True O False QUESTION 35 The supportive cells of the brain are called

Where does liquid rock occur

a When viewing with the scanning lens 4x is the letter e right side up or upside down b When you move the slide right which way does the letter e seem to move c Why is it important to reposition the lettere in the middle of the field of view before moving to a higher magnification d Can you see all or just part of the lettere at high power x40 e What do you do if can t find a specimen at a higher magnification either at 100x total or 400x total List the steps below

1 Match the vocabulary term with the correct definition Term 1 Allele 2 Genotype 3 Phenotype 4 Hybridization 5 Linked genes 6 Heterozygous 7 Homozygous 8 Heredity Definition I a A cross between two individuals that have different traits b Organisms that have two different alleles for a gene c Different versions of a gene d Genes that are close together on a chromosome and are packaged into the gametes together e The passing of characteristics from parent to offspring g An organism s genetic makeup h An organism that has an identical pair of alleles for a trait j An organism s physical traits

What is the relationship between codons amino acids and proteins Include the definitions of each term and reference your results Data Table 1 in your explanation B Question 2 E T T Describe the three steps of transcription Reference the example provided in Data Table 1 in your answer B I U E T T 0 Word s O Word s

In DNA the amount of guanine is always less than the amount of cytosine 1 point True False In DNA the amount of adenine is always greater than the amount of thymine True False A n eukaryote is a single celled organism that does not contain membrane 54 1 point bound organelles True 1 point False

Identify each statement as true or false RNA polymerase binds to the template strand of the DNA molecule tRNA forms the small subunit of a ribosome Frameshift mutations occur when one nucleotide is substituted for another in DNA Some point mutations result in changes to translated polypeptides while other point mutations have no effect on translation True False

If a cross is conducted between two heterozygous round seed plants Rr the probability of producing a round plant is 75 If a cross is conducted between two heterozygous green pod plants Gg the probability of producing a green pod plant is 75 What is the probability of producing a round seed green pod plant from a cross between two heterozygous round seed green pod plants O 75 O 25 O 56 25 O 37 5 A new mountain range forms separating populations of species whose members do not travel over mountains The species evolves into two distinct species What is this an example of O sympatric speciation O coevolution O allopatric speciation macroevolution 1 point 1 point

Which term describes an individual that carries two of the same alleles for a given characteristic phenotype O heterozygous homozygous O genotype Due to similar behaviors of genes and chromosomes we can conclude that O Genes and chromosomes perform similar functions O Homologue chromosomes separate during mitosis O Genes linked on the same chromosome are sometimes separated Genes are located on chromosome 1 point 1 point

With which condition is an adult unable to digest the sugar in milk sickle cell anemia Huntington s disease Parkinson s disease O lactose intolerance Which term describes a single celled organism that contains membrane bound organelles O autotroph eukaryote Oheterotroph O prokaryote 1 point 1 point

Answer THREE of the following questions writing a good paragraph for each You must answer most parts of each question in any order but make sure that your paragraph flows together and is not choppy 1 Daydreaming Holden s stream of consciousness narration lets us into all his thoughts and even his weird daydreams like the one right after Maurice punched him and he fantasized revenge and Jane coming to take care of him What about you Keep your paragraph school appropriate please but do your fantasies ever involve your being a hero a sports star a villain a celebrity Do movies influence your daydreams Why do you think people imagine such scenarios that are very removed from their normal lives Or are your daydreams much tamer and much less spectacular 2 Emotions Holden says I never care too much when I lose something But we know he does Why is it so hard for people to talk about their feelings To admit that they messed up To admit that they are sad or need help Do you have someone you can really be honest with What kind of feelings are difficult for you to talk about or admit Are you a good listener if somebody else wants to talk about their feelings or do you feel uncomfortable 3 Regret So many times in this section Holden immediately regrets his actions or words With Sunny With Sally Do you find yourself saying and doing stuff that you feel bad about afterwards Are you stuck in a rut with the way you interact with some people With the way you talk to your parents and the things you fuss about with them Do you wish things could be different What can you do to make a change or to be a better person like you know you can be 4 The Ideal Escape Holden tells Sally he wants to go north and get a cabin in the woods and live there with her Just to get away from it all School and stress and parents and responsibilities Sally realizes that it s a crazy dream and that makes Holden angry How about your ideal get away from it all ideal escape It doesn t have to be completely doable Just explain where you would like to go and what you would like to do when the pressure builds up and there does not seem to be an end in sight 5 Generosity Believe it or not Holden has a very compassionate side A giving side And he notices things a lot Like the nuns breakfast or his friend s shabby suitcases What about you Would your friends say that you are generous with your stuff Do you lend people things or money Do you give thoughtful presents What is the coolest thing anybody has ever done for you What is the nicest thing you have done for or given to somebody else Do you have to orous 36 an adult

Match the metabolism to the correct chemical reaction Note that I can t use subscripts in these answers every number that follows a chemical symbol treat as a subscript lithotrophy fermentation anoxygenic photosynthesis oxygenic photosynthesis aerobic respiration Choose 2H2S CO2 light CH2O H2O 2S CH20 20 H2O CO2 energy FeS H2S FeS2 H2 energy 6CH202C3H603 energy H2O CO2 light CH2O 20 Choose Choose Choose

Lateral gene transfer LTG is the same as offspring inheriting genes from parents Corre this statement

Choose the correct order of events for the formation of the solar system Not all steps a listed collapse of nebular cloud into disk formation of proto sun accretion of planets O formation of proto sun collapse of nebular cloud into disk accretion of planets O accretion of planets collapse of nebular cloud into disk formation of proto sun

When the earth first formed within a 100 million years of accretion conditions may have supported life although we have no fossil evidence True False

10 True or False When using a scale to measure weight you must tare or zero out the scale before adding a weight boat on the scale The substance to be measured is not being added at this time